comp 3400 mainframe administrationthese slides are based ... · date indices, etc. the consistency...
TRANSCRIPT
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Christian Grothoff
COMP 3400 Mainframe Administration1
Christian [email protected]
http://grothoff.org/christian/
1These slides are based in part on materials provided by IBM’s AcademicInitiative.
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Christian Grothoff
Example of online processing: a travelagency
A travel agency would use online processing for:
• employee and customer information
• contacts with car rental companies
• hotels
• airline schedules
In contrast to batch processing, changes must be reflected
to end-users immediately (in real-time).
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Christian Grothoff
Example of online processing (continued)
Car Rental Agency Hotel Airline
Travel Agency
WAP HTTP
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Christian Grothoff
Example of online processing (continued)
CarRentalAgency
Hotel Airline
TravelAgency
WAP
HTTP
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Christian Grothoff
Similarities: Online Systems and OSes
• Managing and Dispatching tasks
• Controlling user access
• Managing use of memory
• Managing concurrency of data
• Providing device independence
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Christian Grothoff
Characteristics of transactional systems
Many users
Repetitive
Short interactions
Shared data
Data integrity
Low cost / transaction
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Christian Grothoff
Terminology
• Multitasking
• Multithreading
• Thread
• Reentrancy
• Commit and roll back
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Christian Grothoff
Transactional System Requirements
• Atomicity
• Consistency
• Isolation
• Durability
Commonly known as ACID.
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Christian Grothoff
Atomicity
• Either all of the updates performed by the transactionare performed or none of them are.
• Example: if a bank transfers money from one accountto another, it must not just withdraw or just deposit,both tasks must either succeed or fail
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Christian Grothoff
Consistency
• Databases often have consistency rules
• Example: (global) uniqueness of certain keys, up-to-date indices, etc.
• The consistency property requires that the databaseremains in a consistent state after the transaction afterthe transaction is over (assuming it was in a consistentstate before)
• Database consistency must be preserved if thetransaction was successful as well as if it was aborted!
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Christian Grothoff
Isolation
• In most database systems, multiple transactions areexecuted concurrently
• One transaction may read values that anothertransaction is updating
• Isolation requires that transactions must not see theintermediate state of other transactions.
• Example: if I transfer $500 from one of my accounts toanother and a bank manager queries my total accountbalance at the same time, the result must not be ±$500 of my net balance.
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Christian Grothoff
Durability
• After a transaction has reported success, no kind of(conceivable) system failure may undo the transaction
• In particular, this means that the database mustguarantee that no other (concurrent, committing)transactions may violate the consistency or isolationproperties of the transaction
• Since I/O operations on the actual tables are usuallybuffered, databases use an (append-only) transactionlog that can be played back to recover committedtransactions for which not all table updates had beenfully written
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Christian Grothoff
Two-phase commit
INITIATOR Agent of A Agent of B
Update local resources Update local resources Update local resources
Prepare Receive
Prepare Receive
SYNCPOINT
SYNCPOINT
Commit
Commit
SYNCPOINT
Phase 1
Phase 2
AA BB CC
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Christian Grothoff
The Resource Recovery Services (RRS)
RRS is the syncpoint coordinator that is build into z/OS.
• Before changes happen, the Unit of Recovery (UR) is in-reset
• While the UR makes changes, it is in-flight
• Once a commit request has been made, the UR is in-prepare
• After the syncpoint coordinator (RSS) at the atomic instantmakes a decision, the UR is either in-commit or in-backout
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Christian Grothoff
The Customer Information Control System(CICS)
CICS is a subsystem of z/OS which:
• controls transactions to run online applications
• manages the sharing of resources: many users using thesame application(s) at the same time
• protects integrity of data
• prioritizes execution as needed
CICS is also available for other platforms.
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Christian Grothoff
CICS in a z/OS system
z/OSz/OS
Transactionalsystem
ApplicationApplicationProgramProgramDATADATA
User
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Christian Grothoff
Languages Supported by CICS
• COBOL (including OO COBOL)
• C/C++
• Java
• PL/1
• Assembler
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Christian Grothoff
Platforms Supported by CICS
• z/Series (z/OS, OS/390, VSE)
• AIX
• HP-UX
• Solaris
• Windows
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Christian Grothoff
CICS features
• Task Control
• Basic Mapping Support
• File Control
• Program Control
• Storage Control
• Transient Data Control
• Journal Control (logging)
• Trace Control
• Dump Control
• Interval Control
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Christian Grothoff
Example: CICS Web Support
IBM HTTPServer for OS/390
CICSCICSWebServerWebServerPluginPlugin
CICSCICSTCP/IPTCP/IPlistenerlistener CC
WW
SS
32703270WebWebbridgebridge
3270presentation
logic
W eb-awarepresentation
logic
CICSapplication
CICS region
COMMAREA
W ebBrowser
Directconnection
EXCI
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Christian Grothoff
Compiling (COBOL) for CICS
TranslatedProgram
ObjectModule
LinkEdit
LoadModule
ProgramLibrary
//DFHRPL DD DSN=CICSV3.SDFHLOAD1,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CICSV3.SDFHLOAD2,DISP=SHR// DD DSN=CICSV3.ULOADLIB,DISP=SHR
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Christian Grothoff
CICS Programming commands
CICS commands are embedded into the normal source
code:
EXEC CICSfunction option option ...
