community structure of copepods from different nearshore substrates off tinggi and sibu islands,...
TRANSCRIPT
Community structure of copepods from different nearshore substrates off Tinggi and
Sibu Islands, Malaysia*Ephrime B. Metillo1, Shuhei Nishida2, Othman BH Ross3, Fatimah Md.
Yusof4, Susumu Ohtsuka5, Mulyadi6, Shozo Sawamoto7, Jun Nishikawa2, Hideo Sekiguchi8, Tatsuki Toda9, Nozomu Iwasaki10,
Tomohiko Kikuchi11, Nguyen Thi Thu12, Nguyen Cho13, Khwanruan Srinui14, Wilfredo Campos15
1Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan 9200, Philippines
2Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa 277-8564 Japan
3Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia
(Addresses of other authors are in appendices)
*Paper presented in Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMARZ) Regional Symposium for Asia, Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Science (IOCAS), Qingdao, China 11-14 May 2010
Copepods dominate most tropical zooplankton samples; have pivotal role in bentho-pelagic food webs and ecosystems and fisheries
Few studies on tropical copepods despite their sensitivity to climate change and water pollution
Dearth of information on community structure of tropical copepods
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)Zooplankton Biodiversity Research Group for Southeast Asia (2004-2010) - an internationalcollaborative team focusing on zooplankton in Southeast Asian waters
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
Under an umbrella goal of developing a standard monitoring system for the coastal waters of Southeast Asia using copepod communities, this study was specifically aimed to:
1. identify copepod species from small and large fractions of samples that make up communities from coral, seagrass and sand substrates;
2. analyze the structure of copepod communities using univariate diversity indices and rank-dominance technique and constrained multivariate ordination method
3. identify indicator species and assemblage of species using Dufrene and Legendre (1997) indicator value index
MalaysiaPeninsula
Southeast Asia
Pacific Ocean
STUDY SITES
MalaysiaPeninsula
Tinggi Island
Sibu Island
Sibu IslandCoral area
200 m
offshore
inshore
Sibu IslandSandy area 200 m
inshore offshore
Tinggi IslandSeagrass bed
200 m
inshoreoffshore
SITES (Coral, Seagrass, Sand)
TIME: DAY (10:00, 12:00, 14:00)NIGHT (19:00, 21:00, 23:00)
STATIONS (Inshore, Offshore)
ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLING AND SORTING
1 m
2-kg sinker
Vertical tow of 100-µm net
cod end
flow meter
SPECIES1 2 3 4
SA
MP
LE
S CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS: Eigenvalues, Monte Carlo Permutations,Forward Selection
-1.0 0.4
-0.8
0.8
CycloCalan
Harpa
Decap
OstraLarva
Salps
Antho
Polyc
ChaetPyros
FishLar
Auricu
Bipinn
Zoea
Megal
BivelGasvelCopepCopNau
Ophiop
Echin
FishEgg
Barcy
TintinForam
Temp
pH
Salinity
SecchiD
TSS
DO
NO2
PO4CHLa
Canonical Community Ordination (CANOCO) Analysis Stages
PRIMER-E v.5 Multivariate Analysis Stages
SAMPLES1 2 3 4
SP
EC
IES
Transformed (to balance rarer and common species)
Community Parameters (per sample)
Shannon Species Diversity Index
Pielou’s Evenness Index
Number of species
Number of individuals
K-dominance curves
IndValij = Aij X Bij X 100, where
Aij = Nindividualsij/Nindividualsj (Aij, a measure of specificity; Nindividualsij, is the mean number of individuals of species i across sites of group j; Nindividualsj, is the sum of the mean numbers of individuals of species i over all groups)
Bij = Nsitesij/Nsitesj (Bij, a measure of fidelity; Nsitesij is the number of sites in
cluster j where species i is present; Nsitesj, is the total number of sites in that cluster. Bij is maximum when species i is present in all objects of cluster j)
INDICATOR SPECIES AND ASSEMBLAGE OF SPECIES
Dufrene and Legendre (1997) Indicator Value (IndValij) Index
Current velocity and direction measured by ADCP at the nearshore waters off Tinggi and Sibu Islands. Currents shown in A were recorded during ebb tide and those in B during flood tide.
Tim
e
2o 08’ N
2o 18’ N
2o 23’ N
103o 52’ E 104o 04’ E 104o 12’ E
Tinggi Is.
MalaysiaPeninsula
Sibu Is.
