community environmental management plan - world bank · pdf filecommunity environmental...

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Government of Tanzania

CIUP STAGE 3 REPORT

Community Environmental ManagementPlan

August 2004

Community Infrastructure Upgrading Programin Dar es Salaam

under LGSP

Financed by the World Bank

UCLAS DHV CONSULTANTSUniversity College of Lands THE NETHERLANDSand Architectural StudiesTANZANIA

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Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program

Table of Contents

Executive Summary of the CEMP ......................................................... IVAcronyms and abbreviations ......................................................... VIII

I Introduction to the CEMP .. I1.1 Rationale and objectives .11.2 Initial scope of the anticipated impacts .1.3 Methodological approach .21.4 Participatory approach .3

2 Environmental profiles of the selected sub-wards .52.1 Bio-physical properties and environmental status .52.2 People, infrastructure and urban services in the CIUP area . 62.3 Public health in the CIUP areas .7

3 Assessment of the environmental impacts related to the proposed infrastructuLreupgrading interventions ................ 9

3.1 Implications and approaches to identify the aggregate potential impacts .103.2 Sectoral assessment of the key environmental issues in the CIUP areas...1 1

3.2.1 Poverty and linkages to environrnental degradation . 123.2.2 Inadequate drainage and flood control .133.2.3 Unsafe and insufficient water supply .143.2.4 Poor road conditions and accessibility .153.2.5 Inadequate sanitation .163.2.6 Inadequate solid waste management .1 83.2.7 Safety and security problems .223.2.8 Air, noise and dust pollution .233.2.9 Lack of environmental awareness and education .23

3.3 Identification of the environmental priorities among the communities ... 243.4 Screening of the proposed investments for potential env. impacts ............ 263.5 Screening results of the preliminary environmental impact assessment ..27

3.5.1 Assessment of the positive environmental and social impacts .......... 273.5.2 Preliminary identification of possible negative env.impacts ............. 293.5.3 Highlighting and addressing specific environmental impact risks .... 313.5.4 Determination of level of environmental appraisal ........................... 33

3.6 Analysis of the none action alternative ...................................................... 34

4 Environmental management and risk mitigation plan.. 4.1 Proposed risk mitigation measures and adjustments related to designand pre-construction phase .................................................. 354.2 Proposed risk mitigation measures relating to the construction phase ...... 424.3 Proposed mitigation measures relating to the operation phase .................. 45

Community Environmental Management Plan II


5 Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for implementing the communityenvironmental management plan ............................................ 48

5.1 Institutional and management arrangements ............................................ 485.1.1 Approach ............................................ 485.1.2 Roles and responsibilities ......................................... 505.1.3 Possible roles of NGOs/CBOs . ........................... 51

5.2 Environmrental monitoring activities during different program phases .535.2.1 Safeguard responsibilities during pre-construction phase .. 535.2.2 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during construction phase 535.2.3 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during post-construction.. 545.2.4 Summary of environmental monitoring tasks and responsibilities.... 55

5.3 Ensuring the environmental effectiveness of the CEMP.556

6 Capacity building and technical assistance to the communities . .586.1 Enviromnental capacity building - gap identification ............................... 586.2 Environmental management support ............................................. 596.3 Training of TST trainers ............................................. 60

7 Environmental awareness and public hygiene campaign . ....................... 6447.1 Raising public awareness for improving environmental conditions .......... 647.2 Community-based public hygiene program ............................................... 667.3 Linkage to similar activities in the sub-wards ........................................... 66

8 Costs estimates for the proposed environmental management activities........ 668

9 Work plan sunmmary of the proposed environmental management activitiesfor CIUP ............................................... 71

ANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND LEGISLATIVEFRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THECIUP - PROGRAM ................................................... rIANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PRIORITIES OF THECOMMUNITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA (SUB-WARDS) ............................. XIHANNEX 3 SCREENING OF THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTUREUPGRADING PROGRAM IN LINE WITH TTIE 'ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMFWORK' OF THE LOCAL SUPPORTPROGRAM LGSP .................................................... XTXANNEX 4 CONTROLS ON THE CONTRACTOR .............................................. XXI

ANNEX 5 METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTALPERCEPTION WITHIN THE COMMUNITIES ................................................ XXIVANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDSSELECTED FOR THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADINGPROGRAM IN PHASE I ................................................... xxXANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM ............ XLVI

Community Enviromnental Management Plan III


Executive Summary of the CEMP

Chapter I of this document gives the background, methodological approach and objectives of theCommunity Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for the Community InfrastructureUpgrading Program (CIUP).The CIUP aims at

- improving the productivity and well-being of low-income urban residents in Dar esSalaam by upgrading infrastructure and services in selected unplanned and unservicedsettlements,

- strengthening the municipal systems for upgrading and maintaining infrastructure andservices, and

- building community capacities to participate in planning and maintaining infrastructurein coordination with the Municipalities.

The specific objectives of the Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for thisprogram aim at:

- ensuring that all planned interventions to upgrade infrastructure and services are carriedout in an environmentally sound manner;

- ensuring that the proposed infrastructure upgrading will result preferably in a healthierenvironmental condition and will not exacerbate the current poor environmental status inthe sub-wards;

- setting the path for a consultative participation of each community in properlyaddressing and monitoring the key environmental issues;

- addressing the deficits of environmental awareness and hygienic practices among theresidents in the unplanned settlements.

An overview (Chapter 2) describes the existing environmental profiles in the sub-wards. Fromthis descriptive part it is evident that the current environmental status indicates sub-standard andhazardous conditions, which are reflected both in the occurrence of hazardous areas (flood-prone), large-scale poverty, hardship, pollution, alarming health situation and periodic outbreakof epidemic diseases.

The analytic part starts with a sectoral assessment of the key environmental issues in all selectedunplanned settlements (Chapter 3), focusing of the main environmental sectors that will beaddressed by the upgrading program, i.e. road and drainage system, solid waste management,sanitation and street-lighting.

The sectoral assessment is followed by the assessment of the potential impacts associated withthe proposed investment. The method used is a comprehensive "environmental and socialchecklist" prepared for the potential project-specific risks. This section also gives an account onthe broad participative consultation of the affected communities, and the ranking of theirenvironmental concerns. It appears that the ten main environmental priorities of the communities(in order of ranking) are flooding, poor road accessibility, poor drinking water quality andsupply, improper solid waste disposal and burning practices, soil erosion, poor sanitation, highand contaminated groundwater, mosquito-breeding pools, incidence of epidemic diseases, andespecially malaria. Of secondary ranked concerns is public security, air and noise pollution, dust,general cleanliness, nuisance by rodents and insects, road safety and roadside encroachment.

As this part of the CEMP also serves the purpose of identifying the required level of EIA, ascreening procedure has been adopted in line with the Environmental Management Frameworkprovided for LGSP. Based on this matrix all anticipated impacts are validated. The result is thatthe CIUP project is categorized as "Category 2" in accordance to the national legislativeframework (e.g. the EIA guidelines of the National Environmental Management Council, 1997),and as category B according to the OP 4.01 of World Bank.

The general finding of this EA is that the number and magnitude of the identified positive(beneficial) impacts generated by the proposed program far outweigh the anticipated negative

Community Environmental Management Plan IV


impacts and risks associated with the project implementation. Most if not all identified risks canbe avoided or mitigated to an extent that their impact will not be residual or significant. The fewirreversible impacts (e.g. land acquisition, resettlement and removal of some trees) will becompensated either by cash or, as in the case of involuntary resettlement, by orderly proceduresoutlined in the Resettlement Action Plan which is developed independently from this CEMP. Asfor the other impacts, environmental enrichment actions are planned. Special attention has beengiven to assess negative impacts (e.g. floods) that would affect adjacent areas. Three cases havebeen identified where specific technical solutions need to be included to avoid such impacts. Inspecific, solutions are proposed to reduce or offset the risk of back flow in under-dimensioned orderelict drainage structures leading to nearby river valleys, treatment ponds or trunkinfrastructures.

The overall conclusion of this screening exercise is that the CIUP interventions only require apreliminary environmental assessment report (= this document) to be submitted for review andapproval by the national and local authorities.

The "non action alternative" to the CIUP has been rejected, as this would worsen the existingacute and hazardous environmental conditions in each sub-ward, which are the prime targets ofthe program.

The core of the CEMP is the elaboration of a detailed environmental management and riskmitigation plan (Chapter 4), using the "environmental and social checklists" mentioned above.The guiding principles for devising appropriate management measures were (i) impact avoidanceto the extent possible, (ii) minimisation by applying a set of specific mitigation measures, (iii)compensation where applicable, and (iv) exploration of compensation measures such asenrichment planting and filling up of waterlogged depressions acting as breeding habitat forwater-borne disease vectors. The latter activities are designed to include community works. Bymobilizing the communities it is believed that the safeguarding of the environment is likely to besustainable.

The proposed mitigation measures relate to all aspects during design and planning, constructionand O&M / post-construction phases of CIUP. Based on previous experiences with similarprograms it is assumed that all suggested mitigation measures are capable to offset or minimizethe risks identified. It is also maintained that these measures will contribute significantly to theamelioration of the environmental conditions in the unplanned settlements.

All mitigation measures imply technical solutions which have been thoroughly discussed witiengineers, planners and, as applicable, with the communities. The CEMP foresees that alltechnical requirements will be incorporated in the specific clauses in the bid documents, BoQsand the contractor's contract.

Chapter 5 provides information on the institutional arrangements and responsibilities forimplementing the proposed environmental management plan. Given the shortage of qualifiedpersonnel in terms of environmental safeguard and EIA procedures, the CEMP pursues a moredirect linkage of the monitoring tasks with the local authorities at municipal level through theTechnical Support Teams (TSTs). After completion of the project preparation stage, theCommunity Planning Teams (CPTs) will continue their activities as formal Community PlanningTeam sub-committee in each sub-ward. This CPT sub-committee will conduct the environmentalmonitoring as guided and instructed by the TSTs. Other linkages are proposed with NGOs andCBOs operating in the environmental sector in the selected sub-wards, and to link them into theproposed public awareness programs and to mobilize the communities for concertedenvironmental actions.

The chapter also describes the environmental safeguard and monitoring activities at differentstages of the project, as well as two environmental household surveys that will serve as basicanalytic tool to identify the overall environmental effectiveness of the CIUP and the CEMP.While the first activity is mainly carried out by the CPT sub-committees as community-basedmonitoring groups, the latter will be entrusted to an environmental expert contracted by the

Community Environmental Management Plan V

Community InfrastructLre Upgrading Program

construction supervision consultant. This expert will also be responsible for the compliancemonitoring of the contractors.

The monitoring will rely on verifiable indicators to determine the overall environmentaleffectiveness of the CIUP and the CEMP, such as:- the degree of beneficial or negative impacts as predicted in the planning documents- the benefits of the CIUP for the community, in relation to the respective rankings of

their environmental concerns- the overall environmental impact of the execution of construction works- the overall environmental status in relation to the CIUP investments- the specific environmental situation in areas pre-defined as hazardous (e.g. flood-prone

areas, areas with vulnerable soils and slopes, illegal dumpsites etc.)- the health situation, both at household and communal level- the acceptance of the local residents to participate in the community-pay actions (e.g.

clean-up operations in drains, waste collection, water supply, tree planting activities)- the impacts of the environmental awareness and hygiene campaigns.

A variety of monitoring tools are elaborated to conduct the environmental effectivenessmonitoring twice during project duration (at phase I and at the O&M phase). The major tool willbe a sample household survey using an environmental questionnaire. The monitoring will alsoemploy a set of defined and verifiable indicators to assess quantitatively the project's impacts.

Chapter 6 relates to the capacity building to implement the suggested monitoring activities. Thechapter identifies beforehand gaps in the environmental assessment and monitoring capacities atdifferent governmental levels. All three municipalities have only limited in-house environmentalexpertise. Environmental engineers are mostly engaged in solid and liquid waste management.Community based environmental management and monitoring is a new phenomenon for themunicipalities. As part of the institutional development program, an environmental managementconsultant will be employed to support the municipalities in general and the TSTs in particular todevelop and establish appropriate management and monitoring procedures and systems. Theenvironmental management advisor will provide both formal and on-tie-job-training tomunicipal staff.

In view of the ongoing LGSP program it is concluded that the CEMP should only embark on asimple and focal environmental training program to put the community-based environmentalmonitoring groups in action. Therefore, facilitators need to be trained under the proposedprogram (train the trainers). The trainees will be selected from the three TSTs and the respectivewards. Two training packages are offered, each relating to specific environmental monitoringrequirements during different project phases. The training emphasizes the integration ofcommunity-based monitoring solutions and includes both formal training sessions and on-the-jobtraining. The training will be entrusted to the environmental management advisor.

Chapter 7 addresses the overall awareness deficiencies. An environmental awareness program isdeveloped to ensure the environmental safeguard support by the communities. Tn addition, aneducation campaign will be put in place. The rationale for these campaigns is to raise awarenessfor the individual's responsibilities for environmental and communal well-being.

Focal points to address in these campaigns are (i) sensitization for environmental problems, (ii)littering versus adoption of the new waste collection system, (iii) keeping the drains clean, (iv)protection of soils prone to erosion hazards, (v) observance of the ROW, and (vi) tree-plantingactivities.

The public education campaign focuses on hygiene issues and aims at making people aware ofhealth hazards in their living environment. The main objective of this program is to educatepeople on reducing health risks and preventing diseases. Common hygiene practices will bediscussed in small groups, addressing primarily women and schoolchildren. Main points of thisprogram are (i) household hygiene, (ii) defecation practices, (iii) advice in making and managingpit latrines, (iv) domestic waste management, and (v) prevention of stagnant water pools.

Community Environmental Management Plan VI


Responsible for implementation of the campaigns is the municipality, but many activities will beinitiated at the ward and sub-ward level. A number of NGOs have been identified with capabilityto deliver this type of awareness building. NGOs will be recruited to prepare and implement thecampaigns under the guidance of the ward health officers and under the responsibility of themunicipal planning and coordination department.

Chapter 8 provides cost estimates for the proposed environmental management actions, whichare summarised in the following table.

Table Summa of the Environmental Miti ation and Monitorin Cost EstimatesItem Costs ($) Costs (Tsh.)Environmental household survey 54,000 57,240,000Advisory services and delivery of on-the-job-training: 94,500 100,170,000

- Environmental management advisorTST Environmental management and monitoring training 8,100 8,586,000(training of trainers)

- WorkshopsO&:M performance monitoring and reporting 81,000 85,860,000Workshops

- O&M trainersEnvironmental awareness and public hygiene campaign

- Workshops- Health trainers (NGO) 40,500 42,930,000

32,400 34,344,000Total 310,500 329,130,000

Costs that bear environmental implications that are not included are resettlement costs and costsfor the construction supervision. These costs are born by other budgets.

The final chapter (10) presents a time chart for the work plan of the CEMP, indicating the typesof different environmental management activities described above, their anticipated start andduration and gives particulars on the assigned responsibilities.

Community,Environrmental Management Plan VII


Acronyms and abbreviations

CBD Central Business District (of Dar es Salaam)CBOs community-based organizationsCBP Capacity Building ProgramCDA Community Development Association (eg at Hanna Massif

Sub-Ward)CEMP Community Environmental Management PlanCITES Convention of International Trade in Endangered SpeciesCIUP Community Infrastructure Upgrading ProgramCPT Community Planning TeamCUP Community Upgrading PlanCWS City Water Services Ltd.DAWASA Dar es Salaam Water & Sanitation AuthorityDC District CouncilDCC Dar es Salaam City CouncilDEC Distrct Environmental CommitteeDEnv.O District Environmental OfficerDWSSP Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project (2003)EA Environmental AssessmentEAF Environmental Assessment FrameworkEAR Environmental Audit ReportEIA - Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanEP Entitled PersonEPA Environmental Protecting AgencyESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework (for the

LGSP)GRC Grievance Redress CommiffeeGoT Government of TanzaniaHH HouseholdIDA International Development OrganisationILO International Labour OrganizationLGSP Local Government Support ProgramMNRTE Ministry of Natural Resources, Tourism and EnvironmentMOA Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityMOL Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement DevelopmentMRALG Ministry of Regional Administration and Local GovernmentNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNEP National Environmental Policy (1997)NEMC National Environmental Management Council (1983)NGO Non-governmental organizationOD Operational Directive (of WB)ODA Oversees Development Administration (British Development

Aid)OP Operational PolicyO & M Operation and MaintenancePAF project-affected familiesPAP(s) project-affected person(s)PEA Preliminary Environmental AssessmentPMU Project Management UnitPO-RALG the President's Office - Regional Administration and Land

GovernmentPWC Price Water Cooper (Consultant)

Community Environmental Management Plan VIII


RAP Resettlement Action PlanRCP Refuse Collection PointRoW Right of WayRPF Resettlement Policy FrameworkSUDP Strategic Urban Development Plan (financed under the

"SustainableDar es Salaam Project, 1999)

ToR Terms of ReferenceToT Training of TrainersTSh Tanzanian Shilling ( = 1050 TSh to 1 US $, as per Dec.03)TST Technical Support TeamUCLAS University College of Lands and Architectural Studies, Dar es

SalaamUNCHS United Nations Centre for Human SettlementsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNV United Nations VolunteersV/MC Village/Mtaa CouncilWB World BankWDC Ward Development CommitteeWEO Ward Executive OfficerWHO World Health OrganizationWTB willingness to pay (for infrastructure and communal services)

Community Environmental Management Plan IX


1 Introduction to the CEMP

This Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) outlines environmentalissues and actions for the Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program (CIUP) phaseI communities. Phase I consists of 16 communities (sub-wards) in each of Dar esSalaams three Municipalities. Environmental management plans for the remaining 15communities will be prepared during phase IT preparation following the proceduresoutlined in the operational manual.

1.1 Rationale and objectives

The Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program should be based onenvironmentally sound designs and common environmental safeguard practices in linewith national policies and legislation, as well as in line with the operational directivesprovided by the World Bank.

The community-based approach includes a participative role of the communities inmanaging and monitoring the environmental conditions that are tackled by thisprogram. Special emphasis is given to address the environmental priority concernsforwarded by the communities themselves.

The general objectives of the CIUP aim at:- Improving the productivity and well-being of low-income urban residents in

Dar es Salaam by upgrading infrastructure and services in selected unplannedand unserviced settlements;

- Strengthening the municipal systems for upgrading and maintaininginfrastructure and services;

- Building community capacities to participate in planning and maintaininginfrastructure in coordination with the Municipalities.

The specific objectives for the CEMP aim at:- Ensuring that all planned interventions to upgrade infrastructure and services

are carried out in an environmentally sound manner;- Ensuring that the proposed infrastructure upgrading will result preferably in a

healthier environmental condition and will not exacerbate the current poorenvironmental status in the sub-wards;

- Setting the path for a consultative participation of each community in properlyaddressing and monitoring the key environmental issues;

- Addressing the deficits of environmental awareness and hygienic practicesamong the residents in the unplanned settlements.

1.2 Initial scope of the anticipated impacts

The CIUP has been categorized as a category B project, using the guidelines of theWorld Bank OP 4.01 on environmental assessment. According to this operationalpolicy, a proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverseenvironmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas -including wetlands, forests, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those ofCategory A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them areirreversible, and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily thanfor Category A projects.

Commtnity Environmental Management Plan 1

Community Infrastrmcture Upgrading Program

The vast majority of the anticipated impacts are likely to be short-termed, site specificconfined and reversible through the application of the mitigating and monitoringmeasures devised in this CEMP. As specified in section 2.1 the project is merely inurban areas and not have any impacts on wetlands, forests or other habitats.

1.3 Methodological approach

The CIUP will upgrade community infrastructure in 31 selected sub-wards; 16 inphase I and 15 in phase II. Typical for the CIUP is the use of participatory methods.Communities are consulted to establish their priorities, are involved in identifyingenvironmental impacts and in the development of mitigation measures and thismonitoring plan.

The Community environmental monitoring plan outlined below has been developedusing the following assessment methodologies and procedures:- Screening of the environmental situation and the identification of

environmental and social impacts in the sub-wards'. Incorporation of theinformation from the baseline environmental surveys in the sub-ward areasselected for upgrading, was used to carry out the environmental and socialscreening to determine potential environmental issues by the technical supportteams (TSTs) in each sub-project area, in close consultation with both theconsultants and the communities.

- A sectoral envirorunmental assessment has been carried out to identify the mainenvironmental issues at stake (see section 3.2). An environmental and socialchecklist has been prepared.

- Environmental issues requiring mitigation have been identified usingpreliminary environmental assessment (PEA) procedures, using the ESMFchecklists, using experienced consultants and responding to the concems/priorities forwarded by the cormmunities during the participative consultationprocess (section 3.3).

- Where necessary, specific environmental impact assessments have been carriedout. These EIAs assess the environmental implications of specific interventionsto be applied in each sub-ward (sections 3.4 and 3.5). Special attention wasgiven to scrutinizing potential impacts associated with the new or rehabilitateddrainage as they might affect neighbouring sub-wards which are not part of theCIUP.

- Mitigation measures have been elaborated 2 to alleviate or minimise identifiedenvironmental impacts (section 4), and specific monitoring objectives havebeen defined.

- Institutional linkages and responsibilities (section 5) for all required steps(technical assessments, monitoring, consultation, etc) have been identified, ashave capacity building needs, including training (section 6).

See chapter 2: information and procedures are in compliance with the latest recommendations of theESMF, Annex I (Environmental Screening Form)

2 The applied procedures took into due consideration the recommendations and checklists of the ESMF,Annex 2

Community Environmental Management Plan 2


A public hygiene campaign is developed to address overall lack of householdawareness of environmental health and hygiene an educational awarenessprogram including (section 7).Cost estimates and a general work plan are set out in the final sections 8 and 9.

1.4 Participatory approach

The proposed mitigation and monitoring measures for each of the selected sub-wardsare designed in close consultation with the affected communities and within the fullcontext of local, national and international environmental and natural resourcesmanagement policies and regulations 3 . The strong inclusion of the communities in theenvironmental management scheme as well as the country's institutional and legalsupport are assumed to provide a conducive environment to minimize and/ or offsetthe environmental and social impacts and ensure the workability of investments madeunder this program.

Community participation in the CIUP is designed as an iterative process. The Dar esSalaam local authorities determined the stages of the program where communityparticipation is most critical and the level of participation required. This includesinvolvement in planning and decision-making and responsibility for (environmental)monitoring of construction and operation and maintenance.

The focus of the participation process is on the sub-ward level. Each CIUP area has itsown directly elected group of representatives. The selection of communityrepresentatives to participate in the CIUP preparation process included the followingmain features:- First a public meeting was announced and organised in each CIUP area to elect

community representatives for the CIUP preparation. The group ofrepresentatives was named community planning team (CPT).

- The CIUP areas were subdivided in clusters of about 30 to 40 houses(geographical zones) from where the residents elect representatives. Thiscreates a balanced geographical representation, ensures equity and eliminatesfavouritism to particular areas. It also facilitates direct communication betweenresidents and representatives, because the clusters are small enough to ensurethat people know each other well.

- Housing clusters were defined in accordance with geographical features andexisting street patterns. Gender equity was achieved by election of one maleand one female from each housing cluster.

- The sub-ward chairman and the sub-ward secretary participated in the processby virtue of their administrative position. The various communities could alsoopt to invite specific stakeholder representatives to participate in the process,such as NGOs and CBOs, the business community or religious institutions.

3see Annex I



The planning processThe CIUP participatory planning process was designed in a number of sub-sequentsteps, including:1. Formation of technical support teams (TST) for each municipality, consisting

of municipal government staff and experts of the consultants' team;2. Project launch at the ward and sub-ward levels, including presentation of the

objectives, principles, roles and responsibilities of all actors in the participatoryprocess, budget ceiling, time frames, and institutional aspects of the CIUP;

3. Elections and actual formation of community planning teams (CPT) for eachCIUP area;

4. Preparation of maps for each area;5. Joint field visits (TST and CPT) for orientation, identification of priorities,

identification of infrastructure deficiencies, proposed infrastructureinterventions, initial identification of environmental issues and priorities andneed for resettlement;

6. Discussion and clarification of identified issues and cost implications;7. Adjustment of the upgrading program as necessary to avoid resettlement and to

reduce initially identified enviromnental impacts;8. Preparation of draft initial investment programs and cost estimates;9. Costing and finalization of the initial investment prograrns by the CPTs,

assisted by the TSTs and drafting of a community upgrading plan (CUP);10. Fornal approval of the CUP and the investment programs by the sub-ward

committee and the ward development committee.

Steps 3, 5, 6 and 7 of the process were followed by internal consultations betweenrepresentatives and residents of the respective housing clusters to obtain feed back onproposed interventions, priorities and preferences. Such meetings were instrumental indisseminating informnation and receiving ideas. and views on ways to prioritisecommunity needs and (environmental) concems.

In some instances, when crucial decisions had to be made, the elected leaders(councillors, etc) were mobilised to participate in the process. This facilitated not onlythe decision-making process but also demonstrated commitment and a sense ofownership on behalf of the elected leaders.

The community upgrading plans provide a full listing of all major communityconsultations and meetings in each sub-ward.



2 Environmental profiles of the selected sub-wards

2.1 Bio-physical properties and environmental status

General topography and landscape morphologyThe 16 unplanned settlements selected for upgrading tmder CIUP phase I are relativelyuniform in their topography and morphology. The sub-ward areas are located in Ilala(4), Temeke (6) and Kinondoni (6) municipalities. They are densely populated, withan average population density of 370 people per hectare.

Terrain and soil typesThe CIUP areas lay on a rather flat, sometimes gently sloping terrain. Some sub-wardse.g. Mtambani have some local depressions while in some CIUP areas slopes,especially close to riverbanks and even gullies (Mtambani) are found. The dominantsoils type in most areas, i.e Malapa, Chang'ombe A, Chang'ombe B, Toroli, Sandali,Mpogo, Mwembeladu and Uzuri, are sandy soils. Other sub-wards are dominated bysandy-clayey soils, occasionally with mixed coralligenic substrates. The permeabilityof the soil is in general good except where clay soil prevails. Most soils are highlyvulnerable to erosion, partly because of their consistence, partly because they lack astabilizing surface soil with vegetation.

