comparative study on strength properties of

Comparative Study on Strength Properties of Environmentally Sustainable

Precast Concrete Paver Blocks Using Fly Ash and Polypropylene Fibre

Satyavendra Singh Yadav1, Dr. Ramakant Ageawal2, Prof. Deepak Kumar Garg3

1Research Scholar 2Professor, 3Assistant Professor, 1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering 1,2,3 Oriantal Institute of Science & Technology, Bhopal, India

Abstract - Fly ash is a tremendous waste accessible at nuclear energy stations in the country. Enormous

utilization of fly debris in paver squares will assist the country with making affordable paver hinders and

will address difficulties related with ecological issues and removal of waste In the current concentrate on

M35 level paver blocks with thickness 60mm and 80mm with substitution of OPC by 30% fly debris and

expansion of polypropylene fiber @ 0.0% to 0.5% with addition of 0.1% by weight of concrete have been

made to get to the reasonableness for Indian street surfaces for various applications. The squares have

been tried at the age 7 and 28 days for strength and toughness models. For strength properties

compressive strength and flexural strength test were led, both being significant for applications for street

surfacing. For toughness properties water assimilation has been contemplated. The aftereffect of

compressive strength and flexural strength demonstrates that it is doable to utilize OPC supplanted by

30% fly debris and expansion of 0.3% PPF in assembling of paver blocks. Paver blocks have achieved

target compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days in every one of the grades.

Key Word- Paver block, water absorption, Polypropylene fibre, Fly ash, Compressive Strength, Flexural

Strength

1. INTRODUCTION

Pavements surface utilizing blocks are made by utilizing individual interlocking paver blocks by

introducing to each other. These are laid on pre-arranged sub grade with sand bed beneath limited by edge

restrictions from the two sides. The squares are laid in legitimate bond with joints in the middle to have

primary dependability. These joints are loaded up with sand of reasonable evaluating. The interlocking

system of substantial square asphalt gives adequate region to stack spreading. Substantial square asphalts

enjoy certain upper hands over black-top and substantial asphalts. The overall benefits are upkeep,

functional, underlying, feel and efficient. An all-around developed interlocking asphalt gives better

execution. The paver blocks are made from substantial composite involving concrete, water, totals and

super plasticizer, which are accessible locally wherever in country. Pavers blocks are pre-created in the

production line utilizing press/vibrating table framework before their real use. These are utilized in

surface layer of asphalts, metropolitan and semi metropolitan streets, town streets, roads, pathways,

gardens, travelers holding up sheds, petroleum siphons transport stops, stages, industry, and so forth

Precast paver blocks are ideal materials for asphalts and trails along side of the road where a great deal of

cosmetic touch up is being offered attributable to simple laying, better look, simple to fix and prepared to

move subsequent to laying. Paver blocks are affordable as they don't break and these have 100% rescue

esteem if there should arise an occurrence of substitution. The term precast implies that the squares are

made and solidified prior to laying and are brought to place of work. The paver blocks are fabricated in

such a design that these interlock with one another during laying to keep up with primary strength.

Concrete cement is solid under compressive loads simultaneously it is innately poor under elastic

anxieties. It is of fragile nature so it isn't fitting to make paver blocks from cement of such nature. The

High Technology Letters

Volume 27, Issue 9, 2021

ISSN NO : 1006-6748

http://www.gjstx-e.cn/961

material for paver blocks must be flexible. Subsequently to make concrete pliable, polypropylene

filaments are included little extents during assembling of paver squares to experience the effect and

flexural stresses which are inescapable on street surface during running of traffic. The miniature break

arrangement in concrete at beginning phase because of plastic shrinkage may likewise be tended to with

the expansion of fibers.

2. OBJECTIVES

1. To plan configuration blend for zero droop substantial composite for assembling of paver block M35

grade assignment of thickness 60 mm and 80 mm by supplanting OPC with 30% fly debris and

adding PPF @0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in each grade.