N
5 Km
BT
ime
(min
)
2o 08’ N
2o 18’ N
2o 23’ N
103o 52’ E 104o 04’ E 104o 12’ E
Tinggi Is.
MalaysiaPeninsula
N
5 Km
A
Sibu Is.
Temperature (oC), salinity (‰) and dissolved oxygen (mg L-1) measured at coral (A), seagrass (B), and sand (C) sites. Left y-axis – temperature and salinity; right y-axis – dissolved oxygen.
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
D1C1 D1C2 N1C1 N1C2 D2C1 D2C2 N2C1 N2C2 D1CO1D1CO2 N1CO1N1CO2 D2CO1D2CO2 N1CO1N1CO20
1
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
D1G1 D1G2 N1G1 N1G2 D2G1 D2G2 N2G1 N2G2 D1GO1D1GO2 N1GO1N1GO2 D2GO1D2GO2 N2GO1N2GO2012
3
4
56
7
89
10
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
D1S1 D1S2 N1S1 N1S2 D2S1 D2S2 N2S1 N2S2 D1SO1D1SO2 N1SO1N1SO2 D2SO1D2SO2 N2SO1N2SO20
12
3
4
56
7
89
10
A
B
C
coral
seagrass
sand
TEMP: differed between sites andtime, not between stations – elevated values at sand site andin the afternoon
SAL: varied between sites, but not between stations and time –highest from sand site
DO: varied between sites and time, not between stations – widest range at seagrass site
100-335 µm copepods
Oithona decipiens
Kelleria sp.
Macrosetella gracilis
Oithona plumifera
Acartia pacifica
Oithona attenuata
Paracalanus aculeatus
Sapphirella-type
Acrocalanus gibber
Bestiolina similis
Clytemnestra scuttelata
Euterpina acutifrons
Metacalanus sp.
Metis sp.Microsetella norvegica
Oithona nana
Oithona rigida
Oithona simplex
Paracalanus parvusParvocalanus crassirostris
Parvocalanus elegans
Pseudocyclops sp.
24 species (5 unique)
Harpacticoida
Cyclopoida
Calanoida
Poicilostomatoida
Corycaeus spp.Oncaea spp.
> 335 µm copepods 66 species (42 unique)
Acrocalanus gracilis
Centropages orsini
Clytemnestra scutellata
Corycaeus andrewsi
Corycaeus dahli
Eudactylopus latipes
Euterpina acutifrons
Kelleria sp.
Macrosetella gracilisMetacalanus aurivilli
Microsetella norvegica
Oithona attenuataOithona decipiensOithona nanaOithona oculataOithona plumifera
Oithona simplex
Oncaea conifera
Parvocalanus elegans
Pseudocyclops sp.
Tortanus barbatusTortanus gracilisAcartia pacfica
Acrocalanus gibber
Calanopia aurivillli
Calanopia ellipticaCalanopia thompsonii
Calocalanus sp.
Candacia bradyi
Canthocalanus pauper
Centropages furcatus
Corycaeus asiaticus
Corycaeus catus
Corycaeus crassiusculus
Corycaeus erythraeus
Farranula concinna
Farranula gibbula
Labidocera acuta
Labidocera kroyeri
Labidocera minuta
Microsetella rosea
Oithona rigida
Paracalanus aculeatus
Parvocalanus crassirostris
Subeucalanus subcrassusTemora discaudata
Temora turbinata
Anawekia sp.
Bestiolina similis
Calanopia australica
Copilia sp.
Corycaeus latus
Corycaeus lubbocki
Corycaeus speciosus
Delius sp.
Metis sp.
Oithona setigera
Oncaea mediterranea
Paracalanus denudatus
Pontellopsis herdmani
Tortanus forcipatus
Cyclopoida
Calanoida
Harpacticoida
Poicilostomatoida
TOTAL: 67 species and 4 species group
CORAL = 56
SEAGRASS = 48
SAND = 45
Lubbockia sp.
Tortanus spp.
Acartia erythraea
Oncaea spp.