SlopesLack of storm water drains in many of the sub-ward areas has resulted in flooding andwater ponding in any kind of local depression. Pools of stagnant water, frequentlyfound in the eroded sections of the roads and in defunct drainage channels are acommon sight. These become mosquito-breeding habitats that may persist dependingon the amount of rainfall. In some sub-ward areas e.g. Malapa, Mnyamani andMtambani heavily eroded slope sites are found especially near riverbanks.

Ground- and surface watersThe groundwater table is generally high. There are high risks of groundwatercontamination due to defunct pit latrines, unsafe cleaning practices of latrines andindiscriminate dumping of solid waste. The situation becomes worse during the rainyseasons when overflow of pits occurs and solid waste is transported into rivers anddrains. Surface waters, if present, are generally heavily polluted by wastewateroriginating from households, road surfaces, drains and small-scale enterprises.

VegetationExcept for some small patches of open spaces and in local cemeteries, vegetation inmost sub-wards is almost absent due to overcrowding. A few CIUP areas haveadjacent open spaces or wooded areas. There are no sensitive ecological habitatswithin or adjacent to the CILTP areas. In some sub-wards, for example in Madenge, theonly natural item that comes close to a habitat is isolated solitary trees. In low layingparts of Mnyamani sub-ward there is a marshy wetland overgrown with reed grassvegetation (Typha latifolia). The low-laying marshlands have developed due tofrequent flooding in this area. In many sub-ward areas some individuals grow on arather small-scale vegetables such as maize and spinach on their individual plots. Amore pronounced urban agriculture is practiced in Mpogo sub-ward. The type ofvegetation that is grown in this sub-ward area includes spinach, cassava, sweetpotatoes, and peas. Most of the cultivation is carried out along the bank of river



Yombo. However, -the scale of this type of urban agriculture in the unplannedsettlements is too small to be considered as environmentally important.

FaunaWild animals have not been recorded. Animal life is limited to goats, rodents, chickenand craws. These are a common sight in the illicit dumpsites within the settlements,together with cats and stray dogs. This problem is a particular nuisance in market siteswhere organic litter proliferates. These animals are likely to contribute to the spread ofepidemic diseases. In general, these littered sites abound with insects, above all fliesand malaria-transmitting mosquitoes.

2.2 People, infrastructure and urban services in the CIUP area

Population, housing and social facilitiesThe total population in the phase I project areas is approximately 167,000, comprisinga total number of houses of 13,670. High densities (370 people/ha) are illustrated bythe inadequate spacing between houses. There is a wide range in the quality of housing- from very primitive squatter structures to 4 room houses constructed of cementblocks. In general, there are very few multi-storied houses in these areas. There is noopen space available for development of new social facilities or recreational facilities.The existing social infrastructure such as schools and clinics is overcrowded.

Infrastructure and servicesAlmost all unplanned settlements lack even the most basic infrastructure and urbanservices.

Drainage is in general through natural run-off. Very few constructed drains exist.Often, the residents dig informal unlined drains. Overall the quality and capacity of thedrainage networks in the CIUP areas is far from adequate to absorb the storm water incase of heavy rains, which results in frequent flooding especially during the rainyseason. Local depressions become pools and stagnant water provides a breedingground for mosquitoes.

Only a marginal network of constructed roads is found in the CIUP areas. Generallyonly the major access road is gravelled, all other access is via earth roads and tracks.Public open spaces in between the haphazardly built houses serve as informal andunpaved roads and footpaths. Vehicular access is very limited because of numerousnarrow passages. In the rainy season the public space transforms in a muddy area,making access even-more difficult. Lack of proper access could become disastrous incase of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts of these areas.There is limited availability of water supply, which also presents problems for firefighters.

Piped water supply networks are almost non-existent in the CIUP areas. As a resultmany of the CIUP areas depend largely on shallow wells, boreholes or water suppliedby vendors. Insufficient water quality combined with poor sanitation poses potentialpublic health risks. Water borne diseases are common.

Conununity Environmental Management Plan 6


SanitationThere are no sewerage systems in the CIUP areas. The most widely used sanitationsystem is private pit latrines serving about 70% of the population. Very fewhouseholds use waterborme systems (septic tank- soak away pit), mainly due toabsence of piped water supply and because of the costs involved. In generalhouseholds residing on the same plot share a pit latrine. It is estimated that 15% of thehouses have either very temporary or no private sanitation facility at all. Also there areno public toilets in the CIUP areas. Most people without a private toilet facility usetheir neighbours' toilet.

Solid WasteDar es Salaam is estimated to generate approximately 2.200 tons of solid waste perday, out of which only about 35% is properly disposed at a final dumpsite. Thesituation in the unplanned settlements is even worse. Most C1UP areas make a dirtyimpression. Illegal dumping of solid waste and indiscriminate burning of garbage iswidely practised and adds to the overall air pollution in these settlements.

Contractors, employed by the municipality, collect solid waste. Some contractorsperform very well, others very poor. The situation is different in each unplannedsettlement. Because of limited accessibility of most areas, waste is normally collectedwith handcarts and transported to transfer stations from where the municipal solidwaste trucks haul the waste to the final disposal site.

Street lightingMost houses in unplanned areas are connected to the power grid. Electricity isprimarily used for lighting. Street lighting is not available. Public safety is a majorconcern in most of the unplanned settlements.

2.3 Public health in the CIUP areas

As a consequence of unhealthy environmental conditions the public health status hasreached alarming levels in most of the unplanned settlements. The problem isaggravated by a number of factors:- The shortage of adequate health facilities;- Many households cannot afford to pay for medical services.- The widespread lack of hygiene and relevant precautionary measures e.g. how

to reduce the risk of epidemic disease transmission (including HIV);- Most households do not have access to a reliable supply of safe water;- Inappropriate or lacking sanitation facilities;- Open-air defecation and the malpractice of "flying toilets" (faeces in plastic

bags, deposited in the open space)- High population densities which accelerate the risk of rapid spreads of

epidemic diseases;- Lack of adequate drainage resulting in pools of stagnant water serving as

breeding habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes, the main vector of malaria.

Outbreak of epidemic diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever are common. Furtherindicators, although not quantified in this study, are elevated illness rates and low lifeexpectancies. Malaria is considered both by the communities and the local authoritiesas the number one killer disease.



The magnitude of the problem is illustrated in table 2.1 'Mortality causes in TemekeMunicipality (year 2000)' quoting records from the Temeke municipal council. It islikely that the overall health status in the unplanned settlement is worse as the councilreport covers the entire municipality, both planned and unplanned areas. The table alsoshows that malaria is the main threat for both children and adults. For the year 2000 atotal of 33 cases (3 of which lethal) of cholera patients were reported in Temeke healthcentres.

Table 2.1 Mortality causes in Temeke Muni ipality (year 2000)Death caused by under 5 years of 5 years and above (%)

age (%)Malaria 62 41HIV/AIDS 0 28Tuberculosis 1 21Pneumonia 18 5Diarrhoea 11 0Anemia 2 1Other 6 4total % 100 100

Source: "Status of Current Service Delivery ': Temeke Municipal Council, 2001



3 Assessment of the environmental impacts related to the proposedinfrastructure upgrading interventions

The CRIUP will improve the community infrastructure in the selected areas toappropriate functional standards, affordable and responsive to community demand.Upgrading of infrastructure and urban services will take place in a period of 4 years(2005-2008). The first phase of implementation starts in the year 2005, covers 16unplanned areas, and benefits 167,000 people. For each CIUP phase I area acommunity upgrading plan (CUP) has been prepared in a participatory, demandresponsive way. Upgrading involves the following infrastructure and services:- Roads and footpaths;- Drainage;- Sanitation;- Solid waste;- Streetlights.

Water will be supplied to all CIUP areas under a separate, but synchronized scheme tobe implemented by City Water Services (CWS).

Infrastructure standards have been adapted to local needs and allow for futureupgrading in a gradual, incremental process commensurate with increase inaffordability of target beneficiaries and subsequent changes in lifestyle. Minimumbasic space standards would avert unnecessary demolition and need for resettlement.

Standards depend on population density. Densely populated settlements require ingeneral more infrastructure than low-density areas. Previous upgrading experienceshows that once an area is upgraded, the population densities will increase because thearea has become more attractive for people to settle. For planning purposes futuredensification of upgraded areas is anticipated.

Standards have been developed for three typical densities: 250, 350 and 450inhabitants per hectare. The standards have been related to three different levels ofservice for each type of infrastructure: basic, intennediate and full service level.Starting point for the discussions with the communities was the basic CIUP servicelevel. During the consultation process it appeared that for various reasons the basicservice level was often either not feasible or not acceptable. Table 3.1 'Service levelsand standards' summarises the proposed CIUP infrastructure standards and servicelevels. The result of the consultation process is that the actual service levels willbecome as indicated in italics.

Table 3.1 Service levels and standardsService Basic Intermediate Full

Sanitation Multi-house VIP latrines to VIP latrines I per 12 - 13 Sewer connections toserve 50 people or 4 houses. people or approx. I per inspection chambers peri.e. 5 - 9 per ha. house, i.e. 20 to 36 per ha. compound or plot

(privately paid). Sharedseptic tanks/ soakawayto serve 4 plots or 50people. i.e. 5 - 9

_systems/ha.



Roads Grade and gravel vehicular Grale and gravel roads and All roads and majorroads and footpaths to flexible footpathts, and paved major footways (20%) paved,ROW and widths, avoiding access route i.e. for public say 96 m paving per ha,demolition of structures at transportl emergency plus 20% increment forapprox. 200 m per ha plus 2 service velhicle. Say 20m footpaths for increasingculverts. per ha paved, plus 2 density, plus 2 culverts.

culverts.

Drainage All secondary drains lined. No All secondary drains lined All secondary drainstertiary drains. (60mn//a); lined (60m/ha); Major20m/ha lined major secondary Major tertiary drains lined tertiary drains lineddrains; 40m/ha lined mfnor (30m/ha). No minor Jertiar (30Qmha); Minorscdaran drained m r(ain. ry tertiary drains linedsecondary drains. . drains. (I I Om/ha).

Solid Waste Communal masonry Communal masonry Door to door handcartCollection containers at 250m walking containers at lOm walking collection to masonry

distance or I per 10 ha, plus distance or I per 4 ha, plus containers householddrain cleaning equipment. drain cleaning equipment. bins, (privately paid)

plus drain cleaningequipment.

Street 3 - 5 Llghts/ha on existing 7 - 13 Lights/ha fixed on 9 - 17 Lights/ha alonglighting poles and buildings along all buildings and existing or all major access roads

major access roads. new poles along all major fixed on buildings oraccess roads new poles.

3.1 Implications and approaches to identify the aggregate potential impacts

As in any infrastructure upgrading program, some of the envisaged activities of theCIUP will invariably have negative, direct or indirect impacts of different time scaleon both of the bio-physical and the human environment. The purpose of thisenvironmental assessment is to assess the nature of these impacts, their predictedlikelihood and magnitude, and their occurrence at different stages of the CIUPinterventions in the sub-wards. The possible impacts will be analyzed and the potentialmeasures to either mitigate (beneficial impacts) or to exacerbate (negative impacts)these problems will be identified. It will be discussed whether these impacts will beshort-lived because they will only be felt during the construction stage, or they willpertain after completion of the works.

The ESMF lays out procedures for assessing the need for preliminary of fullenvironmental assessments.

The procedures for preparing PEAs outlined in the ESMF have therefore beenfollowed and modified in accordancc to the general and the specific objectives:

The general objectives of the assessment of the overall environmental implications ofthe CIUP relate to:- A sectoral overview of environment in the city's unplanned urban settlements;- A specific impact examination for the single sub-project components that are

prepared by the technical team of this preparatory program in closeconsultation with the beneficiary communities and local governmentauthorities; and

- the consolidation of these project-specific examinations into CommunityEnvironmental Management Plans for the selected sub-wards.



The specific objectives relating to the site-specific assessments and management plansare:- Ensure consultative participation of each community in properly addressing the

key environmental issues;- Analyze the likelihood of both adverse and beneficial impacts, and incorporate

the findings into environmental management plans for the specific community;- Ensure that all planned interventions in terms of infrastructure and services

upgrading are carried out in an environmentally sound manner.

Following the findings and conclusions from the preliminary assessment provided inthis document, it is clear that no full fledged EIAs are required for phase Icommunities. Almost all of the negative impacts caused by this infrastructureupgrading program are moderate, 'Minor, manageable and short-term. No keyenvironmental negative impacts have been identified. In contrast, the positivebeneficial impacts are suggested to be of significant magnitude. These benefits arelikely to reach the entire community in each sub-ward and are assumed to be longlasting once the proposed O&M scheme will be adopted.

Envirornmental conditions in resettlement areas offered by govenmmental programs areseparately discussed in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).

3.2 Sectoral assessment of the key environmental issues in the CIUP areas

The environmental issues and infrastructure deficits summarized hereunder arecommon to almost all unplanned urban settlements of Dar es Salaam:- Unsafe and chronic shortages in drinking water supply, contaminated ground-

and surface waters and lack of wastewater treatment facilities causing anunhealthy environment;

- Inadequate or absent sanitation facilities;- Inadequate and derelict status of road net within the sub-wards, poor access for

pedestrians and vehicular traffic (e.g. to facilities, emptying latrines,emergency);

- Inadequate or missing storm drainage causing frequent and severe flooding;- Unsanitary and inadequate solid waste disposal and collection arrangements

and limited access to improved facilities;- Limited electricity supply impeding social and economic development and

productivity, combined with poor street lighting that is inadequate for securityand safety;

- Poor understanding of the public to address environmental problems atindividual level.

The overall unhealthy environmental conditions in the unplanned settlements arecompounded by rising poverty and inadequate social and health services. The urbanpoor suffer disproportionately from mortality, illness, low productivity, low educationand low capacities caused by these inadequacies.



3.2.1 Poverty and linkages to environmental degradation

Current status

The majority of the hazardous environmental conditions encountered the CIUP areasare indirectly linked to the prevailing poverty of the populations. Poverty is manifestedin the failure of meeting basic needs in housing, health and education. Poverty is alsomanifested in the form of malnutrition, crime and strong competition in informalsector activities in the project area. Significant (non-income) indicators of poverty arepositive correlations with:- The extent and growth rate of unplanned settlements and structures;- The size of population occupying hazardous lands that should not be used for

human habitation;- The number of houses built on hazardous lands;- The number of people having no or limited access to safe water;- The degree of malnutrition among children;- The incidence of illnesses related to poor environmental conditions (e.g.

waterbome diseases);- Mortality rates;- The extent of garbage littering and unprotected/ unorganised dump sites;- The lack of awareness for environmental safety, including hygiene and

preservation of natural resources;- The illiteracy rates;- The crime rates and exposure to criminal activities;- The general living standard and prospects to find adequate jobs and sources of

income.

Among the urban poor there are certain groups are who are even at a higher risk ofexposure to the above issues. Among such vulnerable groups are single womenhouseholds, widows, elderly, handicapped, chronically ill persons, homelessyoungsters, orphans and children. Other types of specific urban poor are those whowere affected by natural catastrophes loosing either their entire assets or crops, or whosuccumbed to severe illness and accidents.

Environmental implications

There is a vicious spiral placing the poor both as main victims and as generators ofenvironmental hazards. The poor have no other choice than to live in unhealthy andunsafe environments or in hazardous areas. Urban poor are often the victims ofpollution caused by industries and traffic.

Equally these poor cannot afford to be sensitive about the environmental when theironly thrive is coping with the immediate challenge to survive. The poor themselvesadversely affect the environment as a consequence of their incapability to afford basicamenities like firewood, building material, latrines, the basic fees for safe water andsolid waste collection, etc. By the incremental and detrimental use and pollution ofnatural resources they tend to worsen the already adverse environmental conditions.This is manifested in e.g. cutting of vegetation, burning garbage, indiscriminatelittering and defecation, encroachment into sensitive and hazardous areas.



The conclusion is that in many aspects poverty and environmental degradation areentangled in a brutal spiral in which the degradation of the environment increasespoverty and poverty increases environmental degradation. High population density andgrowth rates coupled with bleak prospects for their future makes poor people bothcatalysts for the depletion of natural resources and victims of environmentaldegradation. Poor people often depend heavily on natural resources, many of themalready in a highly deteriorate state (e.g. unsafe drinking water). Their sources ofincome, if at all, conflict in many cases with environmental conservation planning.

It is therefore that poverty alleviation is seen as most important to improve the overallenvironmental conditions in Dar es Salaam's unplanned settlements. Upgrading theinfrastructure in these environs aiming at environmental and economic benefits for thegeneral public is but one means towards this goal.

3.2.2 Inadequate drainage and flood control

Current status

Formal storm water drainage serving the unplanned settlement hardly exists. Thedrainage in unplanned settlements is through natural run-off which discharges intogullies, open water bodies and ultimately into the Indian Ocean. Only some of the sub-ward trunk roads are aligned with rudimentary drains (standard depth 0.8 - 1.0 m andwidth 0.5 - I m).

The existing drainage networks are generally undersized to absorb the storm waters incase of heavy rains. Culvert structures are equally in poor condition or missing.

Most common are conditions where drainage structures have ceased to functionbecause of poor road and drainage maintenance, and lack of proper solid wastemanagement. Most drainage structures are filled up with debris deposited deliberatelyby people, and by accumulated sand and other material breaking off from unsealedroads. As a whole, the drainage system in the unplanned settlements is in most casesinsufficient.


Inadequate drainage has a number of hydraulic effects that result in environmentalhazards, such as- Increased local erosion of vulnerable soils and slopes;- Damage to structures of low-laying houses and other buildings, usually

affecting mainly the poorer and most vulnerable residents inhabiting thoseareas;

- Undesired transport and spreading of floating garbage.

Apart from severe effects on public health, inundation causes considerableinconveniences and impacts on the economic and social life to the residents, entailstraffic congestion, disrupts communication, compounds to road maintenance costs,school and business closures, production losses as well as damage and occasionalabandonment of houses.



In a wider regional context, problems in drain maintenance in low-laying urban valleyareas may result from uncontrolled and undesired upstream land-use development (e.g.agriculture, forest clearing, slash burning), leading to increased run-off and siltation inthe drainage structures.

A number of environmental hazards like temporary floods and landslides on erosion-prone slopes are exacerbated by the fact that proper drainage systems are missing.Flooding due to drainage congestion and inundation with unhealthy waters mixed withgarbage and overspills from defunct latrines is a widespread problem in the city'sunplanned settlements, particularly in the peripheral low-laying lands that areclassified as hazardous - with innumerable implications on the health of people livingpermanently in these environs.

Backflow flooding, often compounded with rapid raise in the shallow groundwatertable are common impacts in the unplanned settlements. There are cases (e.g. some ofthe Temeke sub-wards) where backflow flooding occurs in low-laying areas fromestuarine sites where drainage is congested due to the accumulation of debris andsediments.

The intentional blockage of drainage structures is seen as one of the problems leadingto local flooding and impacts on the groundwater table. In Chang'ombe in Temekebackwater into the residential area is attributed to walls constructed by the downstreamindustries that block the drains.

3.2.3 Unsafe and insufficient water supply

Current status

Dar es Salaam city's water demand currently stands at about 400,000 m3 /day, whilethe amount of water that is treated at Upper Ruvu, Lower Ruvu and Mtoni treatmentplants and transported to the city is 273,000 mn3/day. Some unknown amount of wateris tapped to supply Bagamoyo and Kibaha towns in coast region and 18,000 m3 /day ofwater is used to supply residents in villages and settlements along water transmissionmains. The water quality is not guaranteed and hence the water authorities advise theircustomers to boil drinking water. Due to leakages, unrecorded consumptions along thetransmission line and distribution losses, on average only 44% of the water producedreaches the consumer.

Domestic water consumption is estimated to amount to 70% of the total demand whileindustrial and commercial demands are 20% and 10%, respectively. Table 3.2 'Watersources at household level in Dar es Salaam' shows that less than 50% of thehousehold in the city have a house connection, while 31% of the household obtainwater from their neighbours and 16% from the public taps. The rest of the householdsdepend on vendors or wells.See table 3.2 'Water sources at household level in Dar es Salaam'.



Table 3.2 Water sources at household level in Dar es SalaamWater source Accessibility (%) of population)Private tap 44Neighbour (piped water) 31Public tap 16Vendor 6Other sources (shallow wells) 3

The key problems associated with insufficient water supply in Dar es Salaam city are:source limitations, obsolete pipes and leakage, unreliable supply due to low pressure,inadequate distribution networks and illegal connections. In relation to water quality,the groundwater sources are constantly being threatened by poor sanitation and wastedisposal practices, especially in unplanned settlements.


Safe and adequate water supply is a basic requirement and essential for day-to-dayactivities of human beings. Most of the unplanned areas are not served with pipedwater and thus people depend largely on shallow wells, boreholes or water supplied byvendors. Studies carried out in the 16 sub-wards earmarked for CIUP in phase I haveindicated that even when water supply pipe networks do exist, most of the taps haveno running water. Water vending is more common in Ilala and Temeke Municipalitiesthan it is in Kinondoni Municipality. Due to the obsolete status of the pipes andwidespread illegal connections, intrusion of polluted groundwater into the pipe systemis another potential source of severe hazards for local water consumers.

Insufficient water quality combined with poor sanitation, and the prevalence of latrineuse poses frequently acute public health risks associated with water-borne diseases.Unsafe and insufficient water supplies, especially in the unplanned areas, have alsobeen identified as causes for a number of other ailments such as skin diseases,diarrhoea and typhoid fever.

3.2.4 Poor road conditions and accessibility

Current status

The restricted access and general poor conditions of roads in the uriplannedsettlements attribute in a number of ways to the overall poor environmental status.Most of the unplanned settlements are situated not far from the city's business centre,nourished by the hope of millions of new settlers to find some kind of incomeopportunities. Therefore, most unplanned settlements are close to and served bynational trunk or major roads that are well developed to paved standards and havegood drainage systems, main water pipes and power lines along them.

From these trunk roads, access roads branch into the unplanned settlements. Theseaccess roads are mostly worn-out gravel and earthen roads. There are in general onlymarginal and dilapidated drainage facilities along these roads. The quality of theaccess roads varies with the topography and soil condition. In high laying areas onsandy soils the road condition is generally better than in low-laying lands on sandy/



lateritic and muddy soils that are frequently exposed to flooding and receive morestormn water run-off. Commonly maintenance is long overdue.

The main access roads generally represent the economic active centre with marketsand religious buildings. On both sides of these access roads small enterprises areprevailing. Many of them establish during daytime selling stalls that directly borderthe edge of the carriageway of these roads.

All other access to the unplanned areas is in general via unsealed earth roads andtracks. These side roads are narrower and generally without drainage facility. Acommon feature in the unplanned settlements is an irregular net of narrow earthenfootpaths between the dense housing clusters.


Lack of vehicular accessibility and severance due to poor road conditions is awidespread problem in the city's unplanned settlements, including hazardousenvironmental conditions as well as reducing the overall economic potential andcommercial activities. Poor road conditions and accessibility have an impact on anumber of environmental issues in the affected communities, such as:- In case of emergency like fires or other accidents requiring swift contingency

actions (both on communal as on individual level) inadequate access is likelyto pose substantial perils to the persons and assets afflicted;

- Although not documented, there are community concerns that delayed orimpeded access to maternity care or dispensaries has had fatal consequences;

- Potholes serve as breeding grounds for water-borne pathogens;- Impediments for development of the local economy, e.g. provision of services

and supplies, customers access, limited choice of location for small-scaleenterprises, petty trading and street vendors;

- Health implications (e.g. respiratory infections) due to increased dust andemissions 4 from vehicular traffic, including increased noise levels;

- Increased wear and tear of vehicles;- Access constraints for latrine emptying service providers;- Access constraints for proper waste collection service;- Security and safety issues, linked to police patrolling efficiency.

3.2.5 Inadequate sanitation

Current status

Dar es Salaarn has an off-site sanitation sewerage system that covers only 16% (some400.000 people) of the population. A network of 11 sewerage networks exists in thecity area of which some have sewage treatment facilities (stabilisation ponds), andsome discharge directly into the sea.

None of the unplanned settlements has a central sewerage system. The most widelyused sanitation system is private pit latrines, serving about 70% of the population in

4The problem of local air pollution (indoor pollution) is compounded with the poorly maintainedvehicles, waste burnmig practices and cooking with hydrocarbons, charcoal and green wood.



the C]UP areas. It is estimated that less than 10% of the population has a private VIPlatrine. Few (less than 5%) of the households use waterborne systems (septic tank-soak away pit systems), mainly because of absence of piped water supply. It isestimated that 15% of the houses in the CIUP areas have either very temporary or noprivate sanitation facility at all. This means that in the CIUP areas approximately25,000 people (about 2,000 houses) have either very poor or no private sanitationfacility. Also there are no public toilets in the CIUP areas.

In the unplanned settlements different arrangements for using and sharing toilet andbathing facilities are found. Few households have their own facility. Most common areshared latrines where several families in a rented house share the same facility. Thisimplies that on average three households share one latrine. Most people without aprivate toilet facility use their neighbours' toilet and a few others use toilets inguesthouses. Details of sanitation base data in are presented in table 3.3 'Sanitationbase data CIUP areas'.

Table 3.3 Sanitation base data CIUP areasFacility used % of populationSeptic tank <5%VIP latrine 10%Pit latrine 70-75%Neighbours latrine 15%Public toilet 0%

Many of the CIUP areas have a high groundwater table. As a consequence pit latrinesin these areas get filled after a relatively short period of time. The situation becomesworse during the rainy season when the pits frequently overflow. By and large, pitlatrines are poorly Inaintained. For most residents in these settlements the use of adesludging truck is prohibitively expensive (at least Tsh.25,000.-) or simplyimpossible because many houses are not accessible by truck. 'The most widely usedway to desludge full latrines is a method locally known as 'kutapisha' or 'kupakua'. Itentails digging a new pit adjacent to the full pit to discharge the wastewater. Anotherworrisome method is to discharge wastewater into the drains and rivers. In placeswhere no drains exist, residents often splash wastewater haphazardly on the openground.


The key environmental problems resulting from inadequate on-site sanitation facilitiesare imminent risks and high potential for groundwater contamination and subsequenthealth implications. For that reason water-borne infections and epidemics likediarrhoea and amoebic dysentery are common in these areas. The most vulnerablegroups in this respect are children and women who mostly come in contact with watercontaminated by pollutants, faecal bacteria and other pathogens.

Frequent outbreaks of cholera 5 are attributed to both sanitation and hygiene practicescombined with low water quality water supplies in these densely populated areas.Public awareness towards hygiene and cleanliness show alarming low standards.

