comp fundamentals unit 1

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Department of BCA Session: July 2008Nov 2008 1/40

BCA103 - Computer Fundamentals

Some feel that computers areWhat is computer?

A computeris a machine that manipulates dataaccording to a list of instructions.

Too difficult to learn

Taking over their jobs

They might damage the computer

A computer can be defined as an electronic device that takesinput from its user stores, processes data and generates the

required output as per the processing instructions given to itby the user.


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Computer solves the problem by performing the following activities

Input: Input devices feed the computer the raw matterfacts or

data.

Processing: The storage of data, numerical comparisons,

arithmetic operation are performed on data to produce desired

results.Output: The processed data or information is sent to the output

device connected to computer.

What it does?

General Purpose computers require the following hardware

components:

Central Process Unit (CPU):The heart of computer, the componentthat actually executes instructions.

Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and

programs


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MassStoragedevice:Allows a computer to permanently retain large

amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drivesand tape drives.

Inputdevice: Usually a keyboard or mouse, which enters data and

instructions to a computer.

Output device: A display screen, printer or other such devices that

lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

CPU, core memory and

external bus interface
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PDP-8i_cpu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Foldable_keyboard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LG_L194WT-SF_LCD_monitor.jpg


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Word Length:

General features of a computer

A digital computer operates on binary digits. [ 0 and 1]

A binary digit is called a bit. A group of 8 bits is called a byte.

In computing, "word" is a term for the natural unit of data

used by a particular computer design. A word is simply afixed-sized group of bits that are handled together by themachine. The number of bits in a word is called the wordsizeor wordlength.

Commonly used word lengths are 8, 16. 32, 64 bits

Operating systems like Windows or OS/2 provide thepossibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as32-bit programs.


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Speed:


Computer can process millions of instructions per second.

The speed of computers is measured in terms ofmicroseconds(10-6), nanoseconds(10-9) andpicoseconds(10-12). Ex., Supercomputer.

Storage:Computer data storage, often called storageormemory, refers to computer components, devices, andrecording media that retain digital data used forcomputing for some interval of time.

Historically, memoryand storagewere respectively called

primary storageand secondary storage.Capability of storing and retrieving huge amounts of data ina fast and efficient manner is one of the importantcharacteristics of computers


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Accuracy:


The computers never make a mistake. The degree ofaccuracy provided by a particular computer depends uponits design.

Errors can occur in a computer, but they are generally due

to human and not the technological weaknesses.

Versatility:

Computer follows the following technologyGIGO - Garbage in Garbage out

Versatility means that computers can do variety of jobsdepending upon the instructions fed to them and their

hardware characteristics.

Computer can perform activities ranging from simplecalculation to performing modeling and simulation tonavigating missiles and satellites.


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Automation:


The level of automation achieved in a computer isphenomenal.

All the repetitive works can be performed by computerwithout any mistake and delay.

Automation plays anincreasingly important role inthe global economy and in dailyexperience.Engineers strive to combineautomated devices with

mathematical andorganizational tools to createcomplex systems for a rapidlyexpanding range of applicationsand human activities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Industrial_Robotics_in_car_production.jpg


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History of computing:

Generation of Computers

The history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago, atthe birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontalwires with beads strung on them. When these beads aremoved around, according toprogrammingrules memorizedby the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done.

A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just arepresentation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rodrepresent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2hands.


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History of computing:


Charles Babbage a mathematics professor. In1812, Babbage realized that many longcalculations, especially those needed to makemathematical tables, were really a series ofpredictable actions that were constantly repeated.From this he suspected that it should be possible

to do these automatically.

The machine was supposed to operate automatically, by steampower, and require only one person there. Babbages computerswere never finished. Various reasons are used for his failure.

Most used is the lack of precision machining techniques at thetime. Another speculation is that Babbagewas working on asolution of a problem that few people in 1840 really needed tosolve. After Babbage, there was a temporary loss of interest inautomatic digital computers.

a general purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanicaldigital computer. Babbagecalled this idea an Analytical Engine
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html


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First-generation von Neumann machines :


American mathematician who mademajor contributions to a vast rangeof fields including set theory,functional analysis, quantummechanics, ergodic theory, ,

economics and game theory,computer science, numericalanalysis, hydrodynamics (ofexplosions), and statistics, as well asmany other mathematical fields.

The first universal programmable computer in the SovietUnion was created by a team of scientists under direction ofSergei Alekseyevich Lebedev from Kiev Institute ofElectrotechnology, Soviet Union (now Ukraine).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif


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First-generation: (1945 1956)


The Von Neumann Architecture has become the standardfor modern computer systems; most computers sincethen have some version of this architecture.

