community translation in a multilingual online environment: case study and theoretical framework

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Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework Chris Salzberg November, 2008

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Connections between translation and participatory media as seen through Project Lingua and Global Voices.

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Page 1: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Community Translation

in a Multi l ingual Online Environment:

Case study and theoretical framework

Chris Salzberg

November, 2008

Page 2: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Presentation Outline

1. Background Media attention, web publishing, bridgeblogging, Global Voices

2. Case Study Case study methodology, Project Lingua, research materials

3. Observations Research approach, profile of translators, content flow, problems

4. Analysis / Theory Related research, translation as news, theoretical framework

5. Next Steps

Page 3: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

1. Background

Page 4: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Broad research question

How do we get our daily news about the worldbeyond borders of nation, culture and language?

Media

Broadcast media Telecommunications media

Page 5: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Global Media Attention

Global Attention Profiles ­ A Working Paper: First Steps Towardsa Quantitative Approach to the Study of Media Attention (Zuckerman, 2003)

Page 6: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Attention Bias

Traditional news media have constraints: Physical constraints (size of printed page, length 

of radio broadcast or television program, etc.) Personnel constraints (limited number of news 

gatherers, reporters, gatekeepers) Attention of major media strongly biased:

Most accurate indicator of media attention is GDP Economy more important than language, culture

(Zuckerman, 2003)

Page 7: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

From Global to Local

Large newspapers cutting staff heavily Focusing on local news, cutting foreign news

”The Changing Newroom: What is Being Gained and What is Being Lost inAmerica's Daily Newspapers?” Project for Excellence in Journalism (2008)

Page 8: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Alternatives in web publishing

Internet­based tools differ from traditional media: Cheap: only computer + connection, no start­up cost Unconstrained: arbitrary formats, unlimited space Instantaneous: no delays for production, publication Open: no barriers to entry, no economies of scale

Page 9: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Blogs as Media

Bridgeblogging (Zuckerman, 2008) “[W]eblogs that reach across gaps of language, 

culture and nationality” to enable communication Community is small, but may be essential in 

connecting separate parts of the global blogosphere Use of blogs by journalists (MacKinnon, 2007)

47% of correspondents in China read blogs daily for story ideas (but only 16% read Chinese blogs)

Page 10: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Global Voices Online

Citizen media project founded at Harvard University's Berkman Center in late 2004/2005

International group of bridge bloggers, original focus on regions with low media attention

Aggregate/introduce conversations in cit. media

Page 11: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

The World is Talking

Blog conversations as primary source material: Articles introduce conversations through 

aggregation, contextualization, translation

Page 12: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Focus on Listening

Objectives Convey conversations in citizen media Maintain close relationship with blogging communities

Not a traditional “news site”: Complementary relationship with mainstream media Articles often used as source (NYT, BBC, CNN)

New model for community­based journalism

Page 13: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Review of Main Points

International news media Attention profile heavily biased (Zuckerman, 2003) Heavy cutbacks in foreign news (CEJ, 2008) Increasing reliance on bloggers (MacKinnon, 2007)

Web publishing Cheap, unconstrained, instantaneous Global Voices: blogs as primary source, focus on 

listening / community

Page 14: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

2. Case study

Page 15: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Case study methodology

Underlying principles (Gillham 2000) Naturalistic approach, results are highly specific Researcher is a participant observer Inductive theorizing: theory comes after observation

Goals of research Collect evidence and formulate a grounded theory Triangulate multiple sources

Page 16: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Importance of LanguageEnglish

Chinese

Spanish

Japanese

French

German

Arabic

Portuguese

Korean

Italian

Other

Language of Internet Users (Internet World Stats, 2008)

Blog posts by language (Technorati, 2007)

Page 17: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Online Translation Communities

Virtual community (Porter, 2006) “aggregation of individuals [...] who interact around 

a shared interest, where the interaction is at least partially supported and/or mediated by technology and guided by some protocols or norms.”

Define “online translation community” as: Aggregation of individuals who interact around the 

central task of translation, with interaction at least partly mediated by web technology.