5such as the 1998 and the 2003 outbreaks



The majority of residents in the unplanned settlements has no access to safe water andis not linked to the city's water supply system. The shallow wells dug by the residentsare frequently in close proximity to the on-site sanitation facilities. Most wells arecrudely constructed, not lined, topped with rubber tires and not covered against anyitems falling in the well, including garbage. Methods for abstraction of water fromthese wells are equally hazardous as many people use old lubricant containers orbuckets that are not cleaned.

Due to the overflowing and leaking pit latrines highly polluted water sloughs are acommnon sight in the low-lying parts of these settlements. In recent years there wereincreased records of elephantiasis in urban Dar es Salaam spread by Culex andAnopheles mosquitoes breeding in puddles of domestic effluents.

In addition, most parts of the sandy soils are heavily infiltrated with contaminatedliquid waste water that gets in immediate contact with the ground water table6 . Theproblem is worsened by the fact that the groundwater table is very shallow in most ofthe unplanned areas, and there is frequent incident of flooding because of the rising ofthe groundwater table above soil surface during or after heavy rains.

Other environmental issues relate to the dubious practices of emptying the pit latrinescontributing to high contamination of both surface and groundwater, particularlyduring rainy conditions. It is mainly then when pit latrines are intentionally flushed,causing extreme hazardous conditions and nuisance to the households in low-layingareas once they get in direct contact with such drains. The common blockage ofdrainage structures creates similar conditions also in more elevated areas.

3.2.6 Inadequate solid waste management 7

Current status

Dar es Salaam is estimated to produce solid wastes at a rate of 2.200 tons per day, outof which only about 35% is properly disposed at a final dumpsite. The remaining 65%of garbage is dumped in open, unsanitary collection sites or, as in most cases, islittered or burnt within the settlements.

Within the unplanned settlements in the CIUP areas, the following different types andcomposition of waste are generated (Source: Field surveys in the CIUP sub-wards):

Household wasteComposition: 70-80 % is bio-degradable, the rest is rest non-degradable and fewpercent of hazardous materials such as medical wastes, batteries and insect sprays. The

6 An assessment from shallow wells in Vingunguti Ward between March and May 2003 by an UCLASstudy showed over 90% faecal contamination. DAWASA's examination of general drinking waterquality in boreholes in DAR city revealed that there was not a single sample meeting all standards fordrinking water stipulated by the WHO or the Tanzanian Temporary Standards, particularly those set forfaecal and total coliform and chloride permissible concentration limits.

Details on hw to address these problems were followed in accordance with the Waste ManagementGuidelines (Aug.2003) of the Ministry of Health.



volume of domestic waste varies between 0.4 and 0.6 kg/capita/day 8 ; variationsdepend on the family's income level. The composition of the major part of domesticwaste is predominantly food leftovers, food preparation remains, ash, sweeping waste,garden waste, old cloths and paper, newspaper, obsolete appliances, plastic andpackage materials.

Market wasteWaste material produced at street market sites, consisting of prevailingly (60-65%degradable/ vegetable) waste, and degradable packing materials (grasses, fibres) andpaper. Food leftovers and plastic wastes may be generated from canteens and foodstalls operating on market places. Market wastes are commonly mixed with householdwastes as nearby residents tend to dispose their garbage at market waste collectionpoints.

Street sweeping wasteRelative minor waste generation from street sweeping (confined to trunk roads) ismostly absent or not carried out at a regular scheme in most of the unplannedsettlements. This type of waste is mainly domestic garbage littered indiscriminatelyalong streets, with a high proportion of plastic materials.

Waste generated by the informal sector and small commercial enterprisesCommercial waste can be classified as originating from the following main sources: (i)restaurants and food stalls, producing food leftovers, paper and packaging materials,(ii) carpentries, producing wood pieces and saw dust, (iii) small unofficial garages"miembeni" producing hazardous waste materials such as lubricants, oil andmetallurgic solutions, (iv) charcoal vendors producing carbon particles and dust, (v)small vendor shops producing plastic packages and paper wastes, (vi) home markets"magenge" producing degradable wastes.

Institutional wasteWaste materials generated by e.g. primary schools, kindergartens and religiousinstitutions. The waste consists mainly of papers, plastics and sweeping waste.

Medical wasteHazardous waste originates from health care facilities (health centres, maternity homesand dispensaries) within the sub-wards. The waste is composed of cotton pads, sharpinstruments (needles, surgical blades, blood lancets), syringes, blood giving sets andtins with various remaining medical substances. Due to problems of environmentalconsciousness, accessibility and law enforcement, medical wastes are durmped on site,either on open pits or crudely bumed in improvised burning places amidst humansettlements. A study9 in 1999 reports that over 70% of dispensaries investigated in Dares Salaam perform such hazardous practices. The same study estimated that 41% ofthe city's medical waste is disposed in an unsafe way, i.e. in open spaces or low-laying, flood-prone lands. 26% are disposed in open pits.

8 JICA, 1998: Study on solid waste management for DCC in the united Republic of Tanzania,.77 pp.

9 Mato R. & M.Kaseva, 1999. A study on problems of management of medical solid wastes in Dar esSalaam and their remedial measures. Elsevier: Journal of Resources, Conservation & Recycling 25,p. 2 7 1 -287



At the present, medical waste appears no issue in the CIUP intervention locations.However, should this problem arise, arrangements will be met at appropriate level forthe implementation of Tanzania's National Medical Waste Management Plan.

Junk wasteJunk waste seems only a minor problem in unplanned settlements as almost all re-usable material like old appliances, cars and machinery is collected and recycled byprivate enterprises.

Solid waste collectionEach municipality employs contractors for the collection of solid waste in the CIUPareas. The contractors' performance is varies considerably in each sub-ward.However, most areas give a dirty impression, with garbage indiscriminately dumped atopen spaces or in drains.

If so, waste is normnally collected with handcarts due to the limited accessibility ofmost CIUP areas. In some areas residents bring their waste to designated places withinthe neighbourhood, which is then collected by the refuse collectors. In other areashandcart operators collect the refuse at door site and bring it to designated garbagetransfer stations - mostly open spaces without specific protective structures. In somecases (e.g. Bugurini-Mnyamani) this type of door-to-door collection is operated bylocal CBOs.

The collection charge for these service varies between Tsh.500 and Tsh.1000 perhouse per month. The contractor collects the fee and is allowed to keep 75-95% of thefees collected (depending on the contract with the municipality), while the remainingis remitted to the municipality as a contribution towards the off-site costs for solidwaste management.

Municipal solid waste trucks collect the waste from the transfer stations and haul it tothe final disposal site. Insofar the City Council has been unable to provide efficientoff-site collection servicesl. The transfer stations are not emptied frequently enoughtherefore waste is often piling up - bringing about all negative consequences for thehuman and natural environment.

Solid waste disposal

Final disposalThe final disposal site for all solid waste collected of DAR is Mtoni, about 10 km fromthe city centre. This is a new site following a court order to shift it from theVingunguti area. The waste is crudely disposed at this dumpsite located near a streamthat flows into an estuary. Given the unsatisfactory disposal procedure it is assumedthat this site has immediate and long-term negative effects on the marine environmentreceiving these impacts.

With less than 35% of the solid waste collected in the CIUP areas, most of the waste isdisposed by one of the following methods.

10 key constraints are lack of adequate number of collection trucks, poor technical status of trucks, pooraccessibility to main garbage dump sites, poor management and co-ordination, poor revenue collectionsystem, poor cost-recovery



Illegal dumpingIllegal dumping is common practice in all unplanned settlements. An estimated 20-30% of the waste generated in the CIUP areas is dumped indiscriminately outside theresident's properties in an area where such activity is prohibited. The waste isconsistently disposed in open spaces or in drainage ditches, as well in hazardous andlow-laying areas (e.g. slopes, gullies, river valleys, swamplands).

Self-disposalSelf-disposal is practiced by an estimated 40-50% of the population living inunplanned settlements. This method involves burying or burning of waste within theproperty of the source that generated it. Both types of waste disposal are notacceptable in densely populated areas as these practices result in public nuisance andair pollution.


As a consequence of the inadequate"1 and inefficient solid waste collection system thecity's overall environmental conditions are deteriorating with growing population andexpanding unplanned settlements.

Rotting or buming wastes cause unpleasant and dangerous emissions, eventuallycausing respiratory ailments to the community exposed to these impacts. Inspection ofillegal garbage dumps in gullies (e.g. in Vingunguti Ward) indicate that industries andsmall enterprises also dispose potential hazardous waste material at these sites, whichobviously causes additional hazards when these are burnt in an uncontrolled manner. 12

Illegal solid waste dumpsites create environmental hazards in times of flooding andwhen set on fire. The other principal vulnerability associated with uncontrolledgarbage littering results from the risk of diseases through direct or indirect contact. Aspecific problem in the unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam is the use of scarceland that could better be utilised for other purposes.

Domestic (degradable) refuse tends to attract myriads of flies and scavengers (rodents,craws, chicken, goats, cats, dogs) who ferret around the heaps of garbage anddistribute it as well as promulgate diseases. In turn, these animals are at risk to getreadily poisoned and then become further sources of infection and nuisance.

Recently, the increasing volume of plastic refuse is becoming an increasingenvironmental problem:- Micro-breeding habitats for vectors of water-borne diseases;

" inadequacies in the waste collection service relate to:- insufficient fands- slow mode of hand loading of garbage- difficult road conditions and access to refusal collection sites

12 According to a JICA report from 1992: In 1 991 industries regularly dumped hazardous wastes at theTabata landfill where spontaneous fires and deliberate burning caused extensive smoke in the adjacentresidential areas, including contamination with dioxin. The site has also been identified as a potentialrisk for explosions due to the generation of methane gases.



- Poor people may use this garbage material, using for example old lubricantcontainers as w9ater containers and generally expose themselves to pathogenicinfections and detrimental pollutants.

However, the main impact of plastic refuse is the blockage of drains, thus locallyincreasing flooding problems and extending the flooding periods, thus increasing thedevelopment of habitats for pathogenic waterbome disease vectors (mosquitoes, flies,vermin).

The accumulation of hazardous waste materials spread in the surroundings of healthfacilities (dispensaries) gives reason for specific concern for public health (e.g. HIV,hepatitis, tetanus).

Last but not least uncollected solid waste in residential neighbourhoods is an eye sore,affecting the overall environmental and aesthetic quality of the surroundings.

3.2.7 Safety and security problems

Current status

No specific study has been made in the framework of this study to quantify the extentof public safety and security issues at sub-ward level. The respective communitiesclaim that the CIUP areas are generally unsafe in many respects. This is attributed to:- High unemployment rates, particularly among the younger population, leading

to creation of street gangs, thefts and assaults;- Lack of funding for social programs at community level;- Insufficient integration of unemployed community members in social

programs;- Limited education and social awareness among the majority of population;- Lack of street lighting;- Insufficient enforcement by police, government agencies and privately

engaged security services.


The poor security and safety situation has a marked impact on the living environmentand the well-being of people.

Absence of street lighting has a negative impact on the security and safety situation:- Darker places in residential areas may become operating and hiding places of

street bandits commonly know as "vibaka";- Dark streets are particularly notorious for damage and theft of parked vehicles;- Dark solid waste transfer stations tend to be more visited by scavengers than

those that are well lit;- Waste is often dumped illegally in dark areas;- Dark streets result in more traffic accidents.

The visual impact of a maze of power lines dangling over the streets is considered asmarginally affecting the aesthetics concept of most people.



3.2.8 Air, noise and dust pollution

Current status

Air, noise and dust pollution are apparent in the immediate vicinity of trunk roads andgarbage dumps and where large industrial complexes are situated nearby residentialareas (e.g. CIUP areas in the Temeke Municipality).

The traffic induced air pollution mainly results from notorious traffic congestions inthe trunk roads where potholes, street vendors and debris chronically hamper thetraffic flow. During heavy rains, the roads become barely passable for any vehicle,thus traffic movements often become extremely tiresome.

A good part of the traffic-related toxic emissions is attributable to the poor mechanicalstatus of the vehicles, over-use and over-loading. During dry weather periods traffic onthe earthen and gravelled local access roads generate clouds of dust, which easilypenetrates into houses, because of the general poor construction quality and absence ofglass windows.

Other serious problems with polluted air are attributed to the indiscriminate on-siteburning of domestic waste, together with various kinds of plastic. At household level,indoor pollution poses great health risks mainly for women using firewood andinferior quality charcoal for cooking.

Traffic is also the main source for noise pollution that is particularly felt along thedensely populated access roads and near markets.


Air pollution attributes to the overall week health condition of the population. Healthimplications for people exposed to high levels of traffic-related pollutants range fromrespiratory to cardio-vascular defects, cancer and skin diseases. The problem iscompounded by the fact that there is few or no vegetation in these densely populatedareas that would act as natural absorbents of air pollutants.

As the majority of the squatters have no proper windows but mesh screens, indoornoise and dust levels are felt in immediate relation to the distance to the sources.Although this EA did not have the scope for quantitative measurements it is arguedthat the local traffic-induced noise level often exceeds the permissible levels ofcontinual exposure that would show negative effects on the people's health, such asphysiological irritability, deafness, infant diseases and cardio-vascular ailments.

3.2.9 Lack of environmental awareness and education

Current status

Site visits and consultations with the community through the Community PlanningTeams (CPTs) indicate that environmental awareness in the project area is still verylow. Indicators are the common sight of scattered waste dumpsites and indiscriminate


Community InfrastructuLre Upgrading Program

disposal of any kind of garbage in the drainage channels. This situation is first of allattributable to the quality of the solid waste collection system, but also to absence ofenvironmental responsibility among the population. Other indicators for lack ofawareness both in terms of environmental safeguard and hygiene are the status inwhich the latrines are maintained. It is frequently observed that people deliberatelyaccept wastewater from the latrines and toilets flowing directly through the residentialarea into storm water drains or in adjacent creeks.


It appears that the communities in these unplanned settlements do not adequatelyunderstand most if not all of the above environmental issues. Street interviews showedthat people are generally unaware of the direct and indirect implications of the abovementioned environmental problems affecting their health and life standards. Theconsequence of this lack of conscience is a spiral of ever increasing degradation of theliving environment in these settlements. To bring this spiral to a halt, the CIUPincludes a campaign to increase the overall public awareness and to intensifyeducation at grassroots level (refer to chapter 8).

3.3 Identiflcation of the environmental priorities among the communities

One of the major goals in the CIUP community participation and consultationexercises was to find out the people's concerns, priorities and judgement of theirphysical and social environment, and to react correspondingly in design solutions forupgrading of communal infrastructure. The participatory approach and the planningprocess are described in chapter 1.4.

Based on an assessment of the environmental situation in each CIUP area, themunicipal Technical Support Teams (TST), assisted by consultants, prepared a tablesummarizing the environmental problems. This summary table, prepared in line withthe exigencies described in the ESMF, was discussed with the Community PlanningTeam (CPT) in each specific sub-ward. The checklists have been continually modifiedin accordance to the feedback received from these field discussions. In communal andindividual sessions, meetings and interviews the severity of site-specific problems wasdiscussed with the CPT and with the communities in their respective zones. Theresults of these community consultations and details about the meetings are presentedin the individual Community Upgrading Plans (CUPs).

The result of these consultation activities was a list of identified environmentalproblems faced by the community, ranked according to severity as perceived by thecommunity. It is emphasised that most of what has been analysed in chapter 3.2 under"environmental implications" of the key environmnental issues results from thefeedback of the concerned communities.

Table 3.4 'Summary of the ranking of environmental problems in the CIUP sub-wards'summarizes the communities' ranking of environmental problems in their immediateenvirons. The detailed results of this consultation process for each CIUP areaseparately are presented in Annex 2.



Table 3.4 Summary of the ranking of environmental problcms in the CIUP sub-wardsEnvironmental Issue RankingAvailability of inhabitable land'" not rankedFlooding I

Accessibility + poor road condition 2Drinking water quality + supply 3Solid waste disposal practise + buming 4Soil erosion and related hazards 5Poor sanitation facilities 6High groundwater table and quality 7Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding 8Incidence of diseases/ epidemics 9Water borne diseases 10Discharge of sewage 11Safety/security 12

Destruction of flora and fauna 13

Air pollution 14Nuisance of Dtist 15Nuisance of odours 16Noise nuisance 17General cleanliness 18Nuisance of rodents 19Nuisance of insects 20Danger of calamity (fires) 21Surface water quality / pollution 22Soil pollution 23

Road safety 24Encroachment by street vendors 25

Source: DHVIUCLAS Consultants field surveys May-November 2003

Interpretation of the results

There are obvious differences in the peoples' perception and ranking of environmentalproblems in the different CIUP areas (refer to Annex 2). It was found that the

individual concerns and observations, and thus the rankings, are largely influenced by:- The type and magnitude of environmental problems recently experienced (e.g.

flood, house collapse, family illness, specific shortages, steady nuisance byrodents and mosquitoes etc);

- The type and nature of impacts that occur frequently (e.g. inundation,

outbreaks of epidemic diseases etc.);- Expectations regarding the CIUP with respect to upgrading of specific types of

infrastructure and services;- Imminent personal needs (e.g. habitable land, water supply, latrine);- The sense of responsibility for communal affairs;- The degree of education and information;- The degree of environmental awareness;- The skill of the interviewers to forward discussion points and recording the

results.

13 It is observed that the issue mentioned as number one ("availability of inhabitable land") is not an

environmental concern per se, but it is due to the nature of the interviews and the level of skill of the

interviewers that this issue has been understood as prime environmental requirement of most peopleinterviewed.



3.4 Screening of the proposed investments for potential environmentalimpacts

In the following all sub-project activities of CIUP are scrutinized and evaluated withrespect to environmental and social impacts that could occur during site selection,before construction starts, during construction and during operation. For the sake ofreplication and straightforward application by planners in similar conununityupgrading programs the CTUP has adopted a simple set of procedures in line with thescreening forns and environmental checklists provided in Annex 2 of the ESMF. Thefield assessment of the environmental impacts of the CIUP is summarized in table 3.5'Proposed simple matrix for preliminary assessment of potential environmentalimpacts associated with CIUP interventions' below, showing that the overall impact ofthe project is considered to be positive. Besides, most of the positive impacts will besustained after project completion, while most of the negative impacts will only be feltbefore and during the construction period.

Table 3.5 Proposed simple matrix for preliminary assessment of potentialenvironmental impacts associated with CIUP interventions

Environmental Issue Pre- During Post-construction construction construction

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTHouse rental prices and offers 0 + I +3Land and property values +1 +1 +3Business I employment opportunities 0 +1 +3

Accessibility 0 -1 +2Road safety 0 -1 +2Demolition of buildings -2 -I 0

Safety and security 0 -I +2

Availability of inhabitable land 0 0 0Land ownership 0 0 0

Resettlement I 0 0NATURAL ENVIRONMENTSoil erosion 0 -] +1

Fire hazards O -1 t2

General cleanness 0 -1 +2

Status of Flora and Fauna 0 0 0Flooding 0 -l +2

Nuisance of dust 0 -2 +2

Air pollution and odour 0 -1 +1

Soil contamination 0 -1 + 1

Noise and vibration 0 -2 0PUBLIC HEALTHSurface water qualitv 0 1+ IGround water qluality O O tlStagnant water! mosquito breeding 0 -1 +2Incidence of diseases 0 0 +2Water borne diseases _ . 0 +2Solid waste disposal practise 0 +1 +2Quality of sanitation service 0 0 +1Sewage disposal practise 0 __ ±2Nuisance of rodents 0 0 +1Keysfor evaluation categories:-3 = highly significant negaiive impact, -2 = signiflcant negative impact,-J =mild negative impact, 0 = no impact, + I = mild beneficial impact, +2 = significant beneficialimpact, +3 = highly beneficial impact



It is emphasized that practitioners who elaborate a complete set of mitigation measuresshould utilize the environmental and social checklist as provided in the tables formitigation measures in section 4.

3.5 Screening results of the preliminary environmental impact assessment

This section s ummarizes the impacts (both positive and negative) obtained from thescreening process. Where applicable, reference is made to the environmental profilesheets in Annex 7 providing detailed information and analyses of site-specific impactsanalyses for each individual CIUP sub-project area.

3.5.1 Assessnment of the positive (beneficial) environmental and socialimpacts

The CIUP will improve the overall environrmental conditions in the unplannedsettlements as it addresses many of the environmental problems causing hardship toresidents. Upgrading will result in environmental benefits that can be divided intodirect and indirect effects, as well as social benefits for the community.

Direct benefitsAmong the cumulative and direct beneficial impacts the following are identified:Improvement of the status of natural resources- Groundwater protection: once the environmental awareness program has

reached significant proportions of the population, groundwater contaminationby wastewater infiltration and improper emptying methods of pit latrines willbe reduced;

- Mitigation of flood hazards and risks: the improved drainage system will resultin less or no further entry of flood water into homes and will reduce the risk ofoverflowing of pit latrines;

- Less dust from roads: residents living adjacent to former earth roads willsubstantially feel the improvement, also to be reflected in less respiratoryailments among children;

- Soil protection: soils that become less affected by storn waters will lessen thecommunal burden for repairs, prevent downstream sedimentation and blockageof drains;

- Stagnant water will be reduced which will limit the breeding grounds forwater-borne vectors.

Contribution to the overall landscape aestheticsApart from creating environmnentally safer conditions the CIUP offers numerousopportunities for enrichment planting in open spaces and along drains, therebyimproving the overall landscape aesthetics and quality of life in these settlements. Amajor benefit is the reduction of garbage littering and garbage burning practiseresulting from improved solid waste management and the public education campaign.

Protection of assetsThis refers mainly to improved flood protection for the residents and improved accessfor emergency vehicles.



Reduction of hardshipThe communities will benefit from improved rescue facilities in case of accidents andfires, quick access to health facilities in emergency cases and easier communicationand transport links to markets and utilities. The community will also widely appreciatethe reduction of dust, noise and air pollution.

Public health improvementNotably the main cumulative positive effect of the CIUP is public healthimprovement. The program will significantly contribute to reduction of epidemicwater-borne diseases, including malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, bilharzias anddiarrhoca. More specific, positive impacts are to be expected from:- Improved drinking water quality, which is related to the reduction of surface

and groundwater contamination by improved sanitation facilities and reducedcontamination by littered garbage;

- Reduction of health hazards related to unsafe waste management;- Increase of hygiene practices and awareness.

Public safety improvementThe CIUP will provide street lighting, which will improve the security in theunplanned settlements. As a secondary benefit, the CIUP will also improve the overalleconomic environment in the project areas, which will create better opportunities forthe residents to generate income without having to resort to crime. The police's effortsfor surveillance and enforcement in these urban areas will also benefit from theadditional street lighting.

Creation of better life for resettled personsThe analysis of the new resettlement areas (chapter 7) shows that the people that haveto be resettled as a consequence of the CIUP can expect better living conditions intheir new areas, not far from their previous ones, that will give them eventually morejob opportunities and economic prosperity.

Indirect benefits

In the context of the CIUP a number of cumulative and indirect beneficial impacts areidentified:

Increase of land valuesThe major likely induced impact is the increase of land prices and commodities. Theupgrading will add value to land in the settlements that will be upgraded. This willtrigger the prices of various commodities up (including rental prices).

Uplift of the local economic climateThe upgrading will also create a conducive economic environment for small-scalebusiness development mainly as a spin-off from the improved road net and theimproved income situation in these communities. This will result in competition forrental places and hence increased prices. A substantial part of the incremental wealthis linked to the fact that people will be healthier.



Spin-offs from the construction worksThe CIUP will create job opportunities associated with road and drainage constructionand maintenance. The construction works will also create a number of opportunitiesfor local small enterprises (catering, supply of material or spare) etc.

Spin-offs from the environmental awareness and education campaignsThe manifold positive results from this campaign will result in improvedenvironmental awareness to protect family members and others from exposure toenvironmental hazards, leading to less mortality, illness and other disadvantages. Thebeneficiaries of such campaigns will bear less financial burdens for households incoping with medical expenses.

3.5.2 Preliminary identification of possible negative environmental impacts

The upgrading of infrastructure in the urban settlements bears the risk of creatingvarious negative impacts. To ensure completeness, all phase-wise impacts analysedbelow are screened against the checklists of potential impacts provided by the ESMF.

By the nature of the project, the majority of the negative impacts are identified beforethe construction stage - with the help of annex I in the ESMF. However, section 4.1(table 4.1) addresses also a number of negative impacts during the pre-constructionphase. These impacts relate mainly to uncertainties and issues connected withinvoluntary resettlement. For sake of completeness these impacts are enlisted in thisCEMP, although not assessed in depth as this is specifically addressed in a separateCIUP documentation dealing with resettlement.

Few of the identified impacts are irreversible, e.g. those associated with involuntaryresettlement. The specific mitigation measures, also stipulated in the ESMF, arediscussed in chapter 4.

Road construction and drainage worksNegative direct impacts can result in the (temporary) displacement of householdsduring construction works. Other likely impacts could include possible (intended orunintended) contamination with solid and liquid wastes, floods and the resultingspread of pathogens.

Land acquisition and demolitionThe infrastructure upgrading will require land acquisition to accommodate road anddrainage widening and securing places for communal facilities such as solid wastecollection containers. Even though the CTIUP aims to minimize land acquisition, somestructures will have to be demolished.

The rubble from demolition of structures is assumed to pose minor disposal problems,as it will probably not contain hazardous materials. The material can be used inconstruction works or for filling of local depressions. During a short period,demolition is accompanied with noise and dust.

Interruption/ disturbance of local communication, utilities and reduced safetyDuring the construction phase of the project roads, drainage and footpaths may beblocked. The existing narrow roads offer little chance for deviation of vehicular traffic.



Intolerance of local drivers to traffic congestion may develop during the constructionstage, which could cause accidents. The impact will also be felt in other roads outsidethe project areas, as drivers will tend to use alternative access roads. However, sincethe road conditions do not favour high vehicular speed, the increased pressure on roadsand footpaths during construction will be of less significance compared to the potentialbenefits of the improvements.

Construction of roads may disrupt some of the water supply pipelines, because theprecise locations of water pipes are not known (no map ever existed), thus the chancesof cutting them are high. Interruption of power supply and telephone service is alsolikely to occur during construction. Erosion problems may occur in case theconstruction section is not proper reinstated.