Abundance: small fraction an order ofmagnitufe higher than large fraction
Diversity: for both size fractions, similar between sites, but offshore stations more diverse and species rich than inshore stations
Small fraction: high abundance but lowdiversity. Large fraction: low abundancebut high diversity
Large fraction: offshore samples collectedat night more species than other samples
A. SMALL FRACTION (100-335 m)
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82
Shannon H
’
Pie
lou
J
0
5
10
15
20
25
D1C N1C D2C N2C D1CON1COD2CON2CO D1G N1G D2G N2G D1GON1GOD2GON2GO D1S N1S D2S N2S D1SON1SOD2SON2SO 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Species num
ber
Abu
ndan
ce (
x100
0)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
D1C N1C D2C N2C N1CO N2CO D1G D2G N2G D1GO N1GOD2GON2GO D1S N1S D2S N2S D1SO N1SO D2SO N2SO 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Shannon H
’
Pie
lou
J
Species num
ber
Abu
ndan
ce (
x100
)
B. LARGE FRACTION (>335 m)
Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness index, species richness, and total abundance in small (A) and large (B) fractions of samples.
1
2
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% C
um
ula
tive
Do
min
an
ce
Species rank
0
20
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80
100
1 10 100
A1
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1 10 100
% C
um
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tive
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min
an
ce
Species rank
B
K-dominance curves of small (A) and large (B) fractions from samples from the three sampling sites.
Canonical correspondence analysis triplot for small fraction samples from three sampling sites.
-1.0 1.0
-1.0
1.0
Ppa
Pac
Pcr
Pel
Bsi
Apa
Agi
Meta
Pse
CasOat
Odeci
Ona
Opl
Osi
OriCspOnc
Kel
Sap
Csc
Eac
Mno
MgrMet
Salinity
Temperature
DissolvedOxygen
Depth
D1C1
D1C3
N1C1
N1C3D2C1
D2C3
N2C1
N2C3
D1CO1D1CO3
N1CO1
N1CO3
D2CO1
D2CO3
N2CO1
N2CO3
D1G1
D1G3
N1G1
N1G3
D2G1
D2G3
N2G1
N2G3
D1GO1
D1GO3
N1GO3
N1GO3D2GO1
D2GO3
N2GO1
N2GO3
D1S1
D1S3
N1S1
N1S3
D2S1
D2S3
N2S1
N2S3
D1SO1
D1SO3
N1SO1
N1SO3
D2SO1
D2SO3
N2SO1N2SO3
-1.0 1.5
-0.8
0.8
AerApa
AgiAgr
Ana
Bsi
Cau
Cau
Cel
Cth
CalCbr
Cpa Cfu
Cor Del
Lac
Lkr
Lmi
Mau
Pac
Pde
Pcr
Pel
Phe
Pse
Ssu
TdiTtuTba
Tfo
Tgr
Tor
Oat
Ode
Ona
Ooc
Opl
Ori
Ose
Osi
Lub
Csc
Ela
EacMgr
Mno
Mro
Met
Cop
Can
Cas
Cca
CcrCer
Cda
Cla
Clu
Csp
Cors
Fgi
Fco
Kel
Oco
OmeOnc
Salinity
TemperatureDissolvedOxygen
Depth
D1C1
D1C3
N1C1N1C3
D2C1
D2C3
N2C1
N2CO3N2CO1
N2C3
D1G1
D1G3
D2G1
D2G3
N2G1N2G3
D1GO1
D1GO3
N1GO1
N1GO3
D2GO1
D2GO3
N2GO3
D1S1
D1S3
N1S1
N1S3
D2S1
D2S3
N2S1
N2S3
D1SO1
D1SO3
N1SO1
N1SO3
D2SO1D2SO3
N2SO1
N2SO3
N2GO1
N1CO1
N1CO3N1CO3
Canonical correspondence analysis triplot for large fraction samples from three sampling sites.