END-EXEC.
The specific syntax depends a bit on the language used.
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Christian Grothoff
Example CICS Programs
We will now see an example showing the use of CVDAs
and the DFHVALUE function. The code:
• Tests whether the file named PAYROLL is closed
• If so, changes the UPDATE and DELETE option valuesfor the file to UPDATEABLE and NOTDELETEABLErespectively (records can be updated but not deleted)
• DFHVALUE relates the internal representation of thestatus to the (human readable) value name
• Returns to CICS
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Christian Grothoff
Example: COBOL
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.01 FILE-STATUS-INFO.02 UOPST PIC S9(8) COMP.02 UUPD PIC S9(8) COMP.02 INFILE PIC x(8).
...CICS-REQUESTS.MOVE ’PAYROLL ’ TO INFILE.EXEC CICS INQUIRE FILE(INFILE)
OPENSTATUS(UOPST) END-EXEC.IF UOPST = DFHVALUE(CLOSED)
MOVE DFHVALUE(UPDATABLE) TO UUPDEXEC CICS SET FILE(INFILE)
UPDATE(UUPD)NOTDELETEABLE END-EXEC.
EXEC CICS RETURN.
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Christian Grothoff
Example: C
#define INFILE "PAYROLL "main(){long int mopst;long int mupd;
...EXEC CICS INQUIRE FILE(INFILE)
OPENSTATUS(mopst);if (uopst == DFHVALUE(CLOSED) ){
uupd = DFHVALUE(UPDATEABLE);EXEC CICS SET FILE(INFILE)
UPDATE(uupd)NOTDELETEABLE;
}EXEC CICS RETURN;
}
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Christian Grothoff
Example: PL/1
DCL (UPST,UUPD) FIXED BIN(31),INFILE CHAR(8);
...INFILE=’PAYROLL ’;EXEC CICS INQUIRE FILE(INFILE)
OPENSTATUS(UOPST);IF UOPST = DFHVALUE(CLOSED) THEN DO:
UUPD = DFHVALUE(UPDATABLE);EXEC CICS SET FILE(INFILE)
UPDATE(UUPD)NOTDELETEABLE; END;
EXEC CICS RETURN;
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Christian Grothoff
Example: Assembler
DFHE1STGUOPST DS F *OPEN STATUSUUPD DS F *UPDATE STATUSINFILE DS CL8 *FILE NAME...MVC INFILE,=CL8’PAYROLL ’EXEC CICS INQUIRE FILE(INFILE) XOPENSTATUS(UOPST)CLC UOPST,DFHVALUE(CLOSED)BNE OPENLABMVC UUPD,DFHVALUE(UPDATEABLE)EXEC CICS SET FILE(INFILE) xUPDATE(UUPD)NOTDELETEABLEOPENLAB EXEC CICS RETURN
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Christian Grothoff
Basic Mappping Support (BMS)
BMS is used to interact with users using a terminal:
• EXEC CICS SEND – display a screen on the terminal
• EXEC CICS RECEIVE – read data from terminal
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Christian Grothoff
BMS Example
EXEC CICSSEND MAP ( ’ORCHM01’ )
MAPSET ( ’ORCHM01’)ERASE
END-EXEC.EXEC CICS
RECEIVE MAP (’ORCHM01’)MAPSET(’ORCHM01’)INTO (workstorage area)
END-EXEC.
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Christian Grothoff
Defining the screens
• BMS macros are a form of assembler language
• The “assembler” generates a physical map which:
– builds the screen– merges variable data between program and screen– sends variables back to the program
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Christian Grothoff
The BMS Macros
BMS Maps are composed of three simple macros:
• DFHMSD – name of map set (one per file)
• DFHMDI – name of map (many per map set)
• DFHMDF – field screen definitions and location (manyper map)
Source for these is on Marist in CICSTS13.CICS.SDFHMAC(DFHMxx).
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Christian Grothoff
Example
PRINT NOGENORCHM01 DFHMSD TYPE=MAP,MODE=INOUT,CNRL=FREEKB,LANG=COBOL,TIOAPFX=YESORCHM01 DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80)
DFHMDF POS=(01,01),LENGTH=01,ATTRB=(ASKIP,DRK,FSET), xINITIAL=’1’
DFHMDF POS=(01,25),LENGTH=3,ATTRB=(ASKIP,BRT), xINITIAL=’PURCHASE ORDER - - - FILE INQUIRY’
DFHMDF POS(03,30),LENGTH=13,ATTRB=ASKIP, xINITIAL=’ORDER NUMBER’
ORDER# DFHMDF POS=(03,44),LENGTH=10,ATTRB=(NUM,BRT,IC)DFHMDF POS=(04,32),LENGTH=11,ATTRB=ASKIP,INITIAL=’DEPARTMENT’
...DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL
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Christian Grothoff
Example User Screen
ABCD Average salary by department
Type a department number and press enter.