Noise, vibration and air pollution during constructionPlants machinery and construction traffic will inevitably generate noise and vibrationsthat can cause substandard houses close to the road to collapse. The ambient airquality will deteriorate as a result of dust generation from construction activitiesincluding gravel extraction, earthworks and road formation. Dust will become anuisance to the people within the core impact area especially during the dry season.However, the background noise and dust levels in the unplanned settlements are high,to an extent that the additional noise and dust generated from construction works willnot be much felt. The noise, vibration and dust will be transient and good workpractice can minimize the nuisance.

Noise, vibration and air pollution during operationNoise is one of the most obvious negative impacts of vehicular traffic. The discomfortcaused by noise includes auditory fatigue and temporary lessening of hearing ability.However, perceived noise is related to the background noise level, so that new roads inquiet areas or noisy trucks at night are often perceived as worse than higher levels ofnoise in a busy area during daytime. Since the vehicular density is low in theunplanned settlements, it is considered that traffic noise and vibration effects willlikely be limited. Moreover the background noise and dust levels are considered highand therefore the project contribution is taken as insignificant.

Groundwater pollution and siltationDuring the construction of drainage negative impacts on the existing (obsolete) ditchesare likely to occur when people continue to discharge domestic wastewater and solidwastes into the drains. As a consequence of earthworks siltation in these ditches maybe (temporarily) high and the effluents could be blocked and hence pollute thegroundwater or even may cause local water ponding. This impact is more significant ifconstruction would be carried out during the rainy season.

It needs to be considered, however, that the ground water pollution originating fromthe existing pit latrines are assessed to be much higher. Therefore, once properlymanaged (see chapter 4) the temporary blockage of the drainage system forrehabilitation will cause no major additional impact to groundwater quality. Small-scale soil and groundwater contamination could be anticipated from accidental spillageof fuiels.

Risks associated with the construction of sanitation facilities



The proposed public toilets and private VIP latrines are on-site sanitation facilities,which entails disposal within the premise of generation. This may add to thegroundwater pollution problems already experienced in many unplanned settlements.However, it is anticipated that the design of the latrines will not allow pollution of thegroundwater. In addition, the public toilets will accommodate sewage, which wouldhave been disposed of haphazardly in the absence of the project.

Risks associated with the construction of solid waste management facilitiesImpacts may arise from poorly sited or managed transfer stations, improper disposal ofhazardous wastes, air pollution (including indoor pollution) from burning wastes, andgeneral aesthetic degradation.

Risks associated with street light constructionStreet light construction may pose health and safety risks (electrocution) fromimproper wiring and collapse of overhead wiring during heavy weather. There mayalso be further (induced) environmental impacts that result from increases in demandfor electricity, depending on how the power is generated.

Indirect impacts induced by the CIUP interventionsAmong the anticipated spin-offs and cumulative impacts there are few which arebeyond control of the environmental management plan, however they are worthmentioning, such as:- Population growth (migration) as a result of the more attractive living

envirornent and related increased pressure on natural and land resources;- Inequities in future distribution of benefits and losses;- Dissatisfaction in neighbouring communities not participating in this program.

3.5.3 Highlighting and addressing specific environmental impact risks

Annex 7 provides a detailed description of the environmental conditions in each CIUParea. The identified benefits and risks as described in the previous chapter are more orless similar for all unplanned settlements. However, specific impacts have beenidentified in three cases as follows:

Case I Mnyamani sub-ward I Ilala municipalityProblem: Addressing the additional flood risks in neighbouring areas.

The northern part of this sub-ward is a low-laying marshy area prone to flooding.Once the drainage system in Mnyamani will be improved, it is likely that this areawould suffer from more frequent flooding resulting from the increased storm-waterrun-off from Mnyamani.

Once this environmental risk had been identified, the project was redesigned and nowincludes rehabilitation of an existing unlined drainage channel linking the drainagenetwork of Mnyamani with the Msimbazi River. At present this channel is totallydefunct, as the drain is filled with sedimentation and vegetation growth. The drain runsparallel to the railway line northwards and finally discharges into Msimbazi River justEast of the Railway Bridge.



The proposed technical solution is adequate to mitigate the risk of flooding in the low-

laying area and will result in a better situation than before the project was

implemented.

Case 2 Mtambani Sub-Ward/ llala MunicipalityProblem: Addressing gully erosion and additional flood risks into neighbouring areas

At the northem boundary of Mtambani sub-ward sharp contour lines form a steep

gully which is presently used as a large informal dumpsite. This location is one of the

most hazardous sites in the entire CIUP area, as it not only contains a significant

amount of (partly burning) garbage but poses risks to pollute low-laying areas at times

of heavy rains when the storm water run-off washes large amounts of debris and

sediments down the gully.

The enviromnental assessment, including a stark recommendation by the local

communities, led the conclusion that there is a need to rehabilitate the entire drainage

channel linking the drainage network of Mtambani beyond its ward-boundary with the

Msimbazi River. Once the drainage system in Mtambani is improved a functional

linkage to the Msimbazi River will be established. This major outfall drain runs from

the boundary of Mtambani northwards through a marshy area, then along the

wastewater stabilisation ponds until the railway line. It continues parallel to the West

of the railway line down to Msimbazi River. The entire trunk drain, 1 ,300m long, will

be re-excavated and restored to proper shape and grade. It serves not only Mtambani

ward but also the phase 2 communities Mtakuja, Miembeni and Kombo with a total

catchment area of about 150ha. The proposed design ensures that capacity of the

outfall drains will be restored to its original design capacity and length to prevent

backflow.

Rehabilitation of a main drain and outfall in Chang'ombe

Case 3 Chang'ombe Sub-Ward/ Temeke MunicipalityProblem: Addressing the poor condition of a trunk drain, affecting areas beyond the

sub-ward boundaries.

An existing open trunk drain, (constructed by the Government in 1970) lined with

precast concrete slabs crosses Chang'ombe ward from West to East with an outfall at

Chang'ombe Road near Kibasila Secondary School. The drain is trapezoidal 1.5m

bottom width x 0.75m height average and 1:1 side slopes. It traverses the ward and

continues its way into industrial (godown) compounds.

The godown owners, in an attempt to prevent thieves from entering their property

through the ditch openings, have screened off the ditch entrances at the complex site.

During heavy rains this frequently results in the blockage of the drain passage by

debris and high sediment loads. As a consequence many of the residential areas

adjacent to this blockage are subject to flooding that may last several weeks.

The CIUP will improve the drainage networks in Chang'ombe ward, which in turn

will lead to increased storm-water run-off in the trunk drain. The limited capacity of

this trunk drain in its current condition would result in flooding of adjacent areas



within the catchment of the trunk drain. The design solution includes a comprehensiverehabilitation of the trunk drain and outfall in Chang'ombe to meet environmentalimpact mitigation standards. Rehabilitation will include excavation of soil from theexisting ditch to restore the drain to its original capacity and rehabilitate the ditchlinings as necessary, provide suitable racks to the entrances to the godowns and restoredislodged paving slabs.

3.5.4 Determination of level of environmental appraisal

In consistence with the 'Environmental and Social Management Framework' preparedfor the Local Govemment Support Program LGSP of which CIUP is but onecomponent, all interventions have been subjected to the suggested screening process(refer to Annex 3 and 7). The result of this exercise is that this project falls underCategory 2, meaning that it requires only a preliminary environmental assessment(PEA). The specified requirements for a PEA outlined in the LGSP frameworkindicate that the present CEMP report fulfils all respective exigencies, including theones stipulated in the EIA guidelines of the National Environmental ManagementCouncil and in the World Bank's OP 4.01.

The Consultant's screening concludes the following summary based on the findings ofthe preliminary environmental impact assessment in all sub-wards:- The overall impact of the CIUP is considered as positive and beneficial to both

the bio-physical and the human environment;- Most of the beneficial impacts will be sustained after project completion,

attributing to tangible and incremental environmental improvements (e.g.reduction of health hazards, less air pollution, raised living standards, higheraesthetic values, easier access, promotion of economic prospects, additionaljob opportunities, increased public safety, increased education and awarenessetc.);

- The general positive impacts will outnumber by far the identified negativeimpacts, most of which will be temporary in nature and largely limited to theconstruction period;

- The potential environmental risks and impacts associated with constructionworks have been addressed to the extent possible. It is concluded that, with theexception of unavoidable relocation of a limited number of households (seeRAP document for details) there will be no irreversible negative impact left inthis project as long as the mitigation and monitoring actions proposed in thisCEMP are implemented;

- To meet these ends, a set of mitigation measures are included in the design andtechnical specifications which will oblige the contractors to comply with allrequirements outlined in this CEMP to execute all works in an environmentallysound manner. In addition, specific environmental monitoring activities areembedded in the overall management plan to supervise the compliance of thecontractors;

- To safeguard the efforts undertaken by this project to improve the overallenvironmental conditions in the sub-wards, a monitoring program will be putin place that will mainly involve the communities to play a major role insafeguarding their own living environment;



- In accordance with the ESMF screening procedures' 4 the CIUP is classified asCategory 2 (Category B, in termns of WB standards) meaning that only aPreliminary Environmental Assessment is applicable, which is carried out inthe present document.

3.6 Analysis of the none action alternative

If the CIUP will not be implemented, the existing poor sanitation and the economicand social status of the project areas will continue to deteriorate since the municipalitycannot afford to sponsor the envisaged upgrading works. With the rapid populationgrowth in the project areas coupled with high population density, life would continueto be harsh and difficult to many dwellers. Diseases, crimes and the like wouldcontinue to claim many lives, especially children and disadvantaged groups. Thusimplementing the CIUP will bring improved living standards and environmentalquality in the project area. It is suggested that the "do-nothing" alternative isinappropriate. It is furthermore concluded that the potential benefits of the CIUPinterventions far outweigh the potential adverse impacts, all of which can becontrolled and minimised to an acceptable level.The conclusion is therefore that there is currently and in the near future no obviousaltemative to attain the anticipated benefits associated with this communityinfrastructure upgrading program.

t4 See also Annex 3


Community fnfrastructure Upgrading Program

4 Environmental management and risk mitigation plan

The guiding principle in line with the ESMF is an environmental management strategythat has the following components:- Impact avoidance: changing project location, design and constmiction methods to

avoid impacts;- Impact minirnisation: where impacts cannot be avoided, implementing

mitigation measures to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels;- Compensation: where impacts cannot be avoided or sufficiently mitigated,

arranging compensation in cash and other services for people affected by landacquisition 14; roadside tree planting to replace lost trees;

- Enhancement: measures which at little cost to the project give appreciable socialor developmental benefits, e.g. the filling up of local smaller sized depressionswith fine material to combat mosquito-breeding habitats.

This strategy has been applied to each of the three CIUP project stages - design,construction and post-construction.

To meet these objectives, a set of environmental mitigation measures are proposed forthe various types of CIUP investments which bear relevance to potential impacts andrisks as identified in the previous chapter. The following tables shall therefore beunderstood as "environmental and social mitigation checklist" pertaining to allplanned interventions. The checklist follows the guidelines provided in the ESMF. Thepresented lists were also carefully checked against the mitigation lists provided by theESMF (Annex 2) for completeness and consistency. Whenever further or morecomplex mitigation measures were assessed the table provides additional detail.

The tables indicate the predicted level of impact (duration / magnitude / significance)under the assumption that no mitigation would take place. However, by employing therespective set of mitigation measures for each single risk identified, it is assumed thatthe level of impact would fully or largely be managed and set off. Only in cases wherethe anticipated impact is irreversible, such as impacts associated with land acquisitionand clearing of road reserves, the mitigation measures propose compensation'5 beforeor environmental enhancement after works completion (e.g. rehabilitation of landsused for construction camps and re-planting of trees).

As for the assigned responsibilities for the mitigation measures in each project phase,details are given in section 5 of this document.

4.1 Proposed risk mitigation measures and adjustments related to designand pre-construction phase

In the different upgrading sectors where CIUP will be operating, the mitigationconsiderations as presented in table 4.1 'Mitigation Measures to be Incorporated in theDesign of the 5 Main Sectors for Upgrading the Community Infrastructure' areproposed during the design stage:

15 For compensation packages to project-affected persons who will be dislocated due to projectinterventions, reference is made to the RAP.



Table 4.1 Mitigation measures to be incorporated in the design of the 5 mainsectors for upgrading the community infrastructure

Potential Impact likely Magnitude P Mor Risks l duration ifnot Proposed Mitigation Measures

I ~ _ . mllatedSurvey, Land acquisition and Demolition of AssetsInducement of short- moderate - Preparation of a RAP (separate document)uncertainties and term Timely notification of public, along with NGOsstress among and political groups active in the sub-ward;residents living - Initiate from the beginning the political andalongside of roads regulative mechanisms to address the urgency tounder survey relocate residents living in low-laying flood-

prone areas and to ensure strict control andenforcement against further encroachment ofthese hazardous areas.

Stimulation of new short term FTaudulent - Timely survey and documentation of assets thatconstruction purely are likely to be affected;to obtain - Giving GPS reference to all assets that are to becompensation removed, and provide public notification and

documentation.Roads, drains, long term non rever- - Make road alignments and siting of the envisagedsanitation facilities sible infrastructure in close consultation withand refuse communities;co]lection points - Careful planning where roads pass near featuresaffecting cultural of cultural or religious significance (mosques,heritage churches, cemeteries, gathering places etc.);

- Adjust to avoid any direct impact on such featuresand to give an adequate horizontal clearance toavoid nuisance.

Land acquisition long term non rever- - Preparation of a RAP, addressing possibilities tosible minimize land acquisition that would require

people's displacement;- Follow existing roads rather than creating new

alignments;- Not raising embankment height through some

built-up areas;- Widening one roadside only where feasible;- Consider replanting of removed trees and

landscape enhancement after works completion.Land acquisition long term non rever- - Preparation of a RAP that devises, among others,and house sible timely, fair an full compensation payment todemolition PAPs;

- Resettlement monitoring (see RAP);- Reference is made to the RAP that designs

grievance resolution mechanisms.Demolition of long- term non rever- - Reference is made to the procedures outlined inassets considered sible the RAP, including resettlement monitoring andas safety risks for grievance resolution mechanisms.the newinfrastructureRemoval of trees long term Moderate - Minimize tree cutting to extent necessary;and other - Plan for replacement planting in the immediatelandscape assets neighbourhood;

- Plan for planting trees at one side of RoW.



Potential Impact likely MagnitudePor RisksaImpact duraltion Magif not Proposed Mitigation Measures

or Risks duration miti ated

Disputes over short term to be - Proper execution of all procedures outlined in

resettlement and managed the Resettlement Action Plan, including

compensation scheduled notifications of the public;

isues - Plan for setting up a grievance redresscommitee to settle claims forwarded by PAPs;

- Outline in the Resettlement Action Plan all

settlement procedures and notify public,including timely compensation payment and, asapplicable, allocation of plot.

General Improvemen of the Community Infras ructureLack of support long- term manageable - Raise awareness for the individual's

by communities with responsibilities for environmental and communalsufficient well-being;consulta- - Gaining public cooperation by timelytion efforts consultation and transparency;

- Explore ways to gain public support byunderlining the overall neighbourhood andsocio-economic improvement;

- Encourage community participation to avoid andsettle conflicts of interests with affectedhouseholds;

- Consider the needs of neighbouring sub-wardswho presently will not partake in the CrUP.

Unresolved issues long- term manageable - Careful plan according to needs and priorities

about RoW and with forwarded by the communities;demolition of sufficient - Adhere to strict transparency and timelyproperties consulta- notification of infrastructure / road upgrading to

tion efforts the public;- Ensure effective resettlement programming and

good planning practices (participativeconsultation) to avoid further resettlement;

- Ensure conformity and transparency in valuationand compensation procedures for PAPs.

Increasing or short or moderate to - Incorporate all environmental requirements in

compounding long- term strong if no contractor documents, e.g avoid creation of

existing proper additional impacts on environmental health;

environmental control - Hold fast on good construction practices to

problems avoid construction-related impacts and publicdisturbances;

- Seek technical solutions to minimize or avoidresettlement;

- Prescribe utilization of environmentally soundmaterials;

- Plan and schedule the supervision andmonitoring of agreed standards (indicators)relating to construction works.

Destruction of medium Moderate - Pre-select sites for establishing work camps and

vegetation and term stack yards, and devise criteria to be observed in

other adverse the establishment of camps;impacts at work - Prepare for a pre-contract documentation ofcamps and stack environmental condition of the prospective site,

yard sites including detailed photographs, maps andnatural asset inventory;

- Incorporate provisions for limiting removal ofvegetation and for restoration of the site in itsoriginal (or improved) stage upon completion of

_____________ the contractor's works.



Potential Impact likely Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Masuresor Risks duration mitigated _ __

Social conflicts short- moderate to - Aim at obliging the contractors to employand additional term strong predominantly local community (unskilled)environmental labour to execute all construction works;hazards resulting - Ensure that water supply and sanitation facilitiesfrom job seekers required for labour forces will not exacerbate the

existing shortages and environmental hazards;- Plan for social grievance redress mechanisms

including the community chairmen.UpgradinR tle Road and Drama ae SystemAnticipated short- strong, if not - Investigate possibilities to fill depressions withflooding events in termn addres-sed granular material;parts of the sub- (dependin - Plan for sufficient culverts across drainagewards g on channels;

rainfall) - Devise cleaning scheme for keeping the drainagestructures clear of debris;

- In areas prone to strong flooding, designdrainage ditches on both sides of the road;

- Initiate solution talks with certain structures (e.g.walls of godowns) that block or impede drainageand cause local flooding, and elaborate technicalsolutions or plans for removal as applicable andfeasible;

- Tnvestigate the needs and recommendations ofthe communities to provide sufficient drainpipesagainst water logging, and comply as applicable;

- Investigate planting of vulnerable slopes (e.g.Vingunguti / Mtambani) with fast growinggrasses and hedges that are proven to beeffective in slope erosion control (e.g. Vetiveriaor similar local plants).

Possibility of medium to strong - Give due consideration of the potential floodingincreasing long term consequences in the recipient low-laying areas.flooding events in of adjacent areas, and design technical solutionsareas adjacent to (e.g. additional drainage system) to offset allthe selected sub- potential risks;wards - Prepare specific designs and set aside budget to

address such cases;- Incorporate the identified adjacent areas in the

supervision and monitoring activities of CIUP.Underdeveloped medium to strong - Good planning practice that takes into accountroad-net in long term an integrated approach with neighbouring areas,adjacent sub- especially road and drainage structure links;wards that would - As applicable, consider selected upgrading inmake linkage roads and drainage structures linked toinefficient and neighbouring areas;reduce the benefit - Based on a cost-benefit analysis, prepareof current . specific designs and set aside budget to addressinvestment such cases (such as this is the case in the

rehabilitation of the main access road toVingunguti and Buguruni).

Risks that long-term strong - Plan for sufficient culverts across drainageroadway becomes channels;a watercourse - Provide sufficient sizing of drains, possiblyduring rains and install small check dams to reduce velocity ofcauses erosion water flow;

- Consider drainpipe connections to nearbynatural waterways (river valleys);

- In tertiary drains, stabilize channel banks with



stones where erosion risks are high;- Consider planting shrubs (e.g. Vetiver) on uphill

sides of open ditches to slow down water run-off.

Potential Impact likely MagnitudePotentialsImpact dutiky if not Proposed Mitigation Measuresor Risks duration mitigated _

Potential blockage medium strong, if not - Ensure overflow and culvert openings areof drainage term addres-sed adequately sized and allow to organize easystructures cleaning;

- Consider covering drainage structures in theneighbourhood of refuse collection sites;

- As applicable, incorporate technical measures toprevent theft of cover slabs;

- Devise cleaning scheme for keeping the drainagestructures clear of debris,

-Plan for ublic awareness campaigns.Drainage channels medium strong - Plan for public awareness campaigns;continue to be term - Consider covering drainage where theseused as 'outdoor locations are notoriously used as 'outdoor

latrines' latrines'.Risk of over-use short term strong, if - Planning/ identification of alternative waterof water resources wrongly sources for construction purposes in case of lowfor construction designed groundwater table or drought encountered;

- Plan for continual monitoring grotndwaterlevels.

Air pollution risks long term strong, if - Incorporate technical design features that enableassociated with wrongly continual traffic flux and avoid congestions (e.g.road development designed signboards, speed limits, speed bumpers, busand traffic bays);congestion - Include design measures to prevent blockage of

bus bays and carriageways by street vendors,particularly in the vicinity of local marketplaces.

Air pollution risks long term strong, if - Incorporate technical design features for theassociated with wrongly refuse collection containers that would preventbuming garbage designed burning of garbage;

- Plan for environmental awareness campaign.Developing Sanitation FacilitiesPoor public long term strong if not - Plan for environmental awareness and hygienehygiene, and poor addressed campaign focusing at risks and benefits; focusacceptance of on the poorest and most vulnerable residents;public latrines - Create public awareness about the risks

associated with overflowing latrines andanimals/humans coming in contact with humanwastes;

- Launch a campaign to the public to use hand-washing facilities to be provided with the publiclatrines;

- Explore the integration of pay laundry facilitiesin the public toilet facilities to make it moreattractive and cost-effective; in this option, makeadditional provisions for draining waste waters;

- Create awareness to abolish the practice of openair defecation or using plastic bags fordefecation and deposing them in public areas('flying toilets');

- As interim solution it may be considered toprovide facilities for the poorer people todispose safely of 'flying toilets'.



Potential Impact likely magnitudeor Risks duration if not Proposed Mitigation Measures

_________________ ~ 1mitigated

Poor statis of long term strong, if - Create public awareness about the risksprivate latrines poorly associated with overflowing latrines and

designed animals! humans coming in contact with humanwastes;

- Inform people on various methods to blockpathways of flies and rodents to get access tolatrines (e.g. screens over vent, use coveringlids);

- Ensure that latrines are constructed with asuitable superstructure to prevent entry ofrodents into vault;

- Ensure that soak pits are located in soils intowhich the liquid can percolate withoutimmediately contaminating the groundwater;

- Devise, as funds are available, an assistanceprogram to private households to improve theirfacilities and to adopt technologies to reducegroundwater contamination (cost-effectivesolutions with respect to the numbers ofhouseholds, densities, dimensions, materials,and proper maintenance/emptying process) Theprogram needs to take into account and avoidduplications with the envisaged CWS project tointroduce water supply in these areas *

Interference of short- strong, if - Plan for proper treatment of latrine sludge;sludge with term poorly - Plan for proper sites for sludge disposal;natural resources designed - Plan for trench caves during construction ofand humans latrines;

- Develop contingency plan against contaminationrisks (water, soils, humans) with sludge.

Contamination long- term strong - Ensure proper site selection criteria arerisks for followed, e.g. determine minimum distance ofgroundwater for new sanitation facilities (particularly the publicnewly planned toilets) to shallow wells used by the community;public latrines - As applicable, investigate options to seal nearby

shallow wells and provide affected householdswith reliable drinking water connection;

- Ensure proper siting of facility which excludesinflux of flood water;

- Ensure proper siting of facility where ensure thatlatrines are lined and overflow is prevented.

Improved Waste ManagementOccurrence/litter- to be significant - Based on specific informations and/or siteing of hazardous instantly inspection undertaken by routine EMPwaste material addressed monitoring through CPTsEnvironmental to be significant - Launch an environmental clean-up program atcontamination and instantly community level, indicating also thepoor aesthetics addressed introduction of new Refuse Collection Points;due to - Assist in organizing community-based cleaningIindiscriminate removal of existing illegal refusal dumps andlittering replant areas with fast growing grasses and

hedges;Assist local NGOs in their activities for a cleanerenvironment;

- Plan for specific RCPs at local market sites andnear schools, and link awareness campaigns withthose sites (e.g. signboards, special events etc.)


Community Infrastrmcture Upgrading Program

Potential Impact likely magnitudeor Risks duration if not Proposed Mitigation Measures

mitigatedPeople fail to use long- term medium if - Plan for a reliable and affordable primarythe newly introdu- not addres- collection system;ced RCP system sed - Plan for environmental awareness for proper

waste disposal and discourage off-site burning ofgarbage;

- Conduct hygiene campaign to alert peopleagainst the risks of disposing 'flying toilets' inthe environment or dump sites;

- Public awareness campaigns, starting at marketlocations and schools focusing on

- promote public education on consumer/ buyingpractices to minimize production of garbage.

Molestation and long- term strong, if - Investigate the needs and recommendations ofimpacts resulting wrongly the communities for selecting appropriatefrom poor site designed locations for refuse collection points (RCPs),selection of the taking into account degree of molestation, slope,RCPs, e.g. visual soil property and collection access;and odour - Select sites in correlation to prevailing windmolestation direction, i.e. place RCPs at leeward sites of

sensitive plots like schools, kindergartens,hospitals, churches & mosques, gathering areas;

- Plan for an even distribution and number ofRCPs within the sub-wards, observing meanwalking distances.

Molestation and long- term strong, if - Incorporate technical design features (likeimpacts resulting wrongly screens, trenches, closing lids etc) for the refusefrom animals designed collection containers that would prevent animalgrubbing through contacting and spilling of waste;dumpsites - Plan for regular pest controls at RCPs.General health long- term strong, if - Incorporate technical design features for thehazards and wrongly refuse collection containers that would preventcontamination designed contacts or spill of waste in the environment;

- Plan for environmental and hygiene campaign.Installing an Appro priate Street LightingUnreliable and long- term extend - Notify the public about the program and alertunsafe electric unknown against dangers of illegal wiring practices;wiring - Include specific topics in the ongoing public

awareness campaigns, such as consumerpractices to minimize waste of electric energy;

- Prepare an awareness campaign for theindividual's responsibilities for security andcommunal well-being;

- Devise an action program to remove the existingillegal connection to the public electricity net.

Address priority long- term signif-y-cant - Careful spatial planning for street lighting toareas where street focus on prime areas (e.g. trunk access roads,lighting affects schools, access to dispensaries, religious sites,public safety markets and temporary waste collection sites);

- Avoid construction of poles and power lining inflood-prone areas;

- Assist private services to ensure properplanning, operation, maintenance and efficient(standardized) revenue collection;

- good planning practices, e.g. to avoid accident.__ __ risks and hazards related to inappropriate wiring.



4.2 Proposed risk mitigation measures relating to the construction phase

The three main environmental management tools relating to this project stage are- Inclusion of the mitigation measures discussed hereunder in the

contracts for the contractors (see environmental clauses elaborated inAnnex 4);

- Training of the TSTs to effectively assist in the compliance monitoringof the contractor's activities;

- Control of the contractors' operations through application of the contractprovisions (compliance monitoring and enforcement).