Group1 Group2 Group3a Group3bSpecies IndValij Species IndValij Species IndValij Species IndValijOncaea spp. 35 Oithona plumifera 11 Corycaeus spp. 39 Metacalanus sp. 62Corycaeus spp. 32 Oithona simplex 10 Oncaea spp. 38 Microsetella norvegica 52Microsetella norvegica 32 Parvocalanus elegans 7 Parvocalanus elegans 36 Euterpina acutifrons 45Oithona attenuata 30 Oithona nana 7 Oithona nana 32 Oithona nana 33Oithona nana 28 Microsetella norvegica 6 Oithona simplex 32 Oithona simplex 31Oithona simplex 28 Acartia pacifica 6 Oithona attenuata 28 Parvocalanus elegans 30Parvocalanus elegans 27 Kelleria sp. 6 Euterpina acutifrons 22 Clytemnestra scuttelata 24Euterpina acutifrons 21 Oithona decipiens 6 Metis sp. 21 Sapphirella-type 22Oithona rigida 21 Pseudocyclops sp. 6 Paracalanus parvus 19 Corycaeus spp. 21Acrocalanus gibber 13 Oncaea spp. 3 Bestiolina similis 16 Oncaea spp. 20Parvocalanus crassirostris 13 Corycaeus spp. 3 Paracalanus aculeatus 13 Oithona rigida 17Sapphirella-type 11 Euterpina acutifrons 2 Oithona rigida 9 Oithona attenuata 11Calanoida spp. 6 Macrosetella gracilis 2 Oithona plumifera 7 Paracalanus parvus 2Macrosetella gracilis 3 Metacalanus sp. 1 Sapphirella-type copep. 5Bestiolina similis 2 Oithona attenuata 1 Macrosetella gracilis 5Metacalanus sp. 1 Sapphirella-type 1 Microsetella norvegica 3Metis sp. 1 Paracalanus parvus 1 Metacalanus sp. 1
17 17 17 13
SEAGRASSinshore (day & night)offshore (day & night)
SANDAll day inshore and offshore
CORALinshore (day & night)offshore (day & night)
SANDAll night inshore and offshore
SEAGRASSinshore (day & night)offshore (day)
SEAGRASSoffshore night
SANDinshore (day & night)offshore (day)
SANDoffshore nightCORAL
inshore (day & night)offshore (day)
CORALoffshore night
Group1a IndValij Group1b IndValij Group2a IndValij Group2b IndValij Group3a IndValij Group3b IndValij
Metis sp. 72 Anawekia sp. 50 Microsetella norvegica 72 Oithona simplex 80 Acrocalanus gibber 23 Metacalanus aurivilli 27
Oncaea spp. 49 Calanopia australica 50 Macrosetella gracilis 47 Microsetella norvegica 62 Paracalanus aculeatus 22 Farranula gibbula 23
Corycaeus lubbocki 38 Centropages orsini 50 Centropages orsini 34 Euterpina acutifrons 51 Temora turbinata 22 Acartia pacfica 22
Corycaeus andrewsi 35 Pontellopsis herdmani 50 Oithona oculata 17 Oncaea conifera 36 Corycaeus asiaticus 17 Oithona rigida 20
Oithona setigera 25 Calanopia elliptica 27 Pseudocyclops sp. 15 Parvocalanus elegans 36 Centropages furcatus 16 Corycaeus erythraeus 18
Bestiolina cf. similis 13 Subeucalanus subcrassus 26 Oncaea spp. 13 Corycaeus andrewsi 35 Temora discaudata 15 Oncaea conifera 17
Copilia sp. 13 Acartia pacfica 19 Parvocalanus crassirostris 13 Oithona plumifera 30 Parvocalanus crassirostris 15 Microsetella rosea 17
Corycaeus latus 13 Labidocera minuta 10 Oithona plumifera 10 Kelleria spp. 29 Oithona rigida 13 Oithona plumifera 15
Corycaeus speciosus 13 Calanopia aurivillli 9 Corycaeus andrewsi 9 Corycaeus spp. 25 Canthocalanus pauper 12 Acrocalanus gibber 14
Delius sp. 13 Calanopia thompsonii 9 Corycaeus asiaticus 7 Oithona nana 23 Acartia erythraea 11 Corycaeus crassiusculus 14
Oncaea mediterranea 13 Oithona plumifera 7 Acrocalanus gracilis 7 Oithona attenuata 21 Metis sp. 10 Paracalanus aculeatus 13
Paracalanus denudatus 13 Corycaeus asiaticus 7 Acartia pacfica 7 Parvocalanus crassirostris 20 Calanopia aurivillli 10 Subeucalanus subcrassus 13
Pseudocyclops sp. 13 Kelleria spp. 7 Euterpina acutifrons 6 Macrosetella gracilis 20 Corycaeus crassiusculus 10 Corycaeus asiaticus 12
Tortanus forcipatus 13 Acrocalanus gibber 7 Oithona nana 4 Acartia pacfica 19 Oncaea conifera 9 Centropages furcatus 10
Calanopia aurivillli 12 Parvocalanus crassirostris 6 Oncaea conifera 4 Acrocalanus gracilis 17 Microsetella rosea 9 Canthocalanus pauper 9
Acartia pacfica 11 Oithona oculata 6 Corycaeus spp. 4 Corycaeus dahli 17 Subeucalanus subcrassus 9 Candacia bradyi 8
Acrocalanus gibber 8 Corycaeus crassiusculus 6 Oithona rigida 4 Tortanus barbatus 17 Corycaeus erythraeus 8 Labidocera acuta 8
Parvocalanus elegans 5 Temora turbinata 6 Microsetella rosea 3 Tortanus spp. 17 Farranula concinna 6 Macrosetella gracilis 7