2. To test the strength properties of solidified paver blocks for different plan blends for example

compressive strength and flexural strength at 07 and 28 days old enough.

3. To test the strength properties of solidified paver blocks for different plan blends for example Water

ingestion at 28 days of relieving.

4. To build up ideal measurements of PPF expansion in assembling of paver blocks with 30% fly

debris.

5. To review cost viability of paver block with ideal measurements of polypropylene fiber.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Raju and John concentrated on high volume fly debris concrete by supplanting concrete with 60% fly

debris and adding Recron 3s strands @ 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% by weight of concrete and saw that with

fiber option compaction factor diminishes. Singh and Goel concentrated on the impact of supplanting

polypropylene filaments with PET strands in concrete and detailed that with expansion of strands in

substantial functionality decreased. Mohod et al. noticed functionality of M30 and M40 grade concrete by

adding polypropylene fiber @ 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.50% and 2.0% and found that expansion in volume

extents of strands prompted diminished usefulness. Thirumurgan and Sivakumar noticed new substantial

properties of M 40 grade by adding PPF@ 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% by volume portions, utilizing water

concrete proportion 0.3 supplanting OPC with fly debris by 25% and half and reportedthat functionality

diminishes. Ramujee et al. concentrated on functionality of fiber built up concrete by adding PPF @ 0%,

0.5%, 1.0 % 1.5% and 2.0 % by weight of concrete and saw decrease in droop with expansion in fiber

content past 1.5%. Gencel et al. examined paver blocks made with squander marble by supplanting totals

with squander marble@0%,10%, 20%, 30% and 40% for 32.5 and 42.5 concrete sort and tracked down

that compressive strength at higher supplanted level came about into lower compressive strength. Patel

and Modhera tested by supplanting F-type fly debris at levels half, 55%, 60% with expansion of 0.25%

PPF by weight and discovered compressive strength increments for all substitution levels in M25, M30,

M35 and M40 and the ideal degree of fly debris substitution was 55%.

4. Materials Used

I) Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)

The Portland concrete has essentially three grades, to be specific OPC33 grade, OPC-43 grade and

OPC53grade. The arrangement of concrete is achieved based on the strength of concrete at 28 days



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according to Aggarwal ei.al. Concrete goes about as a cover underway of paver block. In this exploration,

43 grade OPC secured from nearby market of Patna adjusting to IS: 8112 has been utilized. The outcomes

acquired for the actual properties are given in Table1.

Table 1: Physical properties of OPC 43 grade

b) Coarse Aggregates (CA)

In the current exploration stone reviled totals has been utilized of most extreme ostensible size

10 mm obtained from nearby market, maihar, M.P. The coarse totals tried by IS: 2386. Test

aftereffects of strainer investigation and actual properties of coarse totals

Table 2: Physical properties of coarse aggregates

Properties Results

Bulk density (loose) kg/m3 1440

Specific gravity 2.63

Water absorption (%) 0.48

Impact value (%) 14

Abrasion value (%) 19

c) Fine Aggregate (FA)

The stream sand acquired from child waterway, Satna (M.P.) adjusting to IS: 383 has been

utilized for the current examination. The sand has been tried according to IS: 2386. The test

aftereffects of the sifter investigation and actual properties saw of fine totals.

Physical property Observed results

1. Normal consistency (%) 30

2. Initial setting time (minute) 94

3. Final setting time (minute) 245

4. Fineness (using 90 µm IS sieve) (%) 6

5. Soundness (mm) 2.0

6. Specific gravity 3.15

7. Compressive strength (N/mm2)

03 days

07 days

28 days

25

35.5

44.5



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Table 3: Physical properties of fine aggregates

Properties Observed values

Bulk density (loose) kg/m3 1567


Water absorption (%) 0.60

d) Fly Ash (FA)

The fly debris substantial outcomes in poor early strength and long haul great strength. It has low

warmth of hydration. It makes up for the shortfalls of cement bringing about more sturdy

substantial items and hence builds the existence of item. In the current review, the fly debris has

been secured fromVijay tiles, khramseda satna, M.P

Table 4: Physical properties of fly ash

Sr. No. Property Observed value

01. Specific gravity 2.08

02. Class F-type

d) Chemical Admixture (Super Plasticizer)

Utilization of substance admixture further develops usefulness according to Concrete Institute.