Department number: A02
Average salary($): 58211.58
F3: Exit
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Christian Grothoff
CICS transaction flow (1/3)
Operating System
ABCDABCD TerminalControl
StorageMgmt.
ProgramProgramLibraryLibrary
File or DBFile or DB
SystemServices
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22
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Christian Grothoff
CICS transaction flow (2/3)
Operating System
ProgramProgramLibraryLibrary
File or DBFile or DB
(menu screen)
ProgramProgramABCD01ABCD01
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FileControl
BMS
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Christian Grothoff
CICS transaction flow (3/3)
Operating System
ProgramProgramLibraryLibrary
File or DBFile or DB
User'sNextInput
ProgramProgramABCD01ABCD01
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88
FileControl
77
BMS
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Christian Grothoff
Conversational Style
Conversational:
UserTypesInputs
PROGV000
W AIT
Menu
Enter account ______Function code______
Menu
Enter account 1234_Function code M____
Record Update
Enter account 1234Name: SmithAmount: $10.00Date: 05/28/04
Menu
Enter account ______Function code______"Update confirmed"
UserTypesChanges
SEND MAP
RECEIVE MAPREAD FILE UPDATE
SEND MAP
RECEIVE MAPREW RITE FILE
SEND MAPRETURN
W AIT
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Christian Grothoff
Pseudo-Conversational Style
Pseudo-Conversational:
UserTypesInputs
PROGV000
Menu
Enter account ______Function code______
Menu
Enter account 1234_Function code M____
Record Update
Enter account 1234Name: SmithAmount: $10.00Date: 05/28/04
Menu
UserTypesChanges
SEND MAP...RETURN TRANSID(V001)....
Enter account 1234Name: SmithAmount: $99.50Date: 05/28/04"Update Confirmed"
PROGV001
RECEIVE MAP.......READ FILE....... SEND MAP......RETURN TRANSID (V002)....
PROGV002
RECEIVE MAP.......READ FILE UPDATE....REW RITE FILE........ SEND MAP......RETURN TRANSID (V000)...
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Christian Grothoff
CICS Program Control Constructs
CICSLevel 0CICS
Program1LINK ...RETURN
Program 2XCTL
Program 3LINK ...RETURN
Program 4
.....RETURN
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
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Christian Grothoff
The CICS Communication Area(COMMAREA)
• Area is automatically provided to you via the translatorphase
• Part of the DATA DIVISION / LINKAGE SECTION inCOBOL
• Initially provides one byte to be used as a status word
• Can range up to 32k in size
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Christian Grothoff
Example: COMMAREA in COBOL2
O1 DFHCOMMAREA.05 PROCESS-SW PIC X.
88 INITIAL-ENTRY VALUE ’0’.88 VERIFICATION VALUE ’1’.
05 ACCOUNT-NUMBER PIC X(10)....EXEC LINK PROGRAM(ACCTPGM)
COMMAREA(DFHCOMMAREA)LENGTH(11)
END-EXEC.2See also: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/cicsts/v2r3/
index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.cics.ts23.doc/dfhp3/dfhp36o.htm
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Christian Grothoff
CICS Programming Roadmap
• Design application
• Write & compile & test program
• Define program & transaction in CICS resources
• Define other resources (files, queues, etc.) in CICSresources
• Make resources known to CICS3
3See http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/cicsts/v3r2/topic/com.ibm.cics.ts.doc/pdf/dfha4c00.pdf
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Christian Grothoff
The Information Management System(IMS)
IMS is another application used for online processing
consisting of three components:
• Transaction Manager (TM)
• Database Manager (DB)
• System services (common services for TM and DB)
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Christian Grothoff
IMS Overview
IMS System
TransactionManager
DatabaseManager
IMSMessageQueues
IMSDatabases
IMSLogsz/OS
Console
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Christian Grothoff
IMS Transaction Manager Messages
An operator of an IMS terminal can send four kinds of messages to
IMS TM; the destination determines the kind of message:
Another terminal Logical terminal name in the first 8 bytes
Application program Transaction code in the first 8 bytes
IMS TM A “/” (slash) in the first byte (command for IMS TM)
Message switch service Messages for the Advanced Program toProgram Communication (APPC) feature of IMS4
4See http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/dfsccgh0.pdf (IMSAPPC documentation)
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Christian Grothoff
IMS APPC
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Christian Grothoff
Questions
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