About the first generation computer hardware:

The vacuum tube computers were very big in size

These computers use to dissipate lot of heat

Rate of failure was more as vacuum tubes burn out veryfrequently

Electric power consumption was very large.

The inputs and outputs was in form of 1s and 0s.

In early 1940, a computer was with 18,000 tubes and 1500relays to move information through the machine calledElectronic numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC.


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Second-generation: (1956 1963)


the vacuum tube has been replaced bysolid-state semiconductor devices such astransistors and solid-state diodes

The transistor was work in thecomputer by 1956 which isadvances in magnetic-core memoryand led to 2G computers that weresmaller, faster, more reliable andenergy efficient than theirpredecessors.

2G computers replaced machine language with assemblylanguage to abbreviated programming codes to replacelong, difficult binary codes.

A vacuum tube Hi-Fi

amplifier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TL12Bronze.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NEC_vacuum_tube.jpg


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Advantage over vacuum tubes


Small size and minimum weight

No warm up period for cathodeheater after power supply.

Extremely long life. Some transistorized devicesproduced more than 30 years ago are still in service.

The most high level languages such as COBOL andFORTRAN came into common use during this time.

Rate of failure was lesser than vacuum tubes computers

Electric power consumption was lesser than 1G

its maximum temperature is limitedit has relatively high leakage currentit cannot withstand high voltagesit is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistor-photo.JPG


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Third Generation Computers (19641971)


Though transistors were clearly animprovement over the vacuum tube,they still generate heat.

There are two main advantages ofICs over discrete circuits: cost and

performance

an integrated circuit is also known as IC, microcircuit,microchip, silicon chip, or chip

In later stage, more components are fit into a single chipcalled semiconductor.

Failure of IC was rare.

Power consumption was far lesser.

Different languages were developed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Microchips.jpg


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Fourth Generation Computers (1971 - Presents)


After IC, Large scale integration (LSI) could fithundreds of components onto one chip.

VLSI (Very large scale integration) squeezed hundredsof thousands of components onto a chip.

IBM introduced its personal computer (PC).

Computers continued their trend toward asmaller size, working their way down fromdesktop to laptop computers to palmtop

Macintosh offered an OS that allowedusers to move screen icons instead of

typing instructions.Users controlled the screen cursor using a mouse.

The technologies like LAN, networks, internet, web weredeveloped.
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.repubblica.it/gallerie/online/tecnologie_internet/imac/1_g.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php%3Ft%3D63689%26pp%3D20%26page%3D292&h=400&w=307&sz=11&tbnid=uf84sCl2vFoJ::&tbnh=124&tbnw=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfourth%2Bgeneration%2Bcomputers&hl=en&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image&cd=1


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Fourth Generation Computers (1971 - Present)


Sophisticated languages like query languages aredeveloped.

GUI concepts are introduced.

Fifth generation computers are based on ArtificialIntelligent

Voice recognition, nanotechnology are upcoming trends.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to developdevices that respond to natural language input and are

capable of learning and self-organization

Natural (human) language are Kannada, Hindi, etc.,

Fifth Generation Computers (Present and beyond)

Computer language are C, C++, etc.,


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Digital Computer:In contrast, a digital clock is capable of representingonly a finite number of times (every tenth of a second,for example).

Example: Digital watch shows every second notcontinuous.

Computers, which handle data in digital form, requiremodems to turn signals from digital to analog beforetransmitting those signals over communication lines suchas telephone lines that carry only analog signals. Thesignals are turned back into digital form (demodulated) atthe receiving end so that the computer can process thedata in its digital format.

Modem is used for modulate and demodulate.

Digital computerscan be built to take the solution ofequations to almost unlimited precision, but quite slowlycompared to analog computers

Types of computers by function
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computers


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PersonalComputer: A small, single user computer basedon a microprocessor.

Types of Computer by size and capacity

Run comparatively easy to use applications softwaresuch as the word processors, excel, etc.,

Less sophisticated video display screens.

Example: ACER, Compaq, etc


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Workstation: A powerful, single user computer. Aworkstation is like a personal computer, but it has a morepowerful microprocessor and a higher quality monitor.

To run complex programs and display both work inprogress and results graphically.

Examples: Sun, Apollo, HP and IBM.

However, the distinction between PC and workstations isnow blurring.

Provides higher resolution compared to PC

Processors are faster than PC


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Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable ofsupporting 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

Example: VAX made by Digital Equipment Corporations.

Mini computers work well in what are known asDistributed Data Processing.