Page 18: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Main Case Study: Project Lingua

Project Lingua                                    (Salzberg, 2008) Subproject of Global Voices Online Cluster of 15 language teams, formed in 2006/2007 Translate English­language Global Voices articles 

into other languages One of the largest and most active translation 

communities in the world

Page 19: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Challenges of case study Other case studies in media/journalism

Individual: Hautanen (2008) studied news translation by observing a Finnish correspondent at work

Institutional: Bielsa (2007) conducted a 3­week ethnographic observation at global news agencies

In contrast: Global Voices is an entirely virtual organization Method relies on electronic record, like study of fan 

translation (Díaz Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez, 2006)

Page 20: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Research materials

Qualitative Individual online interviews Meeting transcripts, internal reports Email questionnaires In­person conversations, meetings

Quantitative Surveys (also qualitative) Statistical data (hits, frequency of posts)

Page 21: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Initial Goals

Document structure and development What is the history of Project Lingua? How does this community function internally?  What are the major challenges?

Comparative analysis Are there other domains of translation with similar 

features? How are they similar/different? Are there aspects which can be generalized?

Page 22: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

3. Observations

Page 23: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Approach

Structural / Compositional History of organization, position within Global Voices Roles and functions of contributors/participants Content/translation flow, internal coordination Source/target text structure, problems of lost context

Experiential Background and motivations of contributors Coherence of group narratives (Baker, 2006)

Page 24: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Global Voices as Mailing Lists

Diagram by GV Managing Editor Solana Larsen

Page 25: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Situating Project Lingua

History Started independently by one blogger, developed 

into GV Chinese in 2006, then Lingua from 2007 Unique aspects among other projects

Initiated by Global Voices community Almost as large as Global Voices, and growing Different audiences from other projects No editorial oversight covering entire project

Page 26: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Roles and Functions

Global Voices consists of: Regional Editors (part­time staff, 10 positions) Language Editors (part­time staff, 9 positions) Authors (volunteers, 80­90 active contributors)

Project Lingua consists of: Currently 15 translation teams One editor per team, total 70­100 volunteer 

translators

Page 27: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Profile of translators

Based in many different countries, e.g. Spanish: Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Spain, U.S. Arabic: Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Iraq, Bahrain

Various different backgrounds: Most common: bloggers, journalists, translators, 

students But also: lawyer, system engineer, professor, IT 

professional, financial analyst, web designer, etc.

Page 28: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Map of Lingua translators

Page 29: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Activity of translation teams

Spanish

French

Chinese

Bangla

Macedonian

Portuguese

Italian

Malagasy

Arabic

Japanese

Albanian

Swahili

German

Hindi

Serbian

Farsi

Past 6 months, leftblog posts October, leftblog posts

Spanish

French

Chinese

Bangla

Macedonian

Portuguese

Italian

Malagasy

Arabic

Japanese

Albanian

Swahili

German

Hindi

Serbian

Farsi

Most active teams:Spanish, Chinese, Bangla, French, Portuguese, Italian

Page 30: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Growth in small languages

Many smaller, localized language communities: Malagasy Macedonian Albanian Serbian

Motivations/expectations are different For smaller language communities, translated 

content stands out in local media landscape

Page 31: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Content flow in Global Voices

3­part process (always starts with cit. media):1. Search: Regional Editors, Language Editors and 

Authors search for topics in blogs, forums, etc.

2. Select: Once an issue or topic has been found, entries and background information are selected.

3. Compile: Selected passages from blog entries and other UGC are compiled into an English article

Translation into English at step 2 or step 3

Page 32: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Example of content flow

Blogs on topic X inChinese Blogosphere

Article in English

Contextualization

Translation (optional)

Page 33: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Translation flow in Project Lingua

Global Voices articleBlog entry

GV en EspañolGV en françaisGV in ItalianoGV amin´ny teny malagasyGV em PortuguêsGV në Shqip (Albanian)GV на македонски (Macedonian)

GV بالعربية (Arabic)

GV  োোোবোল ভেেেেে অনলোইন:  বোংলো ভোেসন

(Bangla)

GV 全球之声 / 全球之聲

GV 日本語

Regional BlogosphereLingosphere

Global Voices in English Project Lingua

Page 34: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Flow to/from other organizations French: Rue89, Rezo.net (news), 

Cucumis (translation community) Arabic: Al Jazeera Talk (cit. media) Spanish: Canal Solidario (news) Chinese: China Times, Memedia 