Parvocalanus crassirostris 5 Microsetella norvegica 5 Oithona simplex 3 Corycaeus asiaticus 17 Euterpina acutifrons 6 Microsetella norvegica 6
Corycaeus catus 5 Centropages furcatus 5 Paracalanus aculeatus 3 Oithona decipiens 13 Calanopia elliptica 4 Euterpina acutifrons 5
Oithona plumifera 4 Parvocalanus elegans 5 Parvocalanus elegans 2 Oithona rigida 9 Acartia pacfica 4 Oithona nana 4
Farranula gibbula 3 Microsetella rosea 4 Acrocalanus gibber 2 Metacalanus aurivilli 8 Labidocera minuta 4 Kerellia spp. 4
Oithona decipiens 3 Temora discaudata 3 Subeucalanus subcrassus 2 Oithona oculata 6 Calocalanus sp. 4 Clytemnestra scutellata 4
Corycaeus erythraeus 3 Macrosetella gracilis 3 Canthocalanus pauper 1 Canthocalanus pauper 4 Lubbockia spp. 4 Calanopia aurivillli 4
Metacalanus aurivilli 3 Farranula gibbula 3 Kelleria spp. 1 Oncaea spp. 4 Corycaeus spp. 3 Corycaeus catus 4
Oithona rigida 2 Metis sp. 2 Clytemnestra scutellata 1 Paracalanus aculeatus 3 Calanopia thompsonii 3 Parvocalanus crassirostris 3
Centropages furcatus 2 Canthocalanus pauper 2 Acartia erythraea 1 Corycaeus erythraeus 3 Corycaeus catus 3 Labidocera minuta 3
Corycaeus spp. 2 Oithona rigida 2 Clytemnestra scutellata 2 Farranula gibbula 3 Temora discaudata 3
Temora turbinata 1 Euterpina acutifrons 1 Acrocalanus gibber 2 Macrosetella gracilis 3 Oithona attenuata 3
Calanopia elliptica 1 Corycaeus erythraeus 1 Subeucalanus subcrassus 1 Oithona oculata 2 Temora turbinata 2
Microsetella norvegica 1 Oncaea conifera 1 Calanopia elliptica 1 Oithona plumifera 2 Farranula concinna 2
Clytemnestra scutellata 1 Corycaeus spp. 1 Acartia erythraea 1 Clytemnestra scutellata 2 Calanopia elliptica 1
Subeucalanus subcrassus 1 Corycaeus andrewsi 1 Corycaeus catus 1 Parvocalanus elegans 1 Oithona simplex 1
Corycaeus crassiusculus 1 Oithona nana 1 Centropages furcatus 1 Microsetella norvegica 1 Metis sp. 1
Labidocera minuta 1 Corycaeus spp. 1
Calanopia aurivillli 1
Temora turbinata 1
34 34 27 37 34 35
SUMMARY1. Identified 65 copepod species from small and large fractions of samples that
make up communities from coral, seagrass and sand substrates
2. On community structure:
a. High species richness and low abundance for large fraction but the reverse for small fraction likely due to dominance effects
b. Overall species diversity similar between sites due to high variability between samples
c. Inshore stations had lower species richness than offshore stations for both size fractions for all sites probably due to biological interactions like predation and competition; highest species richness in offshore stations at night for large fractions likely related
withadvection and diel vertical migration
d. Site and time - specific assemblages or groups were explicitly identified by CCA
e. Site- and time-specific Indicator species and assemblage were clearly defined in large fraction samples
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Addresses of other authors4Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5Takehara Station, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara, Hiroshima 725-0024, Japan
6Div. of Zoology, Research Center for Biology – LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
7Institute of Oceanic Research & Development, Tokai University 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8610 Japan
8Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515 Kamihama-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
9Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University
10Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, Usa-cho, Tosa, Kochi 781-1164, Japan
11Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-2 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
12Department of Marine Biological Resource and Ecology, Institute of Marine Environment and Resources
246 Danang Street, Haiphong City, Vietnam
13Department of Marine Plankton, Institute of Oceanography, Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nha Trang, Vietnam
14Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
15Division of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo 5023, Philippines