See table 4.2 'Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase of CIUP'

Table 4.2 Miti ation measures durin construction hase of CIUPlikely magnitude

Type of Risk duration igat Proposed Mitigation Measuresmitigated

Hazards and Nuisances for the Public, related to Construction WorksEstablishment of short-term minimal - Notify public in due time about theconstruction establishment of work camps, equipmentsupplementary storage, workshops, stack yards, asphaltstructures production, equipments in use, and associated

anticipated impediment and hardships for thepublic;

- Address malpractices related to theft ofconstruction material (incl. fuels).

Public disturbance few restricted to - Prior notification to the residentsby construction months vicinity of - Insert speed bumpers to minimize impact time;works - restricted work sites - Install and safely secure warning and road signsaccess or traffic to warn approaching pedestrian, traffic and thedisruption general public of the on-going construction

works;- Regular monitor warning signs status.

Public disturbance few weeks restricted to - Choose appropriate construction equipment toby construction neighbourho suit the area-e.g. avoid heavy constructionworks - elevated od of work trucks and caterpillars;noise levels sites - Employ and encourage good work practice;

- Avoid noisy night time works, observe generalnight rest hours for works.

Public disturbance few locally - Minimize by proper choice of plant andby construction months confined machinery (i.e. fitted with noise and dustworks - local air silencers or reducers);pollution and dust - Incorporate in the Technical Specifications

special conditions for siting, and operatingmachinery; application of filters for asphaltmixing plant;

- Oblige & ensure that contractors advise or notifylocal households on dust, noise, vibration andother dangers;

- Apply periodic water sprinkling to subdueexcessive dust clouds;

- Employ and encourage good work practice.Temporary water short- moderate - Insert additional (temporary) drainage structureslogging term to cope with excessive storm water run-off



likely magnitudeType of Risk duration if not Proposed Mitigation Measures

__________________m itigatedTemporary soil short-term moderate - Execute only limited earthworks during rainyerosion or season;excessive - At stack yards, ensure proper storage of finedeposition of fine materials to prevent exposure to run-off waters;materials - Include precaution measures in the contract that

will specifying removal and relocation of topsoil;

- Ensure instantaneous compacting of finematerial deposited at construction site;

- Provide technical specifications which detail thetreatment and protection of excavated areasprone to flood or exposure and erosion, e.g. useof gabions or geo-mattresses.

Public disturbance few weeks locally - Avoid heavy equipment as applicable;by construction confined - Notify affected households in advance;works - vibrations - Confine works causing vibrations to few day

hours only.Safety issues due few restricted to - Provide sufficient signboards and warning signs;to construction months neighborhoo - Provide efficient means of traffic bypass;works - accident d of work - Employ specific safety measures at footpathrisks, especially sites crossings and near schools/kindergartens;among children - Exclude the public from direct access to the

immediate construction/working face;- Employ and encourage good work practice;- Ensure public notice program will be followed

up in local education institutions.Application of few Minimal - Avoidance the use of hazardous constructionhazardous months material, as applicable;materials - As for bitumen, proper siting, fencing and

guarding of asphalt mix plant to prevent publiccontact and misuses;

- Ensure strict absence of public during asphaltspraying.

Misuse and theft few moderate - Proper siting, fencing and guarding of materialsof hazardous months storage, including material stockyards, tomaterials prevent public contact and misuses;

- Special security precautions for storage/ &lockage of fuels and work-related chemicals(e.g. acids, paints, lubricants etc.);

- Employ and encourage good work practice.

Impacts on Natural Resources - Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Risks

Pollution of short- Minimal - Conduct drainage works during dry season, andgroundwater by termed if stop during heavy rains;elevated at all - Apply elevated caution against spillage ofsedimentation wastewater and sandy material in close vicinity

of wells or in areas where groundwater table ishigh;

- Provide adequate drain slopes to minimizesiltation;

- Continual removal of spoil soil from actual worksites for roads and drains.



likely magnitudeType of Risk duration mitnted Proposed Mitigation Measures

Pollition of few strong - Proper siting, fencing and guarding of materialsground- andlor months without storage, including material stockyards, tosurface water by proper prevent public contact and misuses;hazardous control - Flood-proof siting and technical solutionsmaterials and (waterproof tanks) of material storage;chemicals - Restrict amount of stored hazardous materials

and chemicals, especially fuel) to short-termexigencies only;

- Ensure special security precautions for storage/& lockage of fuels and work-related chemicals(e.g. acids, paints, lubricants etc.);

- Employ and encourage good work practice.Groundwater throughou strong - Identify sources (e.g. labourers, work camps,pollution by t without households, individuals) of illegal discharge ofdischarge of constructi proper sewage into drainage channels or in open spaces;sewage on phase control - Proper design and site selection for public

latrines (as applicable) to eliminate /minimizerisks for ground- and surface water pollution;

- Ensure proper channels of reporting andenforcement against violators.

Groundwater from strong - Proper design solutions to ensure that soils andpollution by project without water resources do not become contaminated;inappropriate start to proper - Design solutions that ensure that no animalssiting and operation control (rodents, birds, goats etc) find access to thetechnical design phase garbage and could propagate it;solution for waste - Design solutions that ensure that people cannotdump and get in contact with the disposed material.collection sitesLowering of during dry strong - Limit use of groundwater for construction worksgroundwater table season without (cement mixing, water sprinkling);by water proper - Regular monitor vegetation status around waterextraction control extraction sites;

- Work in close consultation with the CWS tomonitor groundwater levels at sites of regularextraction, and follow CWS' instructions forsite-specific regulations.

Blockage of rainy strong - Identify sources of blockage (households,drainage season without individuals) disposing (illegally) domesticstructures with proper wastes into drainage channels;domestic waste control - Ensure proper channels of reporting and

enforcement against violators.Erosion and at moderate to - Apply special caution in excavations at slopes;deterioration of completio strong - Provide adequate drain at slopes;soils after n of without - Limit clearance of (soil-stabilizing) vegetation tocompletion of constructi proper the minimum necessary;works, due to poor on works control - Initiate turfing/grassing in erosion-prone soilsland restoration that were affected by construction works;

- Ensure work-site clearance as stipulated in theprior agreement with the TST, aiming at properremoval of camp and storage sites andrestoration of land to a status as determined inthe Technical Specifications for the Contractor.



likely magnitude1likely if notType of Risk duration mittd Proposed Mitigation Measures

Impacts on Natural Resources - SoilsDeterioration of me-dium moderate to - In flood-prone areas, set road level aboveroads by flood term strong expected flood level (10 years risk);overtopping, without - Tackle road formation through capillarity by useresulting in proper of clayey/sandy material, well compacting anderosion control turfing embankments;

- Provide sufficient cross-drainage structures andprotect them (lining) against scour.

Potential Impacts on Utilities and I,nfrastructureDisruption of few days locally - The contractor must devise a contingency plancommunal water confined, to cope with accidental cutting of water pipes;supply minimal - Facilitate access to water vendors to all

households in the construction area;- Provide special assistance to vulnerable

households, as set forth by the communitychairman and/or the TST.

Disruption of few days locally - The contractor must devise a contingency incommunal confined, case of accidental cutting of power supply lines;electricity supply minima] - Provide special assistance to vulnerable

households, as set forth by the communitychairnan and/or the TST.

Interference with incidental, incidental - Observation of cultural / religious events withincultural life for and minimal the neighbourhood;

day(s) - Notification of the public;- Close consultation of the contractor with the

Community Chairman.Note*): The extent and magnitude of any identified impact depends entirely on the effectiveness ofimmediate steps undertaken as prescribed in the Technical Specifications for the Contractors, and asoutlined in the monitoring activilies in this CEMP

4.3 Proposed mitigation measures relating to the operation phase

The main environmental mitigation and management activities in the post-constructionphase relate to:- Institutional development to enable local authorities, TSTs and communities to

perform environmental monitoring and supervision tasks;- Maintenance works for infrastructures (roads, drainage, latrines, refuse

collection system, street lights);- Filling of small depressions to abate mosquito-breeding habitats;- Roadside development control;- Community-based environmental monitoring program;- Public awareness program;- Public hygiene education;- CIUP effects monitoring.

It is likely that the environmental monitoring will identify additional mitigationmeasures during the execution of the program as and when new environmental issuesarise and need to be addressed. Among those are measures involving the communitieslike (refer to chapter 7):



- Filling up of local smaller sized depressions with fine material to reducemosquito-breeding habitats. The community will mobilize its members toexecute the fill-up operations by manual work as part of the environmentalawareness campaign;

- Community-based planting actions with selected trees and bushes may also beforeseen to stabilize vulnerable soils at slopes and gullies which frequently areaffected by storm waters run-off and cause downstream sedimentation andblockage of drains. Other program options may include roadside tree plantingand enrichment planting in open spaces and around solid waste transferstations and public toilets, and on abandoned work sites and cleared garbagedumps;

- Community mobilisation to assist in removing illegal dumpsites.

Although it is not directly linked with the CIUP interventions, the environmentalmonitoring will also take into due account of any occurrence of hazardous wastematerial that is improperly disposed. This refers particularly to medical wasteoriginating from nearby health-care facilities. The on-going as well as the proposedawareness and training programs in this EMP relate to the National Health-Care WasteManagement Plan prepared for the Min. of Health in 2003. The plan'srecommendations will be followed, specifically all steps necessary for appropriatereporting to the municipal health officers through the CPTs and community leaders toinitiate adequate treatment and prevention measures.

Table 43 Environmental and social risk mitigation measures during theoperation phase of CIUP

likely magnitudelikely ifnotType ot Risk duration mitigated Proposed Mitigation Measures

Socio-Economic DevelopmentRise of prices for long- term indicative - Monitor residual impacts on the poorest members in theland, rental and incre- for common community;facilities and mental prosperity - Identify links with charity programs to address assistancecommodities to particularly poor and vulnerable;

- Identify resettlement and welfare options for suchpersons people.

Percentage of very medium indicative - Conduct special surveys (linked to census) to find outpoor and term for lfkely social imbalances, particularly referring to peripheral anddisadvantaged imbalances vulnerable households in the sub- wards;persons - Explore appropriate mitigation measures, such as charity

assistance, food and medical supplies.Issues related to Encroachment into Right of WayIncreased long term strong - For an enduring demarcation of RoW consider plantingencroachment into of trees, at least on one side (opposite to the side lines byROW by street electric poles) but preferably both sides with suitablevendors and local species. Species selected should be endemic and notresidents who growing too large. Between electric poles, suitable shrubswant to expand and/or hedges could be planted;their property - Engage local community work in the tree planting;

- Include campaign against encroachment of RoW in thepublic awareness program.



likely m magnitude

Type of Risk duration if not Proposed Mitigation Measuresmitigated

Issues related to Traffic DevelopmentIncreased road long termn moderate - Include awareness topics in the environmental campaignsaccidents compared to to address traffic accident risks, particularly for children;

areas outside - Strengthen campaigns at schools.the sub-wards

Increased air and long term moderate - Investigate measures to mitigate traffic congestion fornoise pollution in example by speed controls and provision of additionalin areas which bays for mini-buses, especially at market places;remain or become - Exert control over street vendors blocking thetraffic-congested _ carriageways.Issues related to Drainage and Sanitation InfrastructureBlockage of short term moderate to - Conduct public education campaign to raise awareness ofdrainage strong health risks of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste,structures with particularly in drains;debris and garbage - Mobilize community assistance in regular check and

clearing operations;- Assist private services to ensure proper operating and

maintaining the newly constructed drainage facilities;- Promote public awareness program, alerting the residents

on environmental hazards by various malpractices thatlead to the malfunction of the new drainage structures;

- Promote recovery of useable solid wastes, e.g. plastics.Groundwater permanent strong - Identitfy sources (e.g. small enterprises, households,pollution by without individuals) of illegal discharge of waste into drainagedischarge of proper channels or in open spaces;sewage, control - Check leakage in public and private latrines to containand ground- and surface water pollution;public health risks - Ensure proper channels of reporting and enforcementfrom against violators;contaminated - Ensure appointment of supervisors/monitors of publicwaters and latrine latrines who take care of the overall cleanliness anddischarges function of the facilities.Issues related lo Cleanliness and Waste Disposal

Public toilets and short term mnoderate - Improve maintenance program;refuse collection - Intensify monitoring program;points unclean - Apply on-site education to users.indiscriminate short term moderate - Increase public education efforts, possibly by linkinglittering in the stronger to NGOs;open space and - Assist private services to ensure proper planning,drains persists operation, maintenance and efficient (standardized)

revenue collection;- Consider adequate enforcement policies, both relating to

littering and burning garbage.

Molestation (air, short term moderate - Undertake regular pest control measures against majorsmoke, pests) in garbage scavengers (rodents, craws, cats, dogs);the surroundings - Advise and compel local goat owners to keep theirof RCPs animals off refuse collection sides.

Issues related to Street LightingStreet lights not short term moderate - Continual monitoring of conditions of street lightingfunctioning well, (poles, connections and wiring) to contain accident risksand illegal wiring and to control malpractices aiming at illegal connections;

- Consider increase of enforcement practices.



5 Institutional arrangements and responsibilities forimplementing the community environmental management plan

Enviromnental monitoring is an essential tool for environmental management as itprovides the basic information for rational management decisions. The prime objectivesof environmental monitoring are:

- To check whether mitigation and enhancement measures are actually beingadopted, and are proving effective in practice;

- To provide a means whereby impacts which were uncertain at the time ofpreparation of the CEMP, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, andsteps taken to adopt appropriate corrective measures;

- To improve the approach for similar community upgrading programs, i.e. toprovide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and theeffectiveness on mitigation and enhancement measures used in the CIUP, inorder to improve the planning and execution of similar projects in the future.

Two methodological approaches are pursued to monitor the environmental implications:- Compliance monitoring, which checks whether the actions proposed by the

CEMP have been carried out, usually by visual observation and the use ofchecklists;

- Effects monitoring, which records the consequences of program activities on thebiophysical and social environment; as applicable, these effects are repeatedlymeasured by applying selected indicators.

5.1 Institutional and management arrangements

The institutional framework for the CIUP is described and discussed in the CIUPStage 2 project preparation report Volume II: 'Institutional and ManagementArrangements'. This section put the focus on specific roles and responsibilities forenvironmental management and monitoring.

5.1.1 Approach

The environmental management and monitoring program involves the communitiesdirectly in three ways:- During the planning phase, the communities will partake in discussing and

evaluating the proposed set of possible and feasible mitigating measures.- During implementation (construction) phase, the communities will play a part

in closely monitoring the execution of works with respect to environmentalaspects; they will assist in the verification the compliances of the contractorswith their obligations; they will also alert on any environmental hazardincident in junction with the ongoing program activities.

- During the operation and maintenance phase, the communities will carry outthe overall environmental monitoring activities in their sub-ward; the programforesees to train the communities in identifying environmental issues and topass on their observations and concems that will be followed up by themunicipal authorities.



The most important organizational entities to implement the CEMP are the TechnicalSupport Teams (TST) at the municipal council level and the Community PlanningTeams (CPT) at the Sub-Ward level.

The approach is to assign the TST the responsibility for program management at themunicipal level. The TST will initiate, coordinate and monitor all required actions.The relevant municipal departments will have to provide the necessary expertise andthe TST will coordinate the various expert inputs and timing. Implementation of theenvironmental management and monitoring plan (and the resettlement action plan) isthe responsibility of the planning and coordination department. This department(environmental section) will also take the lead in implementing the environmentalawareness and education campaign and the community development program in closecooperation with the health department.

Community outreach and communication will require continuous attention throughoutthe implementation and post-construction period. The approach will be to use the CPTsub-committee, headed by the sub-ward chairman, for direct communication betweenthe community and the municipality. The ward community development officers willsupport the CPT sub-committees. The CPT sub-committee will disseminateinformation among residents and will inform the ward executive officer and themunicipality about (environmental) concerns of the community. The TST willfunction as a help-desk for the communities, and will provide support as needed.

All municipal departments and the wards and sub-wards report to the TST aboutprogress of CIUP implementation, including environmental aspects. The TSTs willconsolidate the reports into one municipal progress report and submit this to the DCC.The DCC CIUP coordinator will consolidate progress reports from the three municipalTSTs and submit the consolidated C1IP reports to PO-RALG.

Construction supervision is the responsibility of the works department. The CPT sub-committees will be used to assist in monitoring the performance of contractors and inmonitoring compliance with environmental management measures. The CPT sub-committees will conduct field inspections on behalf of the municipality in the sub-wards. However, the final responsibility to supervise the quality of the constructionworks and environmental measures rests with the municipality.

Operation and maintenance will be outsourced to private enterprise. The worksdepartment at the municipal council level is responsible for supervision of the civilworks maintenance contracts, the waste departments for supervision of solid wasteoperation contracts. The communities (sub-ward level) will be involved in(environmental) monitoring and reporting to the municipal council about theperfornance of the contractors. The communities, supported by the TST, will functionas the eyes and ears of the municipal council. The community planning team sub-committee will make regular field inspection reports and will report any infrastructuredamage or poor performance of contractors to the municipal council. The CPT willalso monitor and report on the environmental conditions and general cleanliness in thesub-ward. The ward executive officer will coordinate the monitoring activities and willconsolidate the field inspection reports.



The TST will report to the relevant municipal organs about the findings of the fieldinspections and will monitor follow-up actions to remedy problems identified. TheTST will thus continue to play an important role in the post-construction phase in thefield of horizontal coordination at the municipal council level and verticalcommunication and coordination between the communities and the municipal council.

5.1.2 Roles and responsibilities

Based on the approach as outlined in the previous section the roles and responsibilitiesof the relevant govemment institutions can be summarized as follows:

Municipal council levelThe municipal planning and coordination departments are, among others, responsiblefor environmental management. With respect to the CIUP these responsibilitiesinclude:- Preparation of an environmental household census;- Implementation of the Environmental Management Plan;- Environmental monitoring and reporting;- Implementation of an environmental awareness campaign and education

program on public hygiene.

In the case of medical waste becoming a local issue to be resolved, the authority willmake arrangements with the Ministry of Health to implement the National MedicalWaste Management Plan.

The Technical Support Team (TST) under the head of the planning and coordinationdepartment is responsible for program management and coordination of the CIUP,especially:- Vertical coordination of activities between the Municipal Council and DCC on

one hand and the wards on the other hand;- Horizontal coordination of activities of other municipal departments active in

the CIJP;- Coordination of activities of municipal organs and utility companies;- Programming / scheduling of yearly investment programs and financing plans;- Progress monitoring and reporting on non-physical project components

(institutional development; public education and awareness campaigns,community participation, CBO/ NGO involvement, etc);

- Compilation of progress reports received from other municipal departmentsinto consolidated progress reports (physical works, finance, revenue collection,operation and maintenance, resettlement, environmental management, etc);

- Technical support to the wards and sub-wards in general and the CPT sub-committees in particular, including support for environmental monitoring.

Ward levelThe Ward Executive Officer, supported by the TST, is among others responsible for:

- Coordination and monitoring of CIUP activities within the Ward;- Community outreach and sensitisation within the ward;- Formnulation of proposals (to the municipal council) for making bylaws

necessary for CIUP implementation;- Environmental management and monitoring at the ward level;- Monitoring of performance of contractors within the ward.


Community Infrastrututre Upgrading Program

Sub-Ward levelThe community planning team (CPT) sub-committee, headed by the sub-wardchairman is responsible for:

- Coordination and monitoring of CIUP activities within the sub-ward;- Formulation of proposals (to the ward development committee) for making

bylaws necessary for CIUP implementation;- Through conducting of regular inspections and submission of inspection

reports with specific reference on;o Sensitisation of the community for healthier environmental

surroundings and common efforts to work for a better environment;o Monitoring the progress of the programs for the public for enhancing

awareness on hygiene, health and environmental matters;o Monitoring of the environmental conditions and general cleanliness in

the sub-ward;o Monitoring of environmental issues linked with the construction and

maintenance of the new CIUP infrastructure;o Monitoring of the solid waste collection practices adopted in line with

the awareness program in the sub-ward;o Monitor the effectiveness and environmental implications of the

operation of existing and newly constructed (CWS) water kiosks.

5.1.3 Possible roles of NGOs/CBOs

The majority of the CBOs and NGOs currently operating in the CIUP areas havelimited potential to intervene in infrastructure upgrading projects. A number of CBOs/NGOs have been actively involved in the CIUP planning stage by participating in theCommunity Planning Teams (CPTs). However, many of the CBOs and NGOs are onlyinvolved in HIV/AIDS counselling, advocacy, and awareness creation. Most CBOs/NGOs are highly dependent on donor support for their operations and do not exist inall sub-wards. They are also not equally active in the sub-wards in which they operate.

In previous projects in Dar es Salaam CBOs and NGOs have sometimes playedimportant roles in planning, implementation and operation and maintenance ofcommunity infrastructure. However, from past experience, it has been noted thatCBOs/ NGOs play an important role where local authorities are weak, but tend tocreate parallel structures where local authorities are able to perform and deliver. Oneof the major objectives of CIUP is to strengthen the local governments' ability todeliver and maintain community infrastructure and services. Hence, the role of NGOsand CBOs in CIUP will be limited to supporting roles and functions of the municipalgovernment.

The role of CBOs and NGOs in the CIUP will be limited to support and assistancewith community capacity building, environmental monitoring, raising publicawareness and infornation and education campaigns in the field of health, sanitationand the environment. Local CBOs/ NGOs that have potential to play such roles inproject implementation and post-construction periods have been identified (refer toVolume II, 'Institutional and Management Arrangements'). The specific roles ofCBOs/ NGOs are further discussed in chapter 8.



Table 5-1: Summary of the environmental mitigation plan for CIUP

Project Mitigation Responsible Monitoring Time CostActivity Measures Implemen- Responsi- Horizon Us s

ting Agency bilty US$_____

I Environmen Planning NEMC, Urban at planning Included innvestment -tal teams TST Planning Com- stage projectin screening Imittee at MCInfrastructur Public TST, CPT, Urban Planing Throughout Included ine sub- consultation ClUP &Env. Commit- project projectprojects sensitisation Coordin- tee, MC cycle

ator, MCPlanning Prepare Consultant, As above, plus After Included inand design RAP TST PCU at screening project

PO RALG resultsEnvironment Consultant, Urban Planing at planning Included inal checklists qualified &Env. Commit- stage project

members tee, MCConduct EIA Planning Urban Planing at planning Included in

team, &Env. Commit- stage projectconsultant tee, MC

Construction Environment District Urban Planing at planning Included instage al guidelines Executive &Env. Commit- stage, technical

for Director tee, Planning & ongoing specific. ofcontractors coord dept. of MC contracts

Operation Environment TSTs, CPTs Urban Planingand Mainte- al safeguard And Ward &Env. Commit- ongoing 81,000nance monitoring ExecuteOffi- tee, Planning &

and ce, MD, coord dept. ofadequate CIUP coor- MC, NEMCresponses dinatorEnv, Contracted Urban PlaningManagemt. Supervision &Env. Commit- ongoing 156,600advisory Consultant tee, Planning &service + coord dept. ofHH survey MC, NEMCAwareness CIUP Urban Planingprogram coordinator, &Env. Commit- ongoing 72,900

CPTs, NGO tee, MCRegular Sub-project Urban Planing ongoing Included inmaintenanc implementer &Env. Commit- projecte of sub- , through tee, Planning &projects, incl appropriate. coord dept. ofmedical committees, MC, NEMCwaste mgmt NGOs

Capacity Train the Contracted Urban Planing Two times Included inBuilding trainers at Supervision &Env. Commit- during budget

sub-ward- Consultant, tee, Planning & project above, forlevel TST, NGO coord dept. of implement Env. Mgmt.

MC, NEMC ation Advisor_ _ ~~~~~~~~~phase

TOTAL USS) 310,500



5.2 Environmental monitoring activities during different program phases

5.2.1 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during pre-construction phase

With regard to the environmental aspects the TST will be assisted by consultants toundertake the technical design for CIUP phase II in close collaboration with the CPTsas representatives of the communities in the respective sub-wards. The consultant willmake all efforts to comply and confer with:- The relevant policy and legal framework (see Annex l);- The institutional framework;- Lessons learned from similar community upgrading programs;- Enable the TSTs to communicate environmental requirements to the

communities;- The communities to identify their concerns and priorities.

During the design phase, the environmental engineer of the design consultant bears anumber of responsibilities such as: Identification of the key environmental issues,impact screening, identification of mitigation measures, verification of indicators,assertion of institutional linkage, identification of training needs, elaboration of theenvironmental monitoring work plan and related costing. He will elaborate the overallenvironmental management plan incorporating feedback information from the TSTs,engineers and other consultants. He will give recommendations for the technicalspecifications and environmental clauses to be incorporated in the bid documents andthe contractor's contracts.

The results of the above consultations and analytic processes in CIUP phase II aresimilar to those presented in this CEMP for CIUP phase I. They will become subject toreview by the local authorities in line with the legislative requirements (e.g. the currentEIA guidelines promoted by the NEMC).

The approval, including endorsement of the recommended actions and/ormodifications will also lay in the hands of the national and municipal councils. Theward development committees and the sub-ward committees will equally have to givetheir approval of the recommended environmental action plan.

The specific monitoring tasks and responsibilities during the pre-construction phaseare summarized in Table 5.1 'Summary of environmental monitoring activities andresponsibilities during the different phases of CIUP' below.

5.2.2 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during construction phase

It is anticipated that a consultant will be contracted for the supervision and monitoringof all construction activities on behalf of the municipal works department, includingthe monitoring of environmental aspects (refer to Volume II, 'Institutional andManagement Arrangements').

The construction supervision consultant will play the lead role for all environmentalmonitoring activities. Ile will be responsible for ensuring the compliance with all



environmental safeguard requirements incorporated in the construction contracts (referto Annex 4).

The construction supervision consultant will draw in to the maximum extent possiblethe CPT sub-committees in the day-to-day monitoring activities. In case of conflictsand violation of compliance requirements the construction supervision consultant, withthe assistance of the sub-ward chairman and other local authorities, will try to settledisputes and urge the contractors or violators to comply with the regulations. If hismitigation efforts fail the municipal work department will set out rules and proceduresto enforce compliance.

The specific monitoring tasks and responsibilities during this project phase aresummarized in Table 5. 1, below.