(news) Backpackers.com.tw (travel) Bangla: Biborton Bangla 

(news/entertainment site)

Page 35: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Communication and Coordination

Main methods of communication in Lingua: Mailing list + editor review (most common): 

Translators announce article to translate, one or more editors proofread translations

Wiki + peer review (GV Chinese team): articles proofread by other team member, sent back for confirmation, then published

Direct publication: minimal communication, experienced translators can publish directly

Page 36: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Problems (1): Lost Context

Major challenge of lost context: Assumptions of background knowledge not 

appropriate for non­English audiences Links to English­language references are not 

accessible in translated article (sometimes replaced) Choice of subjects assumes English audience, not 

always suitable for readers of a different language Presentation may evoke unintended response

Page 37: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Example of lost context

Article about Mauritia (Andriamanajara, 2007) Mentions genital excision, a foreign concept to 

Malagasy audiences When translating to Malagasy, translator had to 

consult other people for advice Final compromise: “circumcision for young girls” Through translation, translator introduced a new 

concept to a language community (Malagasy)

Page 38: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Problems (2): Sense of Community

A B C D E0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

To which online community do you feel the closest attachment?

(Online survey conducted in January 2008)

A: All bloggers across the world (2)

B: Bloggers in your language or region (8)

C: Global Voices (7)

D: Lingua (0)

E: Lingua community for your language (5)

Page 39: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Bloggers vs. Translators

Bloggers Connected to local blogosphere / lingosphere Well­versed in blogging software, web services Speak language of “web 2.0”, conversation­oriented

Translators Typically work as individuals, profession­oriented Lack of knowledge about blogging technology, need 

for training

Page 40: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

4. Analysis / Theory

Page 41: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Context in Case Studies

Determining context is important in case study Investigation starts by exploring case study Research context is not a priori defined

Cases have highly specific characteristics Need to get to know case in context:

Research questions emerge from investigation Basic process centers on gathering evidence

Page 42: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Research Context

Journalism StudiesResearch on Internet and Society

Translation Studies

Page 43: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Language and Global Voices

History of Global Voices: Began as a region­oriented, not language­oriented Translation embedded in organization at an implicit 

level (no mention in manifesto, etc.) English bridgebloggers, translation not essential

This approach was not sufficient: Began hiring translators to cover “lingospheres” Overlapping structure of region and language

Page 44: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

From Region to Language

“In the next century, [...] the definition of proximity [will change] from geographic to linguistic: two countries [will] border one another if and only if they have a language they can use in common.” (Shirky, 1999)

Page 45: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Shift of Research Context

Translation Studies

Journalism StudiesResearch on Internet and Society

News TranslationTranslation in Global News (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2008)

Community TranslationFan translation (Díaz Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez, 2006)

Examples in (Baker, 2006) and (Salzberg, 2008)

Participatory Media / Citizen Media / Citizen JournalismMany references, e.g. MacKinnon (2007, 2007a), Zuckerman (2003)

Project Lingua

Global Voices

Page 46: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

News Translation

Resent research has shown: Drastic reorganization in news translation (Hursti, 2001) News translators see themselves as “international 

journalists”, not translators (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2008) Translation plays a critical role, but is invisible

Relation to case study research: Problem of lost context, blogger / translator conflict Comparison of structural aspects of translation flow

Page 47: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Community Translation Translation in communities of anime fans (Díaz 

Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez, 2006): Networks of fans collaborate to translate anime 

subtitles (typesetters, translators, editors, encoders) Frequent use of detailed translator notes English as pivot language, translation into English 

often conducted by non­native speakers Translators translate for a specific community of 

anime fans (not a general news audience)

Page 48: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Translation and Participatory Media

Translation Studies

Participatory MediaStudies

Research on Internet and Society

Journalism Studies

News TranslationCommunity Translation

Page 49: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Theoretical Framework

Two basic concepts used to define framework: Gatekeeping theory (structural) Narrative theory (experiential)

Theories bridge all three areas: Translation Studies Network Society Journalism and Media Studies

Page 50: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Gatekeeping and Translation Gatekeeping is a common theme:

Gatekeeping in news media (White, 1950; Bell, 1991) Translation as network gatekeeping (Cronin, 2003) News translation as gatekeeping (Fujii, 1988; 

Vuorinen, 1994) Translation as gatekeeping in a network setting

Physical accessibility   linguistic accessibility→

Ideas such as access, transparency and bias take on new meaning in multilingual network setting

Page 51: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Narrative and Translation

Mona Baker (2006) investigates translation communities through narrative theory: communities “held together by a sense of identification 

with a narrative or set of narratives” importance of narrative coherence, narrative fidelity

Global Voices has a cohesive narrative: blogging, web 2.0 technology, freedom of speech, etc.