Initially minicomputers are used to control machines in amanufacturing unit

Also the increasing power of microcomputer workstationshave it harder to distinguish between mini andworkstations.

Example: Client /Server model.


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Mainframe: A powerful multi user computer capable ofsupporting many hundreds of users simultaneously.

Mainframe computers can process several million programinstructions per second.

Mainframe computers are mainly used by airline, railwayreservation systems, etc.,

It has maximum primary memory RAM 518MB secondarymemory stores 4.5 million MB data.

Example: IBM S/390, PDP370.

These machines often run for years without interruption,with repairs and hardware upgrades taking place duringnormal operation


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Both types of system offers parallel processing

The distinction between supercomputers and mainframesis not a hard and fast one, but supercomputers generallyfocus on problems which are limited by calculation speed

while mainframes focus on problems which are limited byinput/output and reliability ("throughput computing") andon solving multiple business problems concurrently(mixed workload).

Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that canperform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

Supercomputers typically expose it to the programmer in

complex manners, while mainframes typically use it torun multiple tasks. One result of this difference is thatadding processors to a mainframe often speeds up theentire workload transparently.


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Supercomputers are optimized for complicatedcomputations that take place largely in memory, whilemainframes are optimized for comparatively simplecomputations involving huge amounts of external data.

For example, weather forecasting is suited to

supercomputers, and insurance business or payrollprocessing applications are more suited to mainframes.

Supercomputers are often purpose-built for one or a veryfew specific institutional tasks (e.g. simulation andmodeling). Mainframes typically handle a wider variety oftasks (e.g. data processing, warehousing).

Consequently, most supercomputers can be one-offdesigns, whereas mainframes typically form part of amanufacturer's standard model lineup.


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Mainframes tend to have numerous ancillary serviceprocessors assisting their main central processors (forcryptographic support, I/O handling, monitoring, memoryhandling, etc.) so that the actual "processor count" ismuch higher than would otherwise be obvious.

There has been some blurring of the term "mainframe,"

with some PC and server vendors referring to theirsystems as "mainframes" or "mainframe-like." This is notwidely accepted and the market generally recognizes thatmainframes are genuinely and demonstrably different.

Supercomputer design tends not to include as manyservice processors since they don't appreciably add to rawnumber-crunching power.


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Types of Computer by Speed

The speed of computer measured by MHz. (mega-Hertz)Which means million cycles per second.

8086 and 8088

So, a computer that has a 500MHzclock is doing something 500million times per second.

But what that something, it maybe an instruction.

This can run the same programs but one could not fitinto the others socket.

Depending on the manufacturer, the 8086 and 8088processors would run at a speed ranging from 4MHz to16MHz.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AMD_X2_3600.jpg


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Pentium

The Pentium was a big step in the evolution of theprocessor.

The major difference was that it contained more thanone execution unit.

An execution unit receive the instructions and activatesthem. Having more than one execution unit meant theprocessor could do more than one thing at a time.

Pentium II

The Pentium II, Intel totally abandoned sockets andturned to the concept of slots. Slot I is introduced fortechnical reasons.

The Pentium II running at the speed of 400 MHz with thefullspeed 2ndlevel cache.


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Celeron

The celeron was in fact a Pentium II whose 2ndlevelcache has been removed making it supposedly twice asslow as Pentium MMX.

Xeon

The xeon is a Pentium II whose 2ndlevel cache runs atfull processor speed( a regular PII 2ndlevel cache runs athalf the processor speed).

Xeon is not slot compatible with the PII but uses a newtype of slot name Slot-2.

Motorola, SPARC, MIPS processors were developed bySun Microsystems.


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Intelprocessors

Discontinued

40044040800880808085iAPX 432i860i960808680888018680188802868038680486PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium IIIItaniumPentium Extreme EditionPentium MPentium DCore

Current Pentium 4Pentium Dual-CoreCore 2CeleronA100XeonXScaleItanium 2 Atom

Lists Intel CPU slots andsocketsIntelchipsetsIntel processorsIntel codenamesAtomCeleronCoreCore 2ItaniumPentium IIPentium IIIPentium 4Pentium DPentiumDual-CorePentium MXeon

Lists ofspeculated

CeleronCore 2NehalemPentium Dual-CoreSandyBridgeTukwilaXeon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80186http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80186http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_II_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge_%28microarchitecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwila_%28processor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwila_%28processor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwila_%28processor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwila_%28processor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge_%28microarchitecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge_%28microarchitecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_future_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_future_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_future_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_%28microarchitecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_future_Intel_Core_2_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_future_Intel_Celeron_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Dual-Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_II_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_sockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_A100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80186http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_i960http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_i860http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_iAPX_432http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8085http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4040http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporation


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Computer Applications Office Automation

Office automationrefers to the varied computermachinery and softwareused to digitally create, collect,store, manipulate, and relay office information needed foraccomplishing basic tasks and goals

The backbone of office automation is a LAN, which allows

users to transmit data, mail and even voice across thenetwork

Office cannot be automated in the same way the factorywas automated. Office tasks involve a great deal of thinkingand decision-making.