Midrand. BASF Master Glenium SKY 8233 super-plasticizer dependent on Polycarboxylic Ether

(PCE) synthetic admixture has been utilized for assembling of concrete substantial interlocking

paver blocks. It follows IS: 9103 BASF Master Glenium SKY 8233 acquired from neighborhood

market Govindpura J.K Road, Bhopal

e) Water

Consumable faucet water was utilized for projecting and relieving of paver blocks. The water

affirms to the necessities of IS: 456.

f) Polypropylene (PP)

The polypropylene has been utilized as polypropylene fiber (PPF) of Suppliers Real entryway

and Frame, Supplier Company is situated in Industrial region Govinpura J.K Road, Bhopal. The

brand name of PPF is Recron 3s. Standard measurements of 125gm/50 kg pack of concrete is

suggested by the producer. The necessary amount of PPF is absorbed water briefly and afterward

this water added to substantial cluster and blend, to get incredible scattering. The details of

Recron 3s provided by the supplie



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Table 5: Specifications of Recron 3s

Property Value

Cut length 12 mm

Shape of fiber Triangular


Effective diameter 25-40 micron

Tensile strength 4000-6000 kg/cm2

Melting point 165o C

Dosage rate 125gm/50 kg cement

Source: Real door & Frame

Figure 2: Polypropylene fibre

Table 6: Mix design of M35 grade concrete with 30% fly ash and varying % of PPF

6. Compressive Strength Test

The compressive testing machine of limit 200 tons utilized for test. The example will be covered with

4mm thick pressed wood sheets of size bigger than the example and set between the bearing plates of the

CTM and fixed manually. The heap will be applied with no jerk and increment persistently @15±3

Mix ID

Cementitious

material

Water

Fine

aggregate

Coarse

aggregate

SP

PPF

Cement Fly

ash

kg/m3

M35F30P0.0% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 0

M35F30P0.1% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 0.39

M35F30P0.2% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 0.78

M35F30P0.3% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 1.17

M35F30P0.4% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 1.56

M35F30P0.5% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 1.950



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N/mm2 each moment until the example fizzles. The disappointment load is recorded in N. The clear

compressive strength of the paver block is determined by utilizing equation, compressive strength =

disappointment load/plan region in N/mm2, for the singular example.

Figure 3: Compressive strength test setup

7. Flexural Strength Test

The flexural property of the paver block is vital to be seen when utilized on streets where traffic is

running. The test example will be checked for length, width, thickness and angle proportion. The

contraption utilized for the test will be same according to IS: 15658 and IS: 516. The supporting rollers of

the machine ought to have breadth in the scope of 25mm to 40mm. The separation from one focus to

another of rollers will be changed in accordance with fix the example - 50mm. Four paver block

haphazardly chose for the test and kept with covering material according to IS: 15658. The heap will be

applied with no shock and expanded ceaselessly @ 6kN/minute and will be expanded until

disappointment of the example.

Figure 4: Flexural strength test setup

8. Water Absorption Test

The water assimilation of paver not really settled to survey its solidness. The test was directed according

to IS: 15658. For perception of water retention, three examples were taken subsequent to relieving of 28

days, arbitrarily chose. Drench the examples in water totally for 24+2 hours. Eliminate the examples from

water and permitted to be dry briefly at room temperature. Eliminate the noticeable water with fabric, and

gauge the example quickly in kg to closest 0.001kg (WS), the weight estimation arrangement is displayed



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1. Remedied Compressive Strength of 60 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly

Ash and fluctuating extents of PPF for M35grade of paver blocks

The amended compressive strength aftereffects of 60 mm thick paver blocks with OPC supplanted by

30% FA and expansion of 0.0% to 0.5% PPF at various ages are arranged in Table 7. The paver blocks

have been named by their grade assignment, FA substitution extent and PPF expansion. The variety of

remedied compressive strength with age for M35 grades of paver blocks has been shown graphically.