Language/translation left out of this narrative

Page 52: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Limitations of Framework

Lack of data points Very little research on online translation 

communities Global Voices and Project Lingua very young, 

organizations are changing fast Financial aspects are largely omitted

Is this framework generalizable? Maybe not. But it is important for understanding the case

Page 53: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

5. Next steps

Page 54: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Observations and Analysis

Structural Complete organizational structure of content flow Compile and analyze statistical data Comparison of roles/functions with news translation

Experiential Complete second set of interviews Comparison with translation community (Cucumis) Compare narratives of Global Voices and Lingua

Page 55: Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework

Preliminary Recommendations

More explicit incorporation of language and translation in Global Voices public profile

System needed to track and respond to translator content selections

Outreach expanded from regional to linguistic Broaden non­English organizational ties:

News sites, travel organizations, translation schools, translation communities, etc.

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ReferencesAndriamanajara, Mialy (2007). ”Mauritania: Ignorance and Tradition,” Global Voices Online, August 30, 2007.

Baker, Mona (2006). ”Translation and Activism: Emerging Patterns of Narrative Community,” The Massachusetts Review 47(III): 462­484, 2006.

Bell Alan (1990). The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bielsa, Esperança (2007). "Translation in global news agencies," Target 19 (1), 135­155. 

Bielsa, Esperanca and Bassnett, Susan (2008).  Translation in Global News, Routledge, 2008.

Center for Excellence in Journalism (2008). ”The Changing Newsroom: What is Being Gained and What is Being Lost in America's Daily Newspapers?”, 2008.

Cronin, Michael. Translation and Globalization. Routledge: London, 2003.

Díaz Cintas, Jorge and Muñoz Sánchez, Pablo (2006). "Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment," The Journal of Specialised Translation 6, 37­52.

Fujii, Akio (1988). ”News translation in Japan.” Meta 33(1), 32­37, 1988.

Gillham, Bill (2000). Case Study Research Methods, London and New York: Continuum, 2000.

Hautanen, Suvi (2008). ”Le processus de travail d’une correspondante: une étude observationnelle,” Master's Thesis, University of Helsinki, 2008.

Hursti, Kristian (2001). "An insider's view on transformation and transfer in international news communication: An English­Finnish Perspective," Helsinki English studies I, 2001.

MacKinnon, Rebecca (2007). “Blogs and China Correspondence: How foreign correspondents covering China use blogs,” paper presented at The World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC), Singapore, June 25­28, 2007.

MacKinnon, Rebecca (2007a). ”Blogging, Journalism and Credibility: The Future of Global Participatory Media,” in Ono, Yoshikuni, ed., On Global Communication (Kyoto: Seikai Shisosya, 2007), 2007.

Porter, Constance Elise (2006). ”A Typology of Virtual Communities: A Multi­Disciplinary Foundation for Future Research,” Journal of Computer­Mediated Communication 10(1), 2006.

Salzberg, Chris (2008). ”Translation and Participatory Media: Experiences from Global Voices,” Translation Journal 12(3), 2008.

Shirky, Clay (1999). ”Language Networks,” shirky.com, 1999.

Vuorinen, Erkka (1994). ”News translation as gatekeeping.” Mary Snell­Hornby et al. (Eds) (1994), Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1994.

White, David M. (1950). ”The 'Gate Keeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News.” Journalism Quarterly 27, 383­390, 1950.

Zuckerman, Ethan (2003). “Global Attention Profiles ­ A Working Paper: First Steps Towards a Quantitative Approach to the Study of Media Attention,” Research Publication No. 2003­06, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, 2003.

Zuckerman, Ethan (2008). “Meet the Bridgebloggers,” Public Choice 134: 47­65, 2008.