ERGONOMICSAny knowledge worker regardless of background can easilyuseable. This is called ergonomics, the study of how tocreate safety, comfort and ease to use.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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Computer Applications Office Automation

Text Management systemsAll documentation work come under text management.Example: letters, memos, circular, preprinted forms,reports, envelopes, labels etc.,

Business analysis Systems

A decision support system helps the knowledge worker toextract information from the various MIS database andreporting systems, analyze it, and then formulate a decisionfor business planningAn executive support system is an information system thatconsolidates and summarizes ongoing transitions within theorganization.

Network and Communication systemsThe communication media are phone, computer, fax, email,teleconferencing and voices message systems.


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Computer Applications Industry and Engineering

A programmable logic controller(PLC) or programmablecontrolleris a digital computer used for automation of industrialprocesses, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multipleinputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges,immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)EDI is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents ina standard format. The format look much like standard forms thoughhighly structured.

Project ManagementWhen projects from marketing campaigns to construction projectsare undertaken, keeping track of all the tasks is a big job and that is

what project management.

Project ManagementOne concept they use is the critical path: the series of tasks thatmust follow one another in order and cannot overlapped.


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Computer Applications Healthcare and Education

Health informaticsor medical informaticsis theintersection of information science, computer science, andhealth care.

Computers are used for multi-purpose tasks such asdiagnosing the disease, capture and transmit photographsof internal problems such as blood clots and tumors that

previously can be seen only during exploratory surgery,monitoring patients at their bedside.

In addition, computers are so tiny that they can beswallowed are proving to be valuable diagnostic tool.


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Computer Applications Graphics and Multimedia

Not too long ago, the term multimedia referred to room having slideprojectors, overhead projectors, tape decks and movie projectors.Multimedia presentations were hard to put together and even harderto run.

Today, multimedia is widely used in the entertainment and educationfields.

Multimedia has entered the mainstream because of its capabilities toattract people and to hold their attention and more effective than anordinary presentation.

Multimedia can be used forEntertainment,Corporate presentationsEducation training

SimulationDigital publications,..

Multimedia ToolsPaint and drawBitmap imagesVector graphics (also 3D)Animation

MorphingAnti-aliasing (smoothes the edges)

Morphing-blends two images to create a third. Starting withphotographs of a young girl and an elderly woman.


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Computer Applications

Enterprise SoftwareExecutive dashboard.

Enterprise infrastructuresoftware

Business workflow software

Database management system(DBMS) software

Digital asset management(DAM) software

Document Managementsoftware

Geographic Information System(GIS) software

Information workersoftware

Time and ResourceManagement

Accounting software

Task and Scheduling

Field service

management software

Data Management

Contact Management

Spreadsheet

Personal Database


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Information worker softwareDocumentation

Word Processing

Desktop publishingsoftware

Diagramming Software

Presentation software

Analytical software

Computer algebra systems

Numerical computing

List of numericalsoftware

Physics software

Science software

List of statistical software

Neural network software

Collaborative softwareE-mail

Blog

Wiki or ApplicationWiki

Financial Software

Day trading software


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Educational softwareClassroom Management

Edutainment Software

Learning/Training ManagementSoftware

Reference software

Sales Readiness Software

Survey Management

Industrial AutomationSoftware

Programmable logic controllersoftwar

Simulation software

Computer simulators

Scientific simulators

Social simulators

Battlefield simulators

Emergency simulators

Vehicle simulatorsFlight simulators

Driving simulators

Simulation games

Vehicle simulation

games


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Media development softwareImage organizer

Media content creating/editing

3D computer graphics software

Animation software

Graphic art software

Image editing softwareRaster graphics editor

Vector graphics editor

Video editing software

Sound editing software

Digital audio editor

Product engineeringsoftware

Hardware Engineering

Computer-aidedengineering

Computer-aideddesign (CAD)

NEi Nastran FiniteElement Analysis

Software Engineering

Computer LanguageEditor

Compiler Software

IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments

Game creationsoftware

comp fundamentals unit 1

Documents