Table 7: Corrected compressive strength results of 60 mm thick M35 grade of paver blocks

with varying proportions of PPF

Figure 5: Line graph for Variation of corrected compressive strength with age for M30 grade with

varying proportions PPF for 60mm thick paver block

M35F30P0.0 M35F30P0.1 M35F30P0.2 M35F30P0.3 M35F30P0.4 M35F30P0.5

07 Days 27.34 27.55 27.66 28.1 26.69 26.4

28 Days 40.6 41.5 42.1 42.9 42.1 41.8

20222426283032343638404244464850

Co

mp

ress

ive

Str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)

Corrected compressive strength of 60 mm thick M30 grade of paver blocks

Grade WCR SP PPF Thick Corrected compressive

strength (N/mm2)

07 Days 28 Days

M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 60 27.34 40.60

M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 60 27.55 41.50

M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 60 27.66 42.10

M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 60 28.10 42.90

M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 60 26.69 42.10

M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 60 26.40 41.80



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2) Corrected Compressive Strength of 80 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly

Ash and changing extents of PPF for M35 grade of paver blocks

The amended compressive strength consequences of 80 mm thick paver blocks with OPC supplanted by

30% FA and expansion of 0.0% to 0.5% PPF at various ages are organized in Table 8. The paver blocks

have been named by their grade assignment, FA substitution extent and PPF expansion. The variety of

adjusted compressive strength with age for M35 grades of paver blocks has been shown graphically in

Figure 7.

Table 8: Corrected compressive strength results of 80 mm thick M30 grade of paver blocks

with varying proportions of PPF

Figure 6: Line graph for Variation of corrected compressive strength with age for M35 grade with

varying proportions PPF for 80mm thick paver block


07 Days 26.84 27.15 27.6 27.9 26.5 26.18

28 Days 40.19 41.15 41.9 42.6 41.7 41.52

1820222426283032343638404244464850

Co

mp

ress

ive

Str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)

Grade WCR SP PPF Thick

Corrected compressive

strength (N/mm2)

07 Days 28 Days

M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 80 26.84 40.19

M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 80 27.15 41.15

M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 80 27.60 41.90

M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 80 27.90 42.60

M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 80 26.50 41.70

M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 80 26.18 41.52



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B) Flexural Strength

1) Flexural Strength of 60 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly Ash and

fluctuating %age of PPF for M35 grade of paver blocks

Flexural strength of M35 grade paver squares of 60 mm thickness with substitution of OPC by 30% fly

debris and expansion of polypropylene fiber at the pace of 0.0% to 0.5% for 7 and 28 days was noticed

and classified in Table 9, shown graphically in Figure 8.

Table 9: Flexural Strength results of 60 mm thick M35 grade of paver blocks with varying

proportions of PPF

Figure 7: Line graph for Variation of Flexural Strength with age for M35 grade with varying

proportions PPF for 60mm thick paver block

2) Flexural Strength of 80 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly Ash and

fluctuating %age of PPF for M30 grade of paver blocks


07 Days 3.96 4.1 4.31 4.56 4.66 4.4

28 Days 4.84 5.1 5.68 6.24 6.18 5.9

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

Fle

xura

l str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Grade WCR SP PPF Thick Flexural strength

(N/mm2)

07 Days 28 Days

M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 60 3.96 4.84

M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 60 4.10 5.10

M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 60 4.31 5.68

M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 60 4.56 6.24

M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 60 4.66 6.18

M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 60 4.40 5.90



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Flexural strength of M35 grade paver squares of 80 mm thickness with substitution of OPC by 30% fly

debris and expansion of polypropylene fiber at the pace of 0.0% to 0.5% for 7 and 28 days was noticed

and classified in Table 10, shown graphically in Figure 8. The paver blocks have been named according

to their extents in the blends.