5.2.3 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during post-construction

In this phase the community-based environmental monitoring will play the mostsignificant role. Besides, the communities will also become involved in the survey andanalysis of the overall environmental effectiveness of the CEMP, as described insection 5.3.

Keeping in mind that the monitoring tasks for the community shall not entailsophisticated and complex methods of inspection and verification, the CEMP proposesrather a simple monitoring plan relaying on routine day-to day checks and astraightforward reporting system.

The CPT sub-committees will be entrusted with the task of monitoring and reportingabout the quality environment in the sub-ward during the post-construction period.The TST will give practical instructions and support with respect to monitoringdetails, conflict resolution mechanisms and reporting procedures.

The environmental monitoring tasks to be carried out by the CPT sub-committee shallinclude, but not be limited to the following activities:

- In case of heavy rains, check and identify magnitude of flooding and effects onproperties;

- Check and alert on functionality of infrastructures, particularly proper functioningand clearance of drainage canals, drainage slope degradation, damage to slopeprotection lining, culverts and pipes;

- Regular checks of the solid waste transfer stations, ensuring functioning asdesigned (cover, floor, enclosure, access, cleanliness of direct surroundings);

- Check if the current practise of indiscriminate dumping and burning of solid wasteis continuing and, as applicable, try to gain confidence and acceptance of violatorsto adopt the new waste management system. In case of unwillingness forcooperation, signal enforcement alternatives and report to TST to enforce adoptedstandards;

- Check and report if animals (rodents, birds, goats, cats, dogs) have access togarbage dumpsites; alert goat owners;

- Give ad-hoc instructions to residents who violate common hygiene standards, forexample in cases of open clearing of latrines, open defecation, disposal of 'flying



toilets', deliberate cut of vegetation, spill of liquid wastes, mechanical repairs overunprotected ground causing soil contamination etc.;Check functioning and cleanliness of public toilet facilities, and reportmaintenance requirements;Check if residents comply with their responsibility to clean street and drains infront of their own premises. Promote awareness and compliance with communalduties;Check occurrence, extent and duration of stagnant waters in depressions, andstimulate local residents to fill up these depressions;Check if newly planted trees alongside roads are properly watered and maintained.Execute basic maintenance;Keep records of the schedule (number of man-days) for routine checks in the sub-ward, and document observations and actions taken as follow up.

5.2.4 Summary of environmental monitoring tasks and responsibilities

Table 5.1 Summary of environmental monitoring activities and responsibilitiesdurinn the different phases of CIUP

Monitoring Tasks / Phase Responsibilities Duration

Design PhaseCommunity consultation and socio-economic TST /D esign Consultant 4- Throughoutsurvey to assess baseline conditions Resettlement and CIUP phase 11

Environmental Experts preParatiOnPreliminary Impact Analysis, Design screening for Environmental Engineer of Followingpotential impacts and risks to develop specific sets Design Consultant work plan forof mitigation and management measures to be CIUP phase 11discussed with communities, as applicable, and be preparationincorporated in the design. Planning forinstitutional linkage, identification of capacitybuilding needs and devising of an environmentalmonitoring plan comriled in the CEMP.Submission of the CEMP for approval by line TST At agreed dateagencies dealing with clearance procedures forEnvironmental Assessment Reports.

Construction PhaseSupervision of the Contractor's works and Works department/ Continual,compliance with environmental clauses Environmental staff of during

supervision consultant constructionEnvironmental FIH survey piggybacked to the Planning and coordination One survey atsocio-economic census at initial stage of department/ consultant, in start of Phaseconstruction works ("Start Reference Status" to close collaboration with CPTs 11 preparationverify/modify key issues and community concerns (2005)described in this CEMP.Day-to-day environmental inspections and CPTs under guidance of TST, Fixed scheduleappropriate reporting to initiate responses as applicable, contact health

officer of municipalitXInitial Monitoring of the effectiveness and impacts CPTs under guidance of TST, Fixed sche-of the public awareness campaign and in possible collaboration dule, once in

with local NGOs Year 2005Post-Construction PhaseDay-to-day environmental inspections CPTs under guidance of TST Fixed scheduleEnvironmental HH survey piggybacked to the Planning and coordination One survey insocio-economic census in the post-construction department/ consultant, in the year 2008stage to monitor the overall environmental close collaboration with CPTseffectiveness of the project _



5.3 Ensuring the environmental effectiveness of the CEMP

These activities relate basically to the evaluation of the effectiveness of theenvironmental management and mitigation measures proposed in this CEMP fordifferent project phases.

The objectives for these specific monitoring exercises are to determine:- The degree of beneficial or negative impacts as predicted in the planning

documents;- The benefits of the CIUP for the community, in relation to the respective

rankings of their environmental concerns;- The overall environmental impact of the execution of construction works;- The overall environmental status in relation to the CIUP investments;- The specific environmental situation in areas pre-defined as hazardous (e.g.

flood-prone areas, areas with vulnerable soils and slopes, illegal dumpsitesetc.);

- The health situation, both at household and communal level;- The acceptance of the local residents to participate in the community actions

(e.g. clean-up operations in drains, waste collection, tree planting and wateringactivities);

- The impacts of the environmental awareness and hygiene campaigns.

The activities for the environmental effectiveness monitoring include, but are notlimited to:- Review of project documentation with respect to environmental implications;- Review the environmental compliance sheets and progress reports made by the

supervision consultant;- Review of field documentation of the CPTs;- Monitor the capacities developed among the CPTs;- Ensure appropriate and instant flow of information to responsible officers in

the municipality in case the monitors encounter specific environmental hazards(e.g. medical waste littering);

- Discussions with key stakeholders (including municipality);- Collection of field observations/ incidents of technical status (repair and

maintenance needs, defects) of newly constructed or rehabilitatedinfrastructure;

- Analysis of functionality and effectiveness of infrastructure upgradinginvestment;

- Screening environmental conditions using verifiable indicators (see below);- Public health analyses;- Findings of the environmental household surveys"6.

The findings from the environmental household survey piggybacked to the socio-economic census will be the major analytic tool to verify the overall environmentalimpact of the CIUP, both in the fields of natural and socio-economic environment. Itwill allow to draw verifiable conclusions on how effective thc program is with respectto the degree of socio-economic progress, the degree of satisfaction of thecommunities, and how much they benefit from the public education program.

16 see Annex 5



Verifiable indicators to identify the environmental effectiveness of the CEMP.

Paradigmatic indicators to be applied in the proposed effectiveness monitoring shouldbe non-sophisticated/ simple to verify in the field by local trained staff, and easy tocommunicate and report. The final identification of suitable indicators will be subjectto the training activities proposed in section 6. Indicators to be verified include:- Area extent of hazardous zones (demarcation of boundaries, area calculation);- Number of households being affected per xx period by environmental hazards

(flood, erosion, air pollution, security issues);- Extent of functional drainage structures and upgraded roads (type of

functionality, area, percentage);- Functionality/ acceptance of public toilets (operating days, revenues collected,

maintenance schedule);- Functionality/ acceptance of solid waste transfer stations (coverage,

interference with animals, amount of littering in the vicinity);- Number and types of newly constructed private sanitation facilities;- Number of trees/ bushes planted;- Number of patients admitted in local health facilities (malaria, cholera,

diarrhoea, respiratory ailments, road accidents within the sub-ward);- Number of illegal electric wiring detected;- Number of non-compliance reports from supervision consultant (types of non-

compliance, duration, repercussion for natural and socio-economicenvironment);

- Number of night crimes reported at local police station (street burglary,others).

Responsibilities and ReportingPreparation of an environmental household census, planned in the first year of CIUPimplementation (2005) requires in each municipality the input of an environmentalengineer (I mm) and some field surveyors. An environmental evaluation survey,planned in the last year of CIUP implementation (2008) requires the same capacity.

The three municipalities have only very limited experience in conducting such surveysand analysing the survey results. It is therefore recommended that an environmentalconsultant will be assigned to conduct these surveys (refer to Volume II 'Institutionaland Management Arrangements'). It would be most practical to include suchenvironmental expert in the team of the construction supervision consultant. For eachsurvey, the expert will deliver an enviromnental status report to be discussed andfinalized together with the CPTs and the TST. The report will be submitted to themunicipality, the DCC, the NEMC and the donor.

ScheduleTwo household surveys of the type described above are planned: one during the firstyear of CIUJP phase I construction (2005) together with the socio-economic baselinesurvey, and an ex-post survey, also piggy-backed on the socio-economic evaluationsurvey in the year 2008. Each survey is estimated to take 2-3 weeks, includingreporting.



6 Capacity building and technical assistance to the communities

The Local Government Support Program LGSP makes ample provision in its othercomponents for institutional capacity building, including training on environmentalassessment policies, regulations and techniques for future EIA practitioners from theNEMC. The recommended approach for the CIUP is different as it emphasizes acapacity building, which will primarily enable the project implementing personnel andthe community members appointed in specific monitoring committees to perform theirtasks in direct relationship to the ongoing infrastructure upgrading activities.

6.1 Environmental capacity building - gap identification

The National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) institutional structuresevolved over time and reflect the current priorities of Tanzania as stipulated, forexample, in the country's 'Millennium Declaration', combining environrnental withpolitical, economic, social and cultural factors. However, due to budget constraints,the agency is not in a position where it could ensure the production of outputsstipulated by its own mandates.

NEMC has sufficient human capacity and qualified staff to ensure the reviewing andapproval of environmental assessment documents as stipulated in the guidancedocument for EIA. However, there are insufficient or lacking funds to exert theseactivities. There are qualified trainers / teachers / lecturers working under the NEMC'smandate, but availability of funds and adequate equipment is again recognized as themost critical element for implementing these mandates.

Weaknesses within the local govemment authorities with respect to environmentalplanning and monitoring are apparent. Such weaknesses occur on different levels,being human resources, organizational structures, regulation, environmentalmanagement procedures, and financial issues. As far as training capacities for EIA areconcemed, the CIUP program will provide ample opportunities. It is noted that theNEMC has drafted an EIA training resource manual for Districts in 2000, but thetraining courses are yet to be delivered.

At this stage perforrnance constraints were identified in a number of discussions withrepresentatives from the NEMC, indicating the opportunities on capacity building inthe following sectors.

- Lack of consistent policies relating to environmental protection;- Tanzania has no framework environmental law, the current EIA guidelines of

NEMC have no legal status;- Follow-up courses for the staff' to improve the understanding of the many

requirements stipulated in the EIA guidance document (published in 1997);- In view of the country's need for development the personnel need to be trained

to react more flexible and efficient on the screening and reviewing of projectproposals - above all to speed up the unwieldy approval procedures;

- The capacity for a standardized but project-specific compliance monitoringsystem needs to be developed;

- Appropriate liaison structures need to be established to co-ordinateenvironmental enforcement between the central government and local



authorities, as well as involving other organizations working in theenvironmental scetor;

- Skill development appears to be significant in the fields of public consultationmechanisms and involvement of stakeholders in project design and monitoringwith respect to environmental issues;

- Enforcement of environmental strategies and practicalities need to beaddressed, as most staff within the different governmental levels may not befamiliar with both the procedures and the consequences of environmentalcompliance;

- Practical training needs to focus on the praxis-oriented methods of collecting,storing and processing environmental data. In the medium future perspective,the NEMC emphasis is put on human capacity development in the sector ofgeographic information systems in order to produce thematic maps that will

1 7serve as basic planning and monitoring tool in urban development projects

Considering the above identified capacity gaps, it is recommended to launch a broadcapacity building program addressing the above shortcomings. It is anticipated that alarge part of these recommendations will be followed up by the Local GovernmentSupport Program, while the CIUP will focus on those groups that are directly involvedin the environmental management of its program.

6.2 Environmental management support

All three municipalities have only limited in-house environmental expertise.Environmental engineers are mostly engaged in solid and liquid waste management.Community based environmental management and monitoring is a new phenomenonfor the municipalities.

Implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plan requirescapacity in each municipality for the entire four years implementation period. Duringthe first years of project implementation environmental management, monitoring andreporting systems must be established. This requires the input of an environmentalmanagement expert. During the entire implementation period field inspectors arerequired in each sub-ward to monitor implementation of the CEMP and to report aboutthe environmental situation in each CIUP area. They will need the support from theward community development officer and the health officer.

As part of the institutional development program, an environmental managementconsultant will be employed to support the municipalities in general and the TSTs inparticular to develop and establish appropriate management and monitoringprocedures and systems. The environmental management advisor will provide bothformal and on-the-job-training to municipal staff. This consultant will assist all threemunicipal TSTs for a total of 9 man months during the period 2005-2006.

17 The GIS-unit of NEMC is currently successfully involved in the preparation of thematic maps for aproject identifying coastal land-use changes in Tanzania. However, it seems that there is little practicalcommunication with the local authorities to use these newly adopted techniques and translate them intoconsultative planning exercises, particularly for urban infrastructure programs.



6.3 Training of TST trainers

The overall strategy is to enable the communities to conduct an effective co-monitoring of their environmental conditions, both during the construction and thepost-construction period. This straightforward strategy of community capacitybuilding is believed to be the most cost-efficient and also the most beneficial for thecommunities at site. In other words, the environmental capacity building focuses onthe level of community monitoring rather than upgrading the institutional capacity ofnational agencies. However, the training packaged devised below would also offeropportunities for NEMC trainers/lecturers/staff to be trained on further EIA skills, asrequired.

Creating additional positions in the wards and sub-wards on a large scale to deliverinputs for the CIUP is not considered feasible given the fact that the municipalcouncils already have great difficulties to attract appropriate staff. CIUP Phases I andII cover 31 sub-wards. It is not realistic to assume that adequate additional staff can beattracted for all these sub-wards. It would also result in substantial additional costs forsalaries, office space, office equipment and running costs.

The approach will be therefore to concentrate the required additional expertise at themunicipal council level. The municipal council will provide technical support to thewards and sub-wards as required. The TSTs will deliver support and assistance andwill function as a help-desk for the communities.

The CPT sub-committees will deliver the manpower for field inspections. This serviceis regarded within the communities as social service and therefore the CPT members,mostly young people recommended by the chairman, will work for free. The CPTmembers will be trained by the TST to take up this role and to prepare field inspectionreports, both concerning performance of (maintenance) contractors, solid wastecontractors and for monitoring environmental indicators. Formal training will beprovided in workshops. Twelve workshops in a period of four years (one for eachmunicipality per year) and additional on-the-job training arc planned.

Specific NGOs will be employed to assist the CPT sub-committees with monitoringactivities and continued on-the-job training. An assessment of capability of NGOs hasclearly indicated that especially for activities at the sub-ward level local NGOs candeliver capacity and expertise. Required NGO capacity is one month per year per wardover the entire four years CIUP period. CIUP (phase I and II combined) covers 8wards, meaning that 8x4xl=32 man months NGO assistance is required.

T arget group: CPT membersNumber of trainees in one municipality 70Specific training sessions 12 workshops of one day each + on-the-

job-training

The TST members, the ward health officers and the community development officerswill train the CPTs in environmental management and monitoring procedures andsystems. Community based environmental management and monitoring, as designedfor the CIUP, is a new phenomenon for the municipalities. The environmentalmanagement advisor of the TSTs will provide this training that is intended as a train-



the-trainer program, because the TSl's and ward health officers will in turn providetraining to the CPT sub-committees in environmcntal management and monitoring.

For each train the trainer package, approximately 20 staff members will be selectedfrom each of the municipalities Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke to become trained asenvironmental monitors. For these trainees, two training packages will be offered eachlasting 5 days (I week):- One training course shortly before the start of the construction works of phase

I, focusing on compliance monitoring;- One training course at the end of the construction works in phase I, focusing on

cnvironmental safeguard aspects and specific monitoring activities where thecommunities will bear main responsibilities.

Two workshops and additional on-the-job training are planned as follows:

Prime target group: TST + community development officers +health officers

Number of trainees in three municipalities 60Specific training sessions 2 workshops of five days (I week) each +

on-the-job training

Training Course (1) will include the following subjects:

Subject

Selected topics on key environmental issues in the three selected wards of DAR- Flooding and impacts from storTm water run-off,- Land degradation (soil erosion);- Ground and surface water management;- Sanitation facilities and public health implications;- Waste disposal and public health implications;- Medical waste management- Road access and traffic-related issues;- Public safety and security.Environmental safeguard principles and policies in infrastructure development activities- Review and discussion of Tanzania's environmental policies with respect to

environmental protection;- Review and discussion of safeguards policies of international agencies, particularly

the World Bank's OP 4.01 and OP 4.12- Review and discuss the ESMF for LGSP;- Rationale of the CIUP project with regard to environmental protection and

mitigation of anticipated impacts.Environmental and social monitoring procedures and practical guidelines- Review and discussion of Tanzania's EIA guidelines- Review and discussion of EIA guidelines of international agencies- Environmental Impact Assessment - scoping and screening process focusing on

urban infrastructure upgrading projects- Appropriate measures to handle medical waste material- Application and evaluation of environmental and social screening results



Environmental & social monitoring tools related to construction works in the sub-wards- Environmental impact identification and monitoring tools (matrices, checklists,

indicators);- Identification of mitigation issues associated with infrastructure construction works;- Review and discussion of the specific clauses in the construction contracts for CIUP;- Compliance sheets;- Transect sampling and household questionnaires;- Preparation of field survey plans;- Organization of monitoring teams.Environmental and social monitoring tools - practical field exercises in a sub-ward (on-the-job training component)- Visit to a current road construction site, discussions with supervising engineers;- Environmental impact identification by practising discussed monitoring tools

(matrices, checklists, indicators). On-site identification of compliance issues.Integration of the communities in the environmental compliance monitoring process- Rationale for participative approach in monitoring the environmental conditions;- Assign and discuss the specific tasks of the Environmental Monitors to become the

facilitators for the communities to a sustainable monitoring program of theirenvironmental health and integrity;

- Methodologies to organize the participation and delegate responsibilities to the sub-ward communities in the day-to-day monitoring activities;

- Description of distinctive field inspection tasks where the CPTs are proposed toparticipate in the day-to-day monitoring activities;

- Conflict resolution mechanisms in case of confrontation of contractors / workpersonnel with non-compliance;

- Documentation of monitoring actions, findings and recommendations;- Institutional linkage and reporting mechanisms;- Assistance to public awareness campaigns.

Training Course (2) will focus on the following subjects:

SubjectAddressing key environmental issues with respect to site-specific management- Flooding and impacts from stormwater run-off;- Drainage;- Land degradation (soil erosion);- Ground and surface water management;- Sanitation facilities and public health implications;- Waste disposal and public health implications;- Road access and traffic-related issues;- Public safety and security;- Discussion and practical examples for public awareness campaigns dealing with

environmental subjects.



Environmental and social monitoringprocedures andpractical guidelinesReview and discussion of Tanzania's EIA guidelines for 0 &M of infrastructureupgrading programs;Review and discussion of environmental monitoring guidelines of internationalagencies;Application of EIA procedures and techniques in the context of CIUP.

Environmental monitoring -focal points and verifiable indicatorsDiscussion of main impacts of the CIUP (beneficial and negative impacts);Review and discussion of environmental indicators to identify and quantify theimpacts;Discussion and elaboration of verifiable indicators in the CIUP context.

Environmental and social monitoring tools with special reference to the C'IUP area- Environmental impact identification and monitoring tools (matrices, checklists,

indicators);- Utilization of environmental checklists;- Transect sampling in household surveys;- Preparation of cnvironmental questionnaires to be used in household interviews;- Preparation of field survey plans;- Organization of monitoring teams;- Documentation and reporting of field observations and measurements.Environmental and social monitoring tools - practical field exercises in a sub-ward (on-the-job training component)

Thematic mapping of selected impact zones, using matrices and checklists;Test run of a household questionnaire;Together with the sub-ward chairman and CPT, visit to an environmental NGOactive in the sub-ward to discuss community participation.

Integration of the communities in the environmental moniloring process- Rationale for participative approach in monitoring the environmental conditions;- Assign and discuss the specific tasks of the Environmental Monitors to become the

facilitators for the communities to a sustainable monitoring program of theirenvironmental health and integrity;

- Methodologies to organize the participation and delegate responsibilities to the sub-ward communities in the day-to-day monitoring activities;

- Description of distinctive field inspection tasks where the CPTs are proposed toparticipate in the day-to-day monitoring;

- Modes of engaging the communities in environmental safeguard activities (waterkiosk management, inspection schedules for public latrines and refuse collectionpoints, watch-out for source pollution, cleaning activities, environmentalenhancement actions);Liaison with the residents and conflict resolution mechanisms in case ofconfrontation with violators;Reporting mechanisms;Assistance to local NGOs in public environmental awareness and hygienecampaigns.


Community Infrastnrcture Upgrading Program

7 Environmental awareness and public hygiene campaign

Enhancement of environmental awareness among the general public is mandatory forbetter usage and sustenance of the infrastructure to be constructed, and for achievingand maintaining an overall healthicr environment in the sub-wards. Without acontinual effort to address actual and persisting violations of the basis safeguardstandards there is great risk that the numbers of illegal solid waste dumpsites willincrease, the blockage of drainage structures by littering and negligence will continue,the safety and the landscape aesthetics will deteriorate, the market places and thepublic latrines will become desolate filthy places, soils and groundwater will continueto be contaminated. The general public health conditions will worsen without properlyaddressing the main causes being widespread unhygienic washing, drinking, litteringand sanitation habits, particularly among the poorer people in the sub-wards.

A campaign to raise environmental awareness will be implemented as part of theCIUP, together with an education and training program on public hygiene to makepeople aware of health hazards. Responsible for implementation is the municipality,but many activities will be initiated at the ward and sub-ward level. A number ofNGOs have been identified with capability to deliver this type of capacity (refer toVolume II, 'Institutional and Management Arrangements'). NGOs will be recruited toprepare and implement this campaign under the guidance of thc ward health officersand under the responsibility of the municipal planning and coordination department.'1Required NGO capacity is one month per year per ward over the entire four yearsCIUP period. CIUP covers 8 wards, meaning that 8x4xl=32 man months NGOassistance is required. The training and education program will target especiallywomen and schoolchildren. Ten workshops in a period of four years (one workshopfor three sub-wards) are planned.

Target group women groups, schoolteachersNumber of trainees in one workshop 60Specific training sessions 10 workshops of one day each

7.1 Raising public awareness for improving environmental conditions

Awareness can effectively be increased through:- Public awareness campaigns using different media. The government would

invite media coverage of environmental issues and initiatives;- Involvement of NGO's and CBO's, particularly in programs related to health

education and participation in maintaining the new infrastructure.

The rationale for these campaigns is to raise awareness for responsibilities ofindividuals for environmental and communal well being. Focal points to address inthese campaigns are:

la The implementing agencies will work along with specific guidelines on environmental managementprovided by NEMC and the Min. of Health (e.g. Waste Management Guidelines, Sanitation Guidelinesetc)



Addressing general environmental problems

Explain to the public the rationale of the CIUP, and its specific linkage to the livingenvironment. Highlight the role of local residents in the overall success of this project.The residents shall become aware of their responsibility and who to contact in theircommunity to express and discuss concerns. The CPT will inform the public aboutCIUP activities and the schedule of public awareness events. The CPT will introducethe local NGOs that will be involved in the public awareness campaign.

Littering vcrsus adoption of the new waste collection systemIt is recommended to start this awareness campaign at markets and schools focusingon: buyer/ seller practices to minimize production of garbage. The current practice oflittering displayed in the streets and markets are a matter of concern. Especially thesurroundings of markets are vulnerable to the outbreak of diseases as these sites arelittered with decomposable waste as well as with excreta from animals kept for sale.Markets are usually infested with flies, rats and mosquitoes. lhey are characterized byfoul smell from the decomposing wastes. H-lalved coconut husks become breedinghabitats for mosquitoes. Therefore, markets are prime sites for addressing the problemof proper waste disposal by the public. In addressing the problem of indiscriminatelittering of garbage, and associated health hazards, the campaign would alert the broadpublic on- Effects of poorly managed waste, at community and household level;- Education on advantages of solid waste sorting and separation at the source;- Information on health risks associated with burning or burying solid wastes;- Proper use of the new solid waste transfer stations;- Stimulate public efforts to keep solid waste transfer stations functioning

properly;- Inform about advantages to pay for waste collection services.

Keeping the drains cleanSpecific campaigns will be launched to contact local small enterprises to contribute inthe common effort to control pollution and to eliminate the practise of dumping wastematerial at the roadside thus blocking the side drains.

Protection of soils prone to erosion hazards, and tree-planting activitiesThe campaign will alert people on the importance of making sure that all land thatremain bare should be planted with trees except where it is reserved for special use.The community will be motivated to partake in communal cleaning and tree plantingactions in designated places and along roads. Planting of trees in the settlement willcontribute to a positive microclimate and will also absorb part of the dust and emissioncreated by traffic. The tree-planting activities shall be borne by funds allocated forcreation of environmental awareness campaign described in section 9 (see multiplier,table 9.2).

Observance of the ROWThe Town and Country Planning Ordinance Ch. 378 for use classes of roads providesfor the right of way for public utility services. Under clause 5a this regulation specifiesthe ROW for ntional roads, road reserves, cycle ways and footpaths. In Tanzania,standard widths for different classes of roads are set by the Ministry of Lands andHuman Settlement Development and the Ministry of Works. The communities wereinformed, during the meetings, about the restrictions concerning the ROW that must



accommodate the carriageways, roadside drains, water supply, electricity lines andother lined infrastructure, and should therefore strictly be observed. The EMP providesfor tree planting along roads which will in addition serve to clearly demarcate theROW.

7.2 Community-based public hygiene program

The public hygiene program aims to make people aware of health hazards in theirliving environment. The main objective of this program is to educate people onreducing health risks and preventing diseases. A number of common hygiene practiceswill be discussed in small groups, focusing primarily on women and schoolchildren.Among the many subjects to educate the following may be mentioned:

Household hygieneThe two major focal points in this respect are hygienic practices related to defecationand sensitisation on the importance of boiling water, Related issues are generalcleanliness in the household, proper disposal of domestic wastes and combatting pests.Special education is proposed for simple instant diagnosis and possible treatment ofthe main diseases occurring in the unplanned settlements.

