COMPARISON AND CONTRAST比较与对比

• 教学重点： 1 ）比较与对比的段落的写作手法； 2 ）常用表达法和基本句型； 3 ）连接词的运用。

• 教学难点：段落的两种结构方式。

• 教学内容： 1 Concepts of comparison and contrast • 2 Strategies• 3 Useful expressions and sentence patterns • 4 Connectives

1. Pictures Brainstorming – Generating Ideas

2. Writing Strategies

• In making contrast, we have to compare. There is no other way to point out the difference, i.e. the contrast. What is of great importance is to know that professional writers frequently use these two strategies to develop paragraphs.

• There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast.

• One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then start the other– Allabout pattern; The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point– Seesaw pattern.

2.1 To examine one thing thoroughly and then st

art the other. • Focus: The aspects examined in the two things should be ident

ical and in the same order.• Pattern: A1, A2, A3; B1, B2, B3. （ Allabout Pattern ）• Example: Contrast • 1]My hometown is quite different from what it used to be. • Subtopic: 2]Just a little more that ten years ago my hometown

was a small quiet place.• A （ 1 ） 3]The houses were small and mean.• A （ 2 ） 3]The streets were for the most part narrow an

d winding.• A （ 3 ） 3]There were few people in the streets and shop

s.

• Subtopic: 2]Now, everything has changed.• B （ 1 ） : 3]Looking in every direction from the

center of the town, one sees a long succession of giant, imposing buildings.

• B （ 2 ） : 3]The streets, whether long or short, are straight, spacious, and well-shaded.

• B （ 3 ） : 3] Crowds of people can be found here and there, hurrying, noisy, and well-dressed.

• C From a dull little village with clusters of shabby houses in the past, my hometown has now transformed into a big city, cheerful, colorful,and prosperous.

2.2 To examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point.

• Focus: Aspects examined in two things should be identical and in the same order.

• Pattern: A1, B1;A2, B2;A3,B3 (Seesaw Pattern)• Example: comparison.• 1]Despite their obvious differences in length, the paragraph and the essay ar

e quite similar structurally.• A （ 1 ） : 2]For example, the paragraph is introduced by either a topic sen

tence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. • B （ 1 ） : 2]In the essay, the first paragraph provides introductory material

and establishes the topic focus.• A （ 2 ） : 2]Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the to

pic sentence.• B （ 2 ） : 2]Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of parag

raphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph.

• A （ 3 ） : 2] Finally, a terminator---whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation---ends the paragraph.

• B （ 3 ） : 2]The essay, too, has a device which brings its ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying completion: the concluding paragraph.

• C] Although exceptions to these generalizations may be observed in modern creative writing,most well written expository paragraphs and essays are comparable in structure.

• Notes:1) 1],2],3] indicates the level of generality at which a sentence is in the paragraph.

• 2) C] is the short form of conclusion, that is, the concluding sentence.

2.3 An Analysis of An Essay

• These two patterns can also be used to compose an essay.Now read the following short essay and analyze it according to what you have learned so far

• Paris and Washington differ in age and population; however, anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very similar.

• Of course, Paris is much older than Washington. The French city is over2000 years old. Washington, in contrast, is very young. It is less than 250 years old. The population of Paris is also much larger than Washington’s Paris has more than 2,500,000 people. Washington has just over 700,000.

In spite of these differences, the similarities are striding. First, both cities are the political centers of their countries. The president of France lives in the heart of Paris, in the Elysees Palace. Likewise, the president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington, in the Capitol. Second, the two cities look similar. L’Enfant, the French engineer who designed Washington, was greatly influenced by the layout of the capital of France. For this reason, many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of one another, just as they are in Paris. Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments, important historical landmarks, fine museums, beautiful parks, and board, treelined avenues. Finally, tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to view their attractions

Questions

• 1. Which is the thesis statement of the

• essay?

• 2. Find the topic sentence and controlling

• idea of the 2nd and 3rd paragraph.

• 3. Find the connectives in the 3rd paragraph.

• 4. Which pattern does this essay follow?

2.4 Planes of Generality of the Essay

1] Paris and Washington differ in age and population; however, anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very similar. (Thesis statement: tell the readers what they can expect to read in the essay.)

2]The two cities differ in age and population. 3] Of course, Paris is much older than Washington. 4] The French city is over2000 years old. Washington, in contrast, is very young. It is less than 250 years old. 3] The population of of Paris is also much larger than Washington’s. 4] Paris has more than 2,500,000 people. Washington has just over 700,000.

2] In spite of these differences, the similarities are striding. 3] First, both cities are the political centers of their countries. 4]The president of France lives in the heart of Paris, in the Elysees Palace. Likewise, the president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington, in the Capitol. 3] Second, the two cities look similar. 4] L’Enfant, the French engineer who designed Washington, was greatly influenced by the layout of the capital of France.

5] For this reason, many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of one another, just as they are in Paris. Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments, important historical landmarks, fine museums, beautiful parks, and board, treelined avenues. 3] Finally, tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris. 4] Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to view their attractions

3.Expressions and Sentence Patterns

3.1 Similarity

• a.       Model A is the same as Model B structurally.• identical with in design. similar to like

• b.       The two Models are alike structurally• identical in design• the same• similar

c. Sweden, like Finland, has very large resources of timber.

3.2 Difference

• Model X is different from Model Y structurally

• is not the same as in design.

• differs from

 

3.3 Comparison

• Model A is cheap. Similarly, Model B is inexpensive.

3.4 contrast

• while whereas, whilst….. 而（含有相对之意） while• a. Model A is stylish, whereas Model B is old-fashioned. whilst• While• Whereas Model A is stylish, Model B is old-fashioned.• Whilst• b. but, however, nevertheless…… 但是，然而• but• Model A is stylish, however Model B is old-fashioned.• nevertheless•  • c. unlike 与…有别 , compared with, 与…相比 in contrast to 与…成对比• Unlike• Compared with Model A, Model B is old-fashioned.• In contrast to• d.on the other hand 然而……• Model A is stylish. On the other hand, Model B is old-fashioned.

•

3.5 In-Class Practice

• Agents of Gender Socialization

Boys(A) Girls(B)

Toys Toy guns(A1) Dolls(B1)

Dress Blue or dark-colored(A2)

In pastel shades(B2)

Play Playing cops and robbers(A3)

Playing house with dolls(B3)

3.6 Exercise

• Write a paragraph to contrast department stores and supermarkets following the allabout pattern and another following the seesaw pattern.

• Department stores Supermarkets• Function: shopping shopping • Location: downtown uptown• Service: warmhearted service self-service• Commodities: specialized in clothes specialized in food and • households• Price: expensive cheap• Topic Sentence: Although department stores and supermarkets a

re similar in function, they differ from each other in several aspects.

5.2 Exercise

Study the example of the comparison and contrast between Paris and Washington carefully, and write an essay of comparing and contrast two things following the model.

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