COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF KINETICS OF SAPONIFICATION OF MELON SEED OIL AND PALM KERNEL OIL USING CAUSTICS IN A

BATCH REACTOR

BY

OGUNDIRAN OLUFEMI LANRE MA TRIC NO: 200S/21779EH

SUBMITTED TO·

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA,

NIGER STATE.

NOVEMBER 2010

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF KINETICS oF. SAPONIFICATION OF MELON SEED OIL AND PALM KERNEL OIL USING CAUSTICS IN A

BATCH REACTOR

BY

OGUNDIRAN OLUFEMI\LANRE MATRIC NO: 2005/21779EH

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICA.L ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING.

NOVEMBER 2010

!e

DECLARATION

I declare that the work in the project report entitled comparative studies of kinetics of

saponification of melon seed oil and palm kernel oil using caustics in a batch reactor has been

performed and carried out by me under the supervision of Engr J.O Okafor. No part of this

project was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of

my knowledge.

Name of Student Signature Date

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project report entitled: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF

KINETICS OF SAPONIFIA TION OF MELON SEED OIL AND PALM KERNEL OIL USING

CAUSTICS IN A BATCH REACTOR thereby meets the requirements for the partial fulfillment

of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) degree in chemical Engineering, Federal

University Of Technology, Minna.

Project Supervisor Name and Signature

Head Of Department Name and Signature

External Examiner Name and Signature

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'?-/lIlm Date

Date

Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This' project would not have been a success without immense contribution by certain

personalities who contributed financially and morally for this project to see the light of day. My

gratitude goes to my parents, my brothers and sisters who contributed to my studying in the

university.

Secondly, 'my sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Eng 1.0 Okafor of the department

of chemical engineering, Federal University Of Technology, Minna Niger State for his advise

and coordination despite his official responsibilities. He is the major factor in making this project

meaningful.

In the light of this, 1 am greatly indebted to many for his ideas and assistance in one way

or the other. My special thanks goes to the following people My Late Mother Mrs Eunice

Ogundiran, Opeyemi Ogundiran, Bidemi Ogundiran, Gbemisola Ogundiran, Segun Odewale,

Tobi Fakayode, Ajim Elukpo, Sheila Oyaide and host of others too numerous to mention.

Above all my greatest thanks goes to God Almighty for giving me the instruction to

actualize this project

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ABSTRACT ,

The objective of this research work is to comparatively study t4e kinetics of saponification of

melon and palm kemel oil with caustic soda at 70°C and 80 Dc. During saponification reaction,

25 cm 3 of the sample was withdrawn at every interval of 5 mins and was titrated with 0.5 m

hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein to determine the amount of caustic soda consumed

during the reaction. The rate of reaction (-rA) and the rate constant (K) were calculated for both

oil and at both temperatures:The results of the experiment shows that the rate of reaction (-rA)

and the rate constant {K} for melon oil at 70°C and 80 DC were 8.0XlO- 2 moles/mins, 0.13

min-1 and 6.1X10- 2 moles/mins, 0.4 min-1 respectively; while that of palm kernel oil at the

same temperature were 2.4X10-2 moles/mins, 0.03 min -1 and '1.6X10- 2 moles/mins, 0.08 min-1

respectively. The results also showed that the saponification reaction followed a second order

reversible reaction.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page ............................................................................ , ................. i

[)eclaration ........................................................................................... .ii

Certi fication ........................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgment ., .................................................................................... iv

Abstract ................................................................................................ v

Table of Content ...................................................................................... vi '

List of Tables ............................................................................... ' .......... ix

List of Figures ................................................................ ' ....... ' ........... '" ... x

List of Appendixes ................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1

1.1 Justification of research ................................................................ .1

1.2 Scope of study ............................................................................ 2

1.3 Objective of the kinetic study ........................................................... 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERA TURE REVIEW ............................................................. 3

2.1 History of soap ........................................................................... 3

2.2 Raw Materials ............................................................................ 4

2.2.1 Climate and soil requirement .......................................................... .4

2.2.2 Cultural requirement ..................................................................... 5

2.3 Varieties of melon and palm kernel .................................................... 5

2.3.1 Harvesting .............................................................. , ................... 6

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2.3.2 Nutrition value and chemical composition ............................................. 6

2.3.3 Extraction of melon oil and palm kernel oil ............................................ 7

2.4 Saponification ................................................ : ............................. 9

2.4.1 Iodine value ................................................................................. 1 0

2.4.2 Saponification process ................................................................... .1 0

2.5 Additives and improper additives ......................................................... 12

2.5.1 Functions of additives limp roper ......................................................... 13

2.5.2 Caustic ....................................................................................... 13

2.5.1.2 Physical properties .......................................................................... 14

2.5.2.2 Chemical properties .......................................... ; ............................. 14

2.5.3 Types of soap .......... ,. ..................................................................... 14

2.5.3.1 Super fatted soap ........................................................................... 14

2.5.3.2 Liquid soap .................................................................................. 14

2.5.3.3 Scouring soap ............................................................................... 14

2.6 Method of producing soap ................................................................ 15

2.6.1 Traditional method .....................................................................•... 15

2.6.2 Laboratory Preparation .................................... '" ............................. 15

2.6.3 Method of processing soap ......... '" ................................................... 16

2.6.3.1 Semi boiled Inethod ........................................................................ .16

2.6.3.2 Full boiled soap process ................................................................... 17

2.6.3.3 Cold process ................................................................................. 1'7

2.7 Analysis of soap .............................................................................. 18

2.7.1 Colour ......................................................................................... 18

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I

2.7.2 Free alkalinity., ............................................................................. 18

2.7.3 Salt .......................................................... ·.····························· ... 18

2.8 Cleaning action of Soap ................................................................... .18

2.9 Uses of soap ................................................... ·.··························· .18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGy .......................................................... ·············· .20

3.1 Sample preparation .......................................................................... 21

3.1.1 Preparation 0[0.5 Msolution of sodium hydroxide ..................................... 21

3.1.2 Preparation of 0.5 M solution of Hydrochloric acid .................................... 22

3.1.3 Preparation of 1 % phenolphthalein indicator ............................................ 22

3.2 Experimental procedure ..................................................................... 22

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................ 23

4.3 Discussion of results ............................................... : .......................... 29

" CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 31

5.2 Recommendation ............................................................................... .31

Appendixes ............................................................................................... 35

Reference ................................................................................................. 36

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