Advice in making and managing pit latrinesThis specific program entails information on how to improve the private sanitationfacilities (methods, costs, gains). Emphasis will be on abolishing the present hazardousway of cleaning latrines ("kutapisha"). Advice will be also given in planning andconstruction of different types of latrines, septic tanks and soak pits. A specific CIUPactivity is assistance for construction of VIP latrines for people without private toiletfacility. It is intended that the sanitation program will be managed by a NGO under theresponsibility of the municipality. For the implementation of the VIP latrine schemethe municipalities will be assisted by a NGO for the entire project period 2005-2008(refer to Volume II, 'Institutional and Management Arrangements').

Prevention of stagnant water pools within the settlementSpecial education will be given on preventing pools of stagnant water and to explain tothe community that these pools serve as habitats for malaria-bearing mosquitoes.Water leakage and spillage, for instance near water kiosks, is a source of stagnantwater. Hence the community should take action whenever such a situation occurs. Theeducation campaign will include practical activities, such as filling-up of localdepressions to eliminate stagnant water pools. The community will receive broadinformation on the importance of storm water drains in general, and the necessity tokeep drains clean. Besides, the education program will alert against overflow of drainsand pit latrines in the context of outbreak of epidemic diseases like cholera.

7.3 Linkage to similar activities in the sub-wards

The major media to reach the general public in unplanned settlements are radio andtelevision, daily/ weekly/ monthly newspapers ("magazeti" and "vijalada"), drama (or"ngoma" -cultural groups), public meetings, workshops, seminars and conferences.With the current wind towards market economies, privately run mass media are verypopular in Tanzania carrying different messages to the people. Environmental



protection has been a topic for the last 12 years. Several radio and TIV programs offerenvironmental education on a weekly basis, e.g. "Mazingira Yetu" (Our Environment).

School programs are also changing and environmental education is now embedded inthe curricula. There are several modules on environmental issues for secondary andtertiary education.

It is noteworthy that during the past years a number of NGOs and CBOs have beenestablished that advocate environmental issues in the city of Dar es Salaam. LocalCBOs/ NGOs that are active in this field in the CIUP unplanned settlements have beenidentified as follows:

- KIWOHEDE, which is active mainly in Manzese and Buguruni Wards;- UKUCHA, which targets especially youths, is mainly active in Chang'ombe

Ward;- TANASCO CARE which is mainly active in Sandali ward, Temeke;- TUKOLENE youth development centre, mainly active in Temeke;- M.P. Environment Co. ltd., also mainly active in Temeke;

MWONGOZO youth group, active in Sandali, Temeke;Sandali Youth Centre in Sandali, Temeke;KIWOHEDE, which is active in Malapa, Madenge and Mtambani, in Ilala;CHAMABUMA is active in Mnyamani (Buguruni), Ilala.



8 Costs estimates for the proposed environmental managementactivities

The CIUP will include the following components as described in this CEMP:- Environmental household surveys in 2005 and 2008. These surveys

will be piggy-backed to the socio-economic surveys planned at thesame time;

- Environmental management support;- Capacity building for environmental management and monitoring:

o Communityo Municipality

- Awareness and education campaign.

It is noted that:- All resettlement costs, including the costs for monitoring the process, are

part of in the Resettlement Action Plan;- The costs for the environmental compliance monitoring of the

construction works will be included in the overall contracting costs forthe construction supervision consultant;

- As for the community-based environmental monitoring implemented bythe CPT sub-committees it is assumed that these groups will work on avoluntary base. Therefore, no project funds will be allocated for suchactivities.

Environmental household surveys

CostsThe construction supervision consultants' team will include an environmental engineerand field surveyors who will be charged with the task of the environmental householdsurvey (refer to chapter 5.3). Implementation of the environmental survey requires theinput of an environmental engineer (3 mm) and some field surveyors. Theenvironmental evaluation survey, planned in the last year of CIUP implementation(2008) requires the same capacity.

The environmental household surveys have been budgeted under the overall CIUPinstitutional development program. The costs have been estimated at US$ 54,000 fortwo environmental surveys together, based on six man months input of a localenvironmental engineer and a all-in rate, including field surveys, of US$ 9,000 perman month.

Environmental management supportAn environmental management advisor (consultant) will be employed to support theTSTs to develop and establish appropriate management and monitoring proceduresand systems and to train municipal staff (refer to chapter 6.2 for details). Thisconsultant will assist all three municipal TSTs for a total of 9 man months during theperiod 2005-2006. The costs for. the (local) environmental management advisor havebeen estimated at US$ 10,500 per man month all-in, which includes a budget fortraining to be delivered by the advisor. Total costs are 9 x US$ 10,500= US$ 94,500.The budget for the environmental advisor is included in the institutional developmentsub-program as part of the management advisory services in the supervision package.


Community Infrastnicture Upgrading Program

Environmental monitoring and reportingThe CPT sub-committees will deliver the manpower for field inspections. CPTmembers will be trained by the TST to take up this role and to prepare field inspectionreports, both concerning performance of (maintenance) contractors, solid wastecontractors and for monitoring environmental indicators. The approach is described inchapter 6.3. 'rhe costs of this component have been estimated as shown in table 8.1'Costs for community capacity building for monitoring and reporting'

Tabel 8.1 Costs for c mmunity capacity build ng for monitoring a nd reportingItem Units (man months) Unit rate (US$) Total costs (US$)

NGO support 32 750 24,000Workshops 12 3,000 36,000Sub-total 60,000Multiplier't _ 1.35Total 81,000

The community capacity building component for monitoring and reporting relates notonly to environmental aspects, but also to perfornance of maintenance contractors.The budget for this component is included in the institutional development sub-program as part of the O&M performance monitoring and reporting component.

Train the trainers programThe environmental management advisor will deliver the train-the-trainer program(refer to chapter 6.3 for details). The operational costs for the proposed trainingpackages amount to US$ 8,100. Other costs for the training packages are alreadyincluded in the all-in budget for the trainer (the environmental expert).

Environmental awareness creation and public hygiene campaignA campaign to raise environmental awareness will be implemented as part of theCIUP, together with an education and training program on public hygiene to makepeople aware of health hazards. The approach is described in chapter 7. Thiscomponent includes a budget for environmental enhancement such as tree planting,filling of local depressions to eliminate stagnant water pools, cleaning actions andother communal environmental activities and events. The costs have been estimated asfollows:

Tabel 8.2 costs of awareness creation and education campaignItem - Units (man months) Unit rate (US$) Total costs (US$NGO support 32 750 24,000Workshops 10 3,000 30,000Sub-total 54,000Multiplier '' 1.35T otal ____________________ _______________ 72,900

The total costs for the CEMP components are summarised in table 8.3 'Summary ofthe Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Cost Estimates'. All costs have beenincluded in the CIUP institutional development program (refer to Volume lI'Institutional and Management Arrangements').

'9 Multiplier for educational materials, campaigns and events

Community Environmental Managcment Plan 69


Table 8.3 Summary of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Cost Estimates

Item Costs (US$) in TShEnvironmental household survey 54,000 57,240,000Advisory services and delivery of on-the-job-training:

- Environmental management advisor 94,500 100,170,000TST Environmental management and monitoringtraining (training of trainers)

- Workshops _ 8,100 8,586,000O&M performance monitoring and reportingWorkshops

- O&M trainers 81,000 85,860,000Environmental awareness and public hygienecampaign

- Workshops 40,500 42,930,000- Health trainers (NGO) 32,400 34,344,000

Total 310,500 329,130,000



Work plan summary of the proposed environmental managementactivities for CTUP

The environmental management and monitoring plan, including the respectiveresponsibilities, is summarised in the table chart 9.1 'Chart of the EnvironmentalManagement and Monitoring Work Plan' below.

Table 9.1 Chart of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Work Plan

Activity Res onsibili 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Communitconsultation TST

EA + Mitigation planning TST/Dcons

P~reparatio~n of CEMP Dco-ns____

Submission of CEMP Final TST/Dcons__

Prp. Operational Manual DCons

Establish Program Office TST PCD/TST _ -_ _

Training of trainers EMA _ _ _ L

Supervision of Construction WD/Scons * __

Day -to-da monitoring CPTs/NGO I U *Environmental HH survey TST/Scons

Awareness and education campaign PCD/NGO _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Monitor CEMP effectiveness SCons/TST

Abbreviations: CPT = Community Planning TeamTST = Technical Support TeamDCons = Design ConsultantSCons = .Supervision ConsultantEMA = Environmental Management AdvisorWD = Works DepartmentPCD = Planning and Coordination Department



ANNEX 1 REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND LEGISLATIVEFRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF

THE CIUP - PROGRAM

lTanzania has already established a good policy, legal and institutional framework formanagement of environment and social issues enshrined in the national Constitution1977, National Environment Policy 1997 and Land Policy 1995 as well as supportingnational laws, local laws and bye-laws. Tanzania is also a signatory to and has ratifiedall major international conventions that bear environmental relevance (e.g. CITES,RAMSAR).

A. Environmental Policies

Tanzania's environmental policies include a number of elements that directly relate tothe implementation of the CIUP Project:

The National Environmental Policy (1997)

Tanzania currently aims to achieve sustainable development through rational use ofnatural resources and incorporating measures in any development activities in order tosafeguard the environment. The existing legal document, which drives towardachieving this goal, is the National Environmental Policy (NEP), which was approvedby GoT in 1997. The policy document seeks to provide the framework for makingfundamental changes that are needed to bring environment consideration into themainstream of decision- making in the country. Among the main objectives of theNEP is to improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas including ruraland urban settlements in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthy,productive and aesthetically pleasing surroundings. On transport, the policy directsthat the sector shall focus on among others to improve in mass transport systems toreduce fuel consumption, traffic congestion and pollution, control and minimizationof transport emission gases, noise, dust and particulate and disaster /spill prevention.Addressing the issues of poverty alleviation, the policy recognizes its impact to theenvironment. The policy focuses on the satisfaction of basic needs of the citizens withdue cognisance on protecting the environment.With regard to environmental safeguards for new investments, Chapter 4 of the NEP,Paragraph 64 states, "EIA as a planning tool shall be used to integrate environmentalconsiderations in the decision - making process in order to ensure un-necessarydamage to the environment is avoided". The policy insists further that EIA is a veryimportant instrument for precautionary, anticipation and preventive steps to tackleenvironmental problems.

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ANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY ANI) LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THI-ElNVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM


National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) and National Conservation Strategy

The National Environment Action Plan was designed to implement the NEP.However, in Tanzania the NEAP (1994) and National Conservation Strategy forSustainable Development (NCSSD, 1995) preceded the NEP (1997). It is not clearwhether efforts were made to harmonize them. On environmental safeguards, theNational Environmental Action Plan perceives the objective of environmentalassessment as "allowing maximization of long-term benefits of development whilemaintaining the natural resource base." The National Conservation Strategy forSustainable Development on the other hand stipulates the establishment of legalregime requiring EIA to be mandatory to all development projects and seek to involvegovernment agencies, NGO's private sector and community.

National Agenda 21 and Local Agenda 21

Following the Rio Eco-Summit (1992) Tanzania charted out a plan of action toimplement both the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. Choices were made on whichactions among the many contained in the Agenda 21 documcnts are relevant toTanzania. Since 1992, there has been adoption of various programs, projects andactivities at the local level aimed at general environmental management or specificenvironmental and conservation aspects. These will provide a pool of experience todraw upon in the implementation of the LGSP stubproject.

The National Land Policy 1995

The overall aim of the National Land Policy among other things is to promote andensure a secure land tenure system in Tanzania that protects the rights in land for allits citizen. The policy also aims at facilitating socio-economic development that takesconsideration of the environment.

Other National Natural Resources and Social Management Policies

In the nineteen nineties, the GoT has developed a number of new policies and lawsfor management of natural resources, and social related issue as well as the revision ofold policies and amendment of the associated laws. These include policies for water(2000), education, health (1990), agriculture (1997), forestry ( 998), wildlife ( n998),fisheries (1997), beekeeping (1998), minerals (1997), industrial development (1999),tourism (1999), science and technology and women and gender (2000) to mention afew. A number of the new or revised policies have policy statcments that recognizethe need for an integrated, participatory approach to resource use to resolve issues andtake advantage of opportunities. With a few exceptions most of these policies havespecific policy statements that advocates for environmental management andconservation and a requirement for EIA/Environmental Planning for investments thatmay cause adverse environmental impacts. All national policies now give directiveson the participation of people and stakeholders in plans/programs/projects designed to

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ANNEX I REVIEW OF TIHL POLICY AND LEGISLATlVE FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THE ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM


implement the policies. T he land, agriculture, minerals provides for rights ofindividuals whose property is acquired to be compensated according to the nationallaws.

Construction Industry Policy (Draft, 2000)

Among the major objectives of the policy, which support infrastructure developmentsector include: to promote application of cost effective and innovative technologiesand practices to support socio-economic development activities such as road-works,water supply, sanitation, shelter delivery and income generating activities and toensure application of practices, technologies and products which are not harmful toboth the environment and human health.

The National Water Policy (2002)

The overall objective of the policy is to develop a comprehensive framework forsustainable management of the national water resources. The policy seeks to ensurethat water plays important role in poverty alleviation. The policy aims at ensuring thebeneficiaries active participation in planning, construction, operation, maintenanceand management of community-based water supply schemes. The policy also lays afoundation to change the government's role from service provider to that ofcoordination and regulating this sector.

Managing Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Services (2002)

The above National Water Policy 2002 also encompasses a section for developing andmanaging the urban sewerage system. Recognizing the rapid development of(unplanned) settlements and the increasing inadequacy of sanitation facilities, thepolicy advocates the provision of effective and sustainable water disposal systems,including the delivery of sustainable and affordable sewerage infrastructure andservices. It also stipulates the enhancement and involvement of the private sector insanitation management and safe wastewater disposal.

National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000)

Among the policy objectives that touch the road sector are to improve the level of theprovision of infrastructure and social services for sustainable human settlementsdevelopment and to make serviced land available for shelter and human settlementsdevelopment in general to all sections of the communities. The infrastructure andservices constitute the backbone of urban economic activities. Essentially, the policyentails the official recognition of unplanned settlements and advocates the regulationresp. the legalizing of landholdings and residential permits2 0 , and stipulates the

20 Note that up to date no authority has issued yet residential licenses.

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ANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND lEcJISLATIVE FRAMEWORK REI.EVANT I'OTHE ENVIRONMENTALASPECI'S OF TFIE CIUP - I'ROCRAM


provision of minimum level of social and economic infrastructure and services tothese communities.

It is crucial to distinguish between unplanned areas occurring in declared hazardareas21 or environmentally sensitive areas22 versus all other settlements anddevelopment in non-hazard areas. The above policy adopts the statements alreadymade in the National Land Policy (1995) relating to unplanned areas, by assuring that"existing areas will not be cleared but will be upgraded cnd provided with facilitiesfor adequate sanitation and other basic services except for unplanned housing onhazard areas".

National Gender Policy 1999

The key objective of the policy is to provide guidelines that will ensure that gendersensitive plans and strategies in all sectors and institutions are developed. While thepolicy aims at establishing strategies to eradicate poverty, it puts emphasis on genderquality and equal opportunity of both men and women to participate in developmentundertakings and to value the role-played by each member of the society. It alsomakes reference to supporting various key actors2 3 to address gender issues.

21 As per definition of he National Environment Management Council (NEMC),hazard areas are:

- Flood-prone areas (incidental rain storms or reguilarly inundates)- Areas subject to severe erosion and land-slides- Hazard that pose immediate threats to public health (e.g. near sewage treatment

facilities or main garbage dumps)- Areas highly affected by water and/or soil pollution- Areas prone to geological disasters (volcanic activity, landslides, earthquake)- Military areas

22 environmentally sensitive areas are:- All areas mentioned above, that are prone to natural disasters- Wetlands (floodplains, marshes, mangrove swamps)- Lakes rivers and river banks- Areas that support wildlife or represent traditional fishing grounds- Areas known as rare or endangered species (plants & animal) habitats- Areas which act as natural buffers against erosion, storms and flood events- Areas highly susceptible to erosion (hills, critical slopes, unprotected bare lands)- Areas subject to desertification and bush fires- Vulnerable coastal and marine ecosystems (coral reefs, lagoons and estuaries, beach

fronts, intertidal zones)- Areas that bear socio-cultural importance to ethnic groups, burial sites, cemeteries

and graves- Areas that bear archaeological or scientific importance- Areas designated as green belts or public open space in urban settings- Areas with high potential tourist value- Protected areas, watershed reserves, sanctuaries and areas designated as wildlife

corridors23 e.g. Women Advancement Trust, T anzania Women Association

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ANNEX I REVIEW OF 'I'HE POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK REl.EVANt T' roTHE ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM


B. Environmental Legislation in Tanzania

The National Environmental Management Council Act (1983)

The act of Parliament No. 19 of 1983 established the National EnvironmentManagement Council (NEMC). The council is the national advisory body, whichprovides for coordination and stimulation of national environmental managementmatters and the prevention of pollution. Functions of NEMC as stipulated in section 4of this Act, include;- Evaluation of existing and proposed policies and Government's pollution controlactivities;- Verify that measures to ensure that the Government policies, including those fordevelopment and conservation of natural resources have adequate environmental

effects;- Specify standards, norrns and criteria for quality of the environment;- Formulate proposals for legislation in the area of environmental issues andrecommend their implementation by the Government.

Thus NEMC advises the Government on all environmental matters in the country.Section 7 of the Act stipulates duties of the Director General, who is the ChiefExecutive of NEMC. Among these duties is the responsibility to consider means andinitiate steps for the protection of the environment and for preventing, controlling,abating or mitigating pollution. The high authority given to the council is emphasizedby the necessary presidential nomination of both the Council's Chairman and DirectorGeneral. The Council's Parent Ministry is the Vice President's Office, under theMinister responsible for environment. All Ministries, Local Authorities, NationalBodies and many other organisations in the country rely on infonnation, capacitiesand authority of the NEMC. The existence of this Council, however, does not relieveother Ministries, Local Authorities and National Boards of their responsibilitiesregulated by various laws, which are relevant to the prevention of environmentaldamage. The NEMC does not transfer any such responsibilities.

The Land Act (1999) and The Village Land Act (1999)

The laws declare all land in Tanzania to be "Public land" to be held by the state forpublic purposes. The Acts empowers the President of the United Republic ofTanzania, to revoke the "Right of Occupancy" of any landholder for the "public/national interest" should the need arise. The laws also declare the value attached toland, as opposed to the former legislation.

"Reserved lands" are those lands set aside for conservation purposes (Act.No 4 of1999), including, among others, forest reserves, and lands declared as hazardous landsunder this Act. "Hazardous land" is defined as land in which development is likely topose danger to life or lead to environmental degradation, including mangrove swampsand (flood-prone) wetlands. Further, lands specified by the appropriate authority as

Community Environmental Management Plan vANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND lEGISl.ATIVE FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO TIlE ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM


land with fragile/vulnerable nature or of ecological significance may equally belooked at in the above light and stay void of any development and/or occupancy.

Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, No. 7 of 1982

This Act imposes the mandatory duty to all urban authorities to execute all functionsdeferred upon them by the Act, such as social welfare, economic well-being,jurisdiction and regulation / improvement of local agriculture, trade, commerce andindustry as well as securing and enhancing the people's health, education, social,cultural and recreational life.The Act also provides for the mandatory duties to the urban authority to undertake allmeasures for protecting and conserving natural resources, prevention of soil erosion,prevent undesirable movement or destruction of livestock, wildlife and birds, toprotect public health and to avoid public nuisance. Duties are emphasized that ensuremaintaining public health (keep environment clean and in order) and to repair allstreets and sewer systems (Section 55).

The urban authority is also held responsible for proper drainage of surface waters. Inthis context the act (section 85) provisions are made that by-laws may be enacted bythe urban authority to take care of sanitary arrangements and the provision of drainagefacilities for streets, built-up lands and make provision for sufficient drainage ofsurface waters.

The Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap 378 of 1956 (amended1961)

This Law is the main legal instrument in urban planning processes in Tanzania. TheMinister responsible for town planning may after consulting the urban authoritydeclare, by a gazetted order, a specific area as planned area. Once declared as such, noperson shall develop any land within this planning area without official consent. Notethat Dar es Salaam was declared by a number of governmental notes2 4 a planningarea.

The law provides for technical procedures of preparing land use plans, detailedschemes and urban development conditions in confonnity with the land use plan andschemes. For instance, the resettlement plan for this project should be in conformitywith this legislation.

The DCC has the power to impose conditions to develop any area in accordance withthe intend and purpose of the land-use planning. Such conditions might require zoningrequirements and specification of (permissible) land-uses in each sub-zone.

24 GvtNotices 133 of 1960, 591 of 1963, 171 of 166, 103 of 1969 and 39 of 1980

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Town and Country Planning (Amendment of Use Classes) Act 1993

In the 1993 amendment of the Town and Planning Act specific regulations wereprovided to address ecologically fragile lands for conservation, as stipulated in theGovernment Notice 249 of 1993. Areas stipulated for particular protective valuesinclude, among others, marine beaches, mangrove and marshy (terrestrial) wetlands,deltas, estuaries, onshore outcrops of coral reefs, coastal mud rivers, river valleys andriver banks.

Other Legislation and Government Notices (GN) relevant for town planning inTanzania:- Town and Country Planning (Use Classes). Regulations 1960 GN 504- Town and Country Planning (Public Beach Planning Area) Order GN # 76/1992- Town and Country Planning (Application of Planning Consent) Regulations 1960

GN 505- Township (Building) Rules Vol. 5 Subsidiary Legislation (1974 edition)- Township Ordinance Chap. 101- The Urban Authorities (Rating) Act, 1982

The Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act (1974) amended 1981

Enacted in order to control and protect water resources. The legislation defines wateras all water flowing over the surface of the ground or contained or flowing in or froma spring or stream or natural lake, swamp or in or beneath a watercourse. The Actputs in place a regime of water rights to govern access to water use. Pollution controlnorms are also embodied in water rights.

Protected Places and Areas Act (1969)

Enacted to provide a process and mechanism to protect specific lands as necessary atthe discretion of the Minister. The Act provides for imprisonment and fines forpersons unlawfully trespassing on protected lands.

Wildlife Conservation Act (1974) (amended 1978)

The legislation was put in place in order to encourage the conservation of certainwildlife species as directed by the Minister (section 15). The Act protects bothwildlife and vegetation. The Act makes provision for the protection of game in bothGame Reserves and Game Controlled Areas as well as the protection of scheduledNational Game Reserve anywhere in the country. Vegetation is also strictly protectedin Game Reserves and may not be wilfully damaged without the relevant approvals bythe responsible Ministry. Any road re-routing, within the controlled areas, must beapproved by the Director of Wildlife. Human activity is strictly forbidden in GameReserves and as such, travellers must be informed by signage that they are entering a

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Community Infrastructure Upgrading P'rogram

designated area. Contravention of the Act can result in serious penalties includingfines and jail terms. The Act operates within the limitations and requirements of theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) the National ParksOrdinance and related regulations.

Forest Ordinance (1957)

This deals with the protection of forests and forest products in Forest Reserves andthe restrictions and prohibitions in Forest Reserves. These Management Plans areadministered under the Forests Ordinance (1957). Any contravention of therestrictions and prohibition is considered an offence under this ordinance and subjectto enforcement. However, this is rarely implemented.

Regulations on Planting, Maintaining and Protection of Trees (By-Laws 1990)

The control of Dar es Salaam urban environment is entrusted with the DCC. TheCouncil is empowered to pass by-laws for facilitating its activities.

This by-law defines "hazard land" including hill slopes, springs, wells, river sources,ravines, flood areas and specified breaches. (see also Footnotes above)

This by-law restricts building or residing in hazardous areas (Section 8), stipulatingthat "Save with the written authority of the City Director or Forest Officer or forpurposes approved by the Council, no person shall ... purposely build on hazard areaand if he does so the Council shall order the person to vacate and may prosecute him;... no person shall internationally reside or temper with the natural flora of sucharea"

Fisheries Act, 1982

To protect marine resources, this Act empowers the Ministry to prevent obstructionand pollution of marine waters, and to protect the biological integrity of the marineecosystem.

The Act defines water pollution as man-made or man-induced alteration of thechemical, physical, biological or radiographic property of the sea water. Therefore, noperson is allowed to cause or permit to flow or pass into any solid, liquid or gaseousmatter to a concentration which may be injurious to any aquatic fauna and flora.

The regulations give the Director of Fisheries the right to oblige any violator to cleanthe polluted water within a reasonable time at his own expense.

Community Environmental Management Plan viii

ANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK RFLEVANT TO TIE ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM

Community Infrastructurc Upgrading Program

C. Requirement for EIA Study where environmental impacts are to beexpected

The National Environmental Policy (NEP) advocates the adoption of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) tool for screening development projects, which are likely tocause adverse environmental impacts. In this line, the National EnvironmentManagement Council Act (1983) formulated the National EIA Procedure & GeneralInformation (1997). The documents25 provide a list of 25 sectors with project typesthat would require a mandatory EIA as well as a list of 48 undertakings whichpotentially may require an EIA. The documents give directions on the scope andprocedural conducting and reporting of EIA studies as well as their administration.Fig.l illustrates the EIA process as currently stipulated by the NEMC, indicating thereporting and decision process and the role played by both the proponent and thereviewing and certifying agency, as well as hearing of the public (key stakeholders).