Table 10: Flexural Strength results of 80 mm thick M35 grade of paver blocks with varying

proportions of PPF

Figure 8: Line graph for Variation of Flexural Strength with age for M35 grade with varying

proportions PPF for 80mm thick paver block

C) Water Absorption Test Results for M35 Grade 60 and 80 mm Thick Paver Blocks

Table 11: Water absorption results for M35 grade 60 mm thick paver blocks


07 Days 3.7 4 4.16 4.56 4.2 4.28

28 Days 4.74 5 5.56 6.12 5.8 5.72

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

Flex

ura

l str

engt

h (

MP

a)

Grade WCR SP PPF Thick Flexural strength

(N/mm2)

07 Days 28 Days

M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 80 3.70 4.74

M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 80 4.00 5.00

M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 80 4.16 5.56

M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 80 4.56 6.12

M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 80 4.20 5.80

M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 80 4.28 5.72

Mix ID Average saturated

weight (WS)

(kg)

Average dry

weight (Wd) (kg) WPercent = (

𝑊𝑠−𝑊𝑑

𝑊𝑑) × 100



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Figure 9: Water absorption for M35 grade 60mm thick paver blocks

Table 12: Water absorption results for M35 grade 80 mm thick paver blocks


M35 3.72 2.9 2.74 2.69 2.16 2.65

0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.005.506.00

Wate

r ab

sorp

tion

%

Water absorption for 60 mm thick paver block with varied percentages of PPF

M35F30P0.0 3.674 3.542 3.72

M35F30P0.1 3.678 3.575 2.90

M35F30P0.2 3.696 3.597 2.74

M35F30P0.3 3.743 3.645 2.69

M35F30P0.4 3.762 3.683 2.16

M35F30P0.5 3.786 3.688 2.65

Mix ID

Average saturated

weight (Ws)

(kg)

Average dry

weight (Wd)

(kg)

WPercent = (𝑊𝑠−𝑊𝑑

𝑊𝑑) × 100

M35F30P0.0 4.795 4.621 3.77

M35F30P0.1 4.845 4.675 3.65

M35F30P0.2 4.736 4.577 3.47

M35F30P0.3 4.864 4.723 2.98

M35F30P0.4 5.016 4.930 1.76

M35F30P0.5 4.796 4.683 2.41



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Figure 10: Water absorption for M35 grade 80mm thick paver blocks

9. CONCLUSIONS

1. Corrected compressive strength for reference blends increments in with age in M35 grade in

60 mm and 80 mm thick paver blocks. At 28 days of relieving the strength has expanded

marginally from target strength.

2. With expansion of PPF in shifting extents by weight of cementitious materials the strength

increments with age in all grades with both the thickness.

3. Maximum increase in strength for every one of the grades at 28 days was seen with 0.3%

PPF expansion which might be taken as ideal portion.

4. All the blends in with expansion of PPF in differing extents in every one of the grades at 28

days have achieved the objective strength.

5. Effect of fly debris on solidified paver blocks will in general diminish the strength and with

expansion of PPF strength imperceptibly expanded.

6. Flexural strength for the reference blends increments in with age in, M35 grade in 60 mm

and 80 mm thick paver blocks. At 28 days reference blend accomplished objective strength.

7. With expansion of PPF in shifting extents by weight of cementitious materials the strength

increments with age in every one of the grades with both the thickness.

8. Maximum increase in flexural strength for every one of the grades at 28 days was seen with

0.3% PPF expansion which might be taken as ideal portion

9. The water retention diminishes on expansion of PPF up to 0.4% and there after increments.

10. In every one of the grades including reference blend the water ingestion was considerably

less when contrasted with the codal arrangement of 6% according to IS: 15658.

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0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00

Wa

ter

ab

sorp

tio

n %

Water absorption for 80 mm thick paver block with varied percentages of PPF



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comparative study on strength properties of

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