25 Vol. I - Main document that elaborates the proposed EIA procedureVol. 2 - Ciuidelines for screening and scoopingVol. 3 - Report writing guidelines for the Registration, Env. Impact Statement, EIA,

Management PlanVol. 4 - Guidelines for the Review Process (through NEMC) and MonitoringVol. 5 - Checklists for specific environmental characteristics (sensitive & vulnerable areas)

Community Environmental Management Plan ix

ANNEX I REVIEW OF TIE POI.ICY AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THE TNVIRONMENTALASPECTFS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM


Figure 1.1 EIA procedure flowchart in Tanzania (Source: NEMC, 1997)

REGISTRATION

No EIA kequired<Preliminary EIA RY

Hequir ASSESSMENT

SR P EIA Required

PER for Action

ESSLMENTAT ECDcso

full EIA - MScoNingTOR

EIAStudv DrafE EIS

Revised EIS PPER

ER EvPublic Healng Required

DECOM MISSION NG DREIS Public Heaing Report

PUBI

EISlPER-Revision EISIPER Not Approved ERN

Cnag EIS/PER Approvedr t + ~~~~~~~~~DECLI-EIS FINALIZED

( 9 ~ ~ ~~<C NEMC Action

\ l I ~~~~~~~Proponent Action

O ~~Public Action

IMPLEMENTATI 0 NEC..isoER f - Abbreviations:

| MONITRING SR Screening Report' 1 ' ~~~~PER Preliminary EA Report

~~~~~TOR Terms of ReferenceEAR EIS Environmental Impact Statement

/ ~~~EP Environmental Permit~~~~~~ER Environmental Report

DR , EAR Environmental Auditing Report< ~ ~~- l DECOMMISSIONING | DR Decommissioning Report

Community Environmental Management Plan x

ANNEX I REVIEWOFrT11E P01.1CY AND LEGISl.KTIVEF'RAMEWORK REI.EVANT TO THE ENVIRONMENTALASPE:CTS nI THF OUHP - PROORAM


In order to achieve sustainable development, NEMC advises developers to UsC thedraft national guidelines for all FIA studies being done in Tanzania. However, theguidelines are yet to be approved by government.

In line with the NEMC guidelines, the following projects, most of which have or mayhave connection to the CIUP Program, are principally subject to be scrutinized for anEIA in Tanzania:- Provision of public water supply (establishment of wells)- Distribution of electricity- Multi-sectoral urban projects (markets*, hospitals*, schools*, community

centres*)- Construction and expansion/upgrading of roads- Drainage and flood control works- Construction of municipal solid waste land fill facility

Construction of municipal waste depots- Municipal waste collection and transportation projects- Construction of municipal waste water treatment plant- Municipal projects for night soil collection, transport and treatment- Construction of municipal sewage system- Construction of enclosed latrines(Source: NEMC, 1997; Note: projects marked with an * may not require an EIA, but requireregistration with NEMC)

Under special conditions, where both the expected environmental impact is primarilybeneficiary and the proposed projects are large and by decided in a publicconsultation process, projects will be exempted from the subjection to an EIA.

According to the NEMC guidelines, the conditions outlined in the following matrix(Table 1. 1, 'Conditions for projects requiring EIA in Tanzania') need to be satisfied.

Community Environmental Management Plan xi

ANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND LEGlSl.AT[VE FRAMEWORK REl.VAN T TO THE ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM


Table 1.1 Conditions for projects requiring EIA in TanzaniaConditions laid out in the EIA procedures Initial Environmental Assessment of the1997, Vol 2, Section 1.2.2 general CIUP approach and technical

proposals(i) The activity will not substantially use a not applicablenatural resource in a way that pre-empts theuse or potential use for that resource(ii) Potential residual impacts on the potential negative impacts in 4 of the 5environment are likely to be minor, of little components are rated as insignificant; withsignificance and easily be managed respect to the drainage project, mitigation

measures to prevent downstreamwaterlogging and congestion are embedded inthe technical design.

(iii) The type of activity, its environmental applicable, technical design prepared byimpacts and measures for managing them are UCLAS engineers and environmental expertswell understood in the country in close consultation with DHV Consultants(iv) Reliable means exist for ensuring that applicable, see preparation of CEMPs forimpact management measures can and will each selected sub-ward and its technicalbe adequately planned and implemented. components(v) The activity will not displace significant applicablenumber of people, families or communities(vi) The activity is not located and will not applicableaffect any environmental sensitive areas(vii) The activity will not cause emission of applicable; one of the main thrusts of thispollutants or create by-products, residual or program is to address solid waste collectionwaste materials that require handling and to enhance environmental conditions in thedisposal in a manner that is not regulated by sub-ward surroundings and to improve publicexisting authorities. health conditions.(viii) The activity will not cause significant applicable; all interventions are planned withpublic concern because of potential the communities to ensure their ambient lifeenvironmental changes quality will be enhanced on a long and

_____________ __ sustainable term.(ix) The activity will necessitate further All planned activities are exclusivelydevelopment activity that is likely to have designed to have immediate and long-termsignificant impact on the environment. beneficial impact on the communities and

their environment.(Source: tfEMC, 1997)

Community Environmental Management Plan xii

ANNEX I REVIEW OF TIlE POLICY AND LEGISLArIVE FRAMEWORK REIF. VANT 1OTIIE ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF TIIE CIUI' -PROGRAM


ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PRIORITIES OFTHE COMMUNITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA (SUB-WARDS)

llala Municipality

1. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities -MadengePriority Environmental issue

I Accessibility

2 Quality of sanitation facilities3 Drinking water quality4 Solid waste disposal practise5 Safety/ security6 Water borne diseases7 Discharge of sewage8 Soil pollution9 General cleanliness10 Nuisance of Dust

2. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- MalapaPriority Environmental issue

I Drinking water quality2 Discharge of sewage3 Solid waste disposal practise4 Flooding5 Ground water quality6 Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding7 Accessibility8 Water borne diseases9 Quality of sanitation facilities10 Soil erosion

3. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities-Mnyamani

Priority Environmental issue1 Ground water quality2 Safety/ security within the subward area3 Accessibility4 Road safety5 Piped water quality6 Discharge of sewage in open ditches7 Water borne diseases8 Quality of sanitation facilities9 Flooding

Community Environmental Management Plan xiii

ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAI. CONCERNS AND PRIORITIES OF THE COMMINITIES IN TIlE PROJECT AREA(SUB-WARDS)


10 Mosquito breeding sites l

4. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities-MtambaniPriority Environmental issue

I Flooding

2 Nuisance of rodents3 Soil erosion4 Ground water quality5 Drinking water quality6 Incidence of diseases7 Water borne diseases8 General cleanliness9 Noise nuisance10 Availability of inhabitable land

Kinondoni Municipality

5. Environmental problcms and priorities forwarded by the Communities-UzuriPriority Environmental issue

1 Waterborne diseases2 Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding3 Flooding4 Discharge of waste5 Nuisance of odours6 Nuisance of dust7 Danger of calamity8 Quality of sanitation facilities9 Road safety10 Solid waste disposal practice

6. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities-KilimaniPriority Environmental issue

1 Drinking water quality2 Discharge of sewage3 Accessibility4 Solid waste disposal practise5 Safety/security6 Availability of inhabitable land7 Hazard Areas8 Flooding9 Stagnant water and mosquito breeding10 Solid waste disposal practice

Community Environmental Management IPlan xiv

ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PRIORITmES OF TllE COMMtJNITIES TN THE PROJECT AREA(SUB-WARDS)


7. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities-MidiziniPriority Environmental issue

I Drinking water quality2 Solid waste disposal practise3 Availability of inhabitable land4 Water borne diseases5 Discharge of sewage6 General cleanliness7 Ground water quality8 Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding9 Nuisance of odour10 Quality of sanitation facilities

8. Environmental problems & priorities forwarded by the Communities -Mnazi MmojaPriority Environmental issue

1 Water borne diseases2 Solid Waste disposal practices3 Discharge of sewerage4 Danger to calamity (fire)5 Nuisance of odours6 Availability of drinking water7 Incidence of diseases8 Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding9 Accessibility10 Ground water quality

9. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- MvuleniPriority Environmental issue

I Water borne diseases2 Piped water quality3 Quality of sanitation facilities4 Accessibility5 Air pollution6 Noise nuisance7 Solid waste disposal practice8 Nuisance of odour9 Surface water quality10 Discharge of sewage in open ditches

Community Environrmental Management Plan xv

ANNEX 2 ENVTRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PRIORITIES OF THE. COMMUNITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA(SUB-WARDS)

Community Infrastrtcture Upgrading Program

10. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- Muungano

Priority Environmental issueI Waterborne diseases2 Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding3 Flooding

4 Discharge of sewage5 Nuisance of odour6 Nuisance of dust7 Surface water quality8 Quality of sanitation facilities9 Road safety10 Solid waste disposal practices

Temeke Municipality

11. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- Chang'ombe A

Priority Environmental issue1 Availability of inhabitable land2 Accessibility3 Quality of sanitation facility4 Flooding5 Surface of water quality6 Hazard areas7 Soil erosion8 Water borne diseases9 Incidences of diseases10 General cleanliness

12. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- Chang'ombe BPriority Environmental issue

I Drinking water quality2 Availability of inhabitable land3 Accessibility4 Flooding5 Quality of sanitation facilities6 Surface water quality7 Hazard areas8 Water borne diseases9 Incidences of diseases10 General cleanliness

Community Environmental Management Plan xvi

ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL. CONCERNS AND PRIORITIES OF THE COMMUNMITES IN THE PROJECT AREA(SUB-WARDS)


13. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities-Mpogo

Priority Environmental issue1 Accessibility

2 Availability of inhabitable land3 Drinking water quality4 Quality of sanitation facilities5 Surface water quality6 Ground water quality7 Water borne diseases8 Incidences of diseases9 Danger of calamity10 General cleanliness

14. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- -Mwembeladu

Priority Environmental issue1 Availability of inhabitable land2 Accessibility3 Qutality of sanitation facilities4 Stagnant water/mosquito breeding5 Flooding6 Incidence of diseases7 General cleanliness8 Solid waste disposal practices9 Road safety10 Water bore diseases

15. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities-Sandali

Priority Environmental issue1 Accessibility

2 Stagnant water/mosquito breeding3 security4 Availability of inhabitable land5 Solid waste6 Danger of calamity fire7 Quality of sanitation facilities8 Incidence of diseases9 General cleanliness10 Drinking water quality

Community Environmental Management Plan xvii

ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PRIORITIFS OFT TICE COMMUNITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA(SUIB-WARDS)


16. Environmental problems and priorities forwarded by the Communities- ToroliPrioriyEnvironmentlissue ~

1 Availability of inhabitable land2 Danger of calamity (fire)3 Safety/security4 Quality of sanitation facilities5 Accessibility6 Water borne diseases7 Incidences of diseases8 Stagnant water/mosquito breeding9 Periodical flooding10 Solid waste disposal practice

Community Environmental Management Plan xviii

ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAI. CONCERNS AND PRIORII'fIES OF THE COMMUNITIES IN I'HE PROJECT AREA(SUB-WARDS)


ANNEX 3 SCREENING OF THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTUREUPGRADING PROGRAM IN LINE WITH THE 'ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK' OF THE LOCAL SUPPORT

PROGRAM LGSP

Rationale: Determination of the nature and category of the Project(s) withreference to the required environmental impact assessments

Category 1 No further environmental assessment needed

Does the project (or project component) involve?Yes No N/AProvision of education, training, technical assistance _

Research, technical stLdies or other information generation andanalysis activitiesInstitutional strengthening _Awareness building or dissemination activities VDocument or information transfers VNutrition, healthcare or family planning VFood aid V

Category 2 Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) required

Does the project (or project component) involve?Yes* No N/ASite selection

Siting close to surface water courses, natural springs _Siting close or within ecologically sensitive areas - natural forests,wetland (lake, river, swamp, seasonally intndated areas), area ofhigh biodiversity, habitat for threatened, endangered or rare speciesetc. _Siting close or within habitats protected under national, Vinternational or local laws.Siting close or within areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low- Vlaying, or in a depression or block run-off waterSiting in an area of possible geological or soil instability (prone to Vsoil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc.) _Siting in an area that has risks of contamination and pollution V(latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges etc) _Siting in an area that has risks of large scale increase in soil salinity vSiting that adversely effects the aesthetic attractiveness of the local V/landscapeSiting that could alter any historical, archeological, heritage, or Vtraditional (sacred, ritual area) siteSiting that could result in resettlement of people and/or relocation of Vproperty

_ _ _Siting that could result in loss, denial or restriction of access to land vand other economic resourcesSiting that interfere or block access, routes etc (for people, livestock VIand wildlife)Siting that could result in permanent or temporary loss of crops, and Vother household infrastructure (granaries, outside kitchen and toilet, __ _

Community Environmental Management Plan xixANNEX 3 SCREENING OF THE COMMUNITY lNFRASTRUCT'URE lJPGRADINC PROGRAM IN LINE WIT1 THE'ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAl. MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK' OF THE LOCAL, SUPPORT PKOGRAM LGSP


livestock shed etc.

ConstructionClearance of vegetation > --- acresClearance or disturbance of threatened, endangered or rare speciesof living organisms (plant or animal) _Long-term excavation works or works during rain seasonUse of construction materials from degraded/unauthorized sources,or use hazardous materialsNoise levels exceeding allowable noise limitsEmission of dust and hazardous fumes _Large nuImber of staff and laborers VLarge, long-term construction camp

_

Disrupt normal operations in the general area (traffic routing andflowsOperationGeneration of waste: human and animal excreta, sewage, solidwaste, liquid waste, hospital wasteDrainage of storm water _Use of poisonous or hazardous chemicals, (disinfectants, chemicalfor vectors control) _Changes in water quality or quantity (spillage, contamination) V/Use of considerable amounts of natural resources or may lead to _their depletion - water, land, energy from biomass,Noise levels exceeding allowable noise limitsEmission of copious amounts of dust, hazardous fumes vLarge number of users, staff vFrequent maintenance and or repair _/Prone to hazards, risk, accidents and injuries _/

* all anticipated impacts are believed to be mitigated

Category 3 Full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) required

Does the project (or project component) involve?Yes No N/A

EfA as recommended by Preliminary Environmental Assessment V/ /Project of regional, national or international dimensions VPotential to significantly degrade protected area, sensitiveecological areas, threatened or endangered speciesLarge scale agriculture mechanization, irrigation, land leveling, _ _procurement or wide- area appliceation of agrochemicals Water management structures such as dams and impoundments =Industrial plant production or processing

_

Major construction oef rehabilitation works - road (over 10 kmlength), substantial water sfuree andeor supply, -swagoSub project costing over US$100,000 a) VI'Managing solid, liquid or medical wastes /Incorporating the use of hazardous chemicals V/Planned settlements/resettlement - large numbers b) _

a) infrastructure upgrading in 31 sub-wards, each receiving between US$ 250.000 and300.000 (including management and monitoring costs)

b) present estimation is only 6 households will need to be relocated

Community Environmental Management Plan xx

ANNEX 3 SCREEINING OF THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCI'URE UPGRADING I'ROGRAM IN LINE WITH THE'ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMEN'I' FRAMEWORK' OF THIE LOCAL SUPPORT PROGRAM LGSP


AN-NEX 4 CONTROLS ON THE CONTRACTOR

The activities and obligations of the Contractor are established in the project'sContract Documents and the respective Technical Specifications. The CIUP intendsto structure these documents in line with national competitive bidding standards aswell as following standard World Bank recommendations. The Conditions ofContract are in two parts, the General Conditions which are the standard conditionspublished by FIDIC, and the Conditions of Particular Application (COPA) whichqualify and over-ride the General Conditions. The Bill of Quantities (BOQ) lists payitems, and the Technical Specifications define materials and construction methods.All sections will bear due considerations to environmental safeguard considerations asoutlined in this Annex.

In the General Conditions relevant to environmental protection and social welfare thefollowing sub-clauses will be considered:- Site Operations and Methods of Construction- Work to be in Accordance with Contract- Safety, Security and Protection of the Environment- Construction Methods which Avoid Environmental Damage- Employer's Responsibilities- Third Party Insurance- Insurance against Accident to Workmen- Compliance with Statutes, Regulations- Protection of Cultural Heritage- Interference with Traffic and Adjoining Properties- Avoidance of Damage to Roads and Communal Utilities- Transport of Contractor's Equipment or Temporary Works- Transport of Materials or Plant- Use of Hazardous Materials- Contractor to Keep Site Clear- Clearance of Site on Completion- Engagement of Staff and Labour- Restriction on Working Hours (including for specific equipment)

The majority of the provisions are unpaid obligations of the contractor, but there aretwo pay items included in the Bill of Quantities as percentages - Clearance of Camps(10 % of camp construction costs) and Clearance of Diversions (20 % of diversionconstruction costs). Lessons learned show that the inclusion of such costing give theContractor an additional incentive to clear the site, thereby ensuring proper restorationof all land used to an environmentally acceptable and safe condition.

As the CIUP deal with a complex set of social issues, a number of environmentallyand socially-related amendments are recommended to be laid out in the Conditions ofParticular Application in the Contract. See Table 4-2 'Conditional Clauses ofParticular Application Relating to Environment and Social Welfare in the Sub-wards'

Community Environmental Management Plan xxi

ANNEX 4 CONTROLS ON TIIE CONTRAC-IOR


Table 4.2 Conditional Clauses of Particular Application Relating toEnvironment and Social Welfare in the Sub-wardsSub-Clause PurposeEnvironmentRelations with Local Communities Obliges Contractor to liase frequently with local communities andand Authorities minimise his impact on them.Safety, Security and Protection of the Addition which:Environment - specifies pollution control measures, particularly to construction of

latrines and refuse collection facilities- provides for emergency response to pollution incidents;- ensures payment of compensation to parties affected by pollution.Employer's Responsibilities Addition ensuring that employer takes equal care of the environment ifhe is working on the Site.

Protection of Trees and Vegetation - protects trees and vegetation;- imposes penalties and remedies for damage to and unauthorisedfelling of trees.

Water Supply - obliges Contractor to supply his own water of adequate quality;-protects rights of existing water users and provides remedies if these_ _ _ ~are affected (eg. ustitute shallow wells),

Asphalt Mix Plants Controls siting and dust emissions from hot-mix plants.Type and Storage of Materials Obliges Contractor to:- utilize only specified construction materials, fuels and chemicals- adequately store and provide security measures for materials againstnatural impacts (storrn, floods) and theft- ensure that hazardous materials (fuels, chemicals, paints acids etc)will be securely stored with restricted access to authorized staff-Establishes the Engineer's right to conduct unannounced spot checksand direct any time that additional preventive measures are taken.Use of Wood as Fuel Prohibits use of wood as a fuel for execution of the works.Fire Prevention Obliges Contractor to:- avoid fire damage to vegetation;- liase with gas authorities and follow their instructions regarding safeworking practices near gas installations;- suppress fires;- restore areas of vegetation accidentally burnt due to his activities.Traffic Interference

Interference with Traffic and Addition obliges Contractor to give adequate advance warning if anyAdjoining Properties road, railway or waterway has to be temporarily closed.Transport of Contractor's Equipment Amendment so that when hauling large quantities of material,or Temporary Works Contractor has to:

- consult with affected communities in advance;- obtain the Engineer's approval for his haulage proposals includingmonitoring of damage to roads and measures to prevent nuisance andsafety hazards.- Establishes Engineer's right to disallow certain haul routes ormeasures.-Does not remove Contractor's obligation to repair damage roads andcompensate for damage, nuisance and accidents.Establishment and Clearance of Facilities

Rights of Way and Facilities Addition which requires:- Engineer's prior approval for siting and design of Contractor'sfacilities;- full restoration of land so used.

Clearance of Contractor's Facilities Directs the Contractor to:- restore all land affected by his facilities;- specifies measures to be taken such as removal of all debris, rippingto relieve compaction, removal of old latrines, etc.;

Community Environmental Management Plan xxii

ANNEX 4 CONTROLS ON Tl IE CONTRACTOR


Sub-Clause PurposeReserves Employer's right to restore land if this has not been doneadequately.

LabourEmployment of Local Personnel, Encourages Contractor to:Women and Children- - employ unskilled labour from sub-ward community;

- include employment of women.- ban the employment of child labour.

Fair Wages Defines "fair wages", and obliges Contractor to:- pay not less than fair wages;- ensure all his sub-contractors do likewise;- inform all labour as to the official wage rates.

Housing for Labour, (if necessary) Establishes, as applicable, minimum conditions for housing for staffand labour - lights, water and sanitation - and ensures propermaintenance of accommodation.

Work Accident Prevention and Safety Directs the Contractor to:- prevent accidents to the travelling public and local residents;- have a qualified accident prevention officer on site;- establish and implement safe working practices including anyinecessary training of staff and labour.

Protective Clothing and Footwear Directs the Contractor to;- supply all staff with appropriate protective clothing / equipment;- specifies minimum requirements for bituminous paving works,concrete works, lime stabilisation and bridge construction;- establishes Engineer's right to direct that extra clothing or equipmentis issued.

First-Aid Services Establishes minimum standards for first-aid provision on site.Health and Pests Directs Contractor to take all steps necessary to ensure the health of his

staff and labour and to prevent epidemics, including- warning staff and labour of health risks prevalent in the area;- controlling pests;- following the instructions of competent authorities with respect todisease prevention & control.Establishes Engineer's right to direct that additional preventivemeasures be taken.

Supply of Drinking Water, Sanitation Contractor to supply drinking water and sanitation on site, as necessary.Festivals and Religious Customs Contractor to have regard to local customs, festivals & etc.Disorderly Conduct Contractor to prevent disorderly conduct by the work force.

"Disorderly conduct" to include excessive harvesting of naturalresources such as wood and fish.

Labor Regulations, Welfare &Fees Contractor to comply with labour regulations and laws.Labour Relations Officer Contractor to have a labour relations officer on site, actively promoting

the interests and welfare of staff and labour.Records and Reporting of Labour & Contractor to keep detailed records of labour, accidents etc.;Accidents - submit reports to Engineer as required.Extension of Time for Completion - reminds Contractor of possibility of difficult weather conditions and

flooding;- obliges him to prepare and adjust his work program to cope

Community Environmental Management Plan xxiii

ANNEX 4 CONTROLS ON TIIE CONTRACTOR


ANNEX 5 METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTALPERCEPTION WITHIN THE COMMUNITIES

Random Sampling with Transect Mcthodology:

To cover a statistically reliable and random sample size which also will allow ananalysis of gradients of a given parameter within the sub-ward boundaries, atransect method will be employed.

A refining of the method will be developed after initial trial, being:- A grid of transect lines at a distance of 50 m will be laid over each sub-ward to

.cover an average 7 house surveys per hectare;- The transect lines are plotted on the geo-referenced map 1:2500 used in for all

fiels surveys, and the starting and end points become the GPS-reference pointsfor the teams operating in the field;

- Each survey will be done by a team of 2 surveyors who also will conduct thestructured interview with a prepared standard questionnaire (see Form). It isassumed that each household interview (sample) will last approximately 15-20minutes; with a total of 3 teams working simultaneously in the same ward at atime it is thus estimated that each team will cover one hectare survey (includingan average of 7 house questionnaires) in about 2 hours;

- To cover the total of approximately 400 ha in all 16 sub-wards selected forPhase I a total of approximately 2.800 houses will be surveyed, which isassumed to take a total of about 930 hours, i.e. with three survey teamsoperating simultaneously for 8 hrs/day the entire field survey is assumed to last38 work days;

- The duration of the survey will be reduced by 10 days when employing a fourthsurvey team.

Information to be Retrieved from Household Survey Samples:

What needs to be obtained as feedback informnation to assess key environmentalissues in the three sectors:1) Sanitation and Health Hazards2) Solid Wastes and Associated Problems3) Drainage, Flooding and Erosion Problems4) Environmental Awareness

ad 1)- Type of facilities used- Shared or unshared, how many families or persons- Problems associated with existing facility (overflow, leakage)- Issues related to latrine emptying- Common diseases related to poor sanitation, including epidemics

Community Environmental Management Plan xxivANNEX 5 METIHIODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMFNTAI. P'ERCEPTION WITHIN TH'E COMMUNITIES


ad 2)- Quantity of garbage produced per family and day

- Prevailing waste disposal habit- Places and distance of garbage disposal- Perceived problems with indiscriminate garbage littering- Health problems linkcd to poor solid waste management

ad) 3)Exposure to flooding events- Effects of flooding impacts on lives, health and assets- Exposure to erosion and landslide events- Effects of erosion/landslide impacts on lives and assets

ad 4)Only rudimentary developed, at best- People regard thernselves as victims rather than co-creators of

environmental problems (e.g. unauthorized settlement, unhygienicpractices, neglect in waste management)

- Most people attribute hazardous environment with inefficientservices and neglect of municipality duties

Community Environmental Management Plan xxv

ANNEX S METHODOLOGY 10 ASSESS TfIF ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION WITHNIN 'HE COMMUNMTIES


Questionnaire to address the above topics:

ad 1) Sanitation and Health Hazards

Q How many people are you in your family ?O What type of sanitation do you and your family use?

-) one of six types of sanitation facilities

El Do you share this facility with other families ? - If yes, how manypersons

O At what age the children in your family start using the toilet ? - _years

El What are the problems with your sanitation facility ?i flooding-o collapsei smell and flies- conflicts with neighbours4 danger to children (accident risk)

OL How do you empty your toilet, how often and where is the fill disposed ?

O Which diseases do you and your family experience, and how frequentare attacks ?

e diarrhoea and other intestinal problems4 vermnin diseases4 cholera4 typhoid fever

ad 2) Solid Wastes and Associated Problems

El What is the estimated amount of garbage your family produces per day

4 volume in terms of bucket

OL How do you normally dispose your domestic waste ?4 compostingi bury on site4 burn (on site, off site)4 carry to communal collection point at

m distance4 garbage is collected by

4 indiscriminate disposal at nearby openspace or dump site

OL Is garbage littering a problem to you ? If so, which:4 spread of diseases4 blocking drainage system and increase

flooding4 blockage of access paths

Community Environmental Management Plan xxviANNEX 5 METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE FNVIRONMF.N'rAI. PERCEPTION WITHIN THE COMMUNITIES


e air pollution to buming garbage dumps4 nuisance (smell and attraction of pest

animals)4 aesthetics

El Do you see a connection between poor solid waste management andhealth risks ?

ad 3) Drainage. Floodinc and Erosion Problems

Li Do you experience flooding problems in this area4 frequency (per year)4 length of exposure ( days or weeks)e any damage to your assets

El What problems do you perceive with inadequate drainage and floodcontrol?

i association of incurring diseases relatedto flooding

4 acerbating of the problem by overflowinglatrines

O Do you and your family experience outbreaks of diseases linked to therainy season and flooding events ? If so, which types of diseases4 intestinal diseases4 malaria4 skin diseases4 cholera4 (typhoid) fever4 other

4) General Environmental Awareness

O Did you receive environmental education ? If so, when and about what?4 date4 organization /program and topic

Li Do you think that you can contribute at your household level to solvesome of the most severe environmental problems that surround you ?

Community Environmental Management Plan xxviiANNEX 5 METHODOILOGY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENrTAL PERCErrION WIrHIN THE COMMUNITlIES


Form for EA- Household Survey - Environmental Assessment forCIUP1. ISurveyor: 2. Date of Survey I 20033. !Sub-Ward: 4.Coordinates N

(GPS reading) E5. Interviewed Person |6. House owner Yes O No O 7. Q: How many persons live in this house ?

!Land owner Yes U No O L ... persons, of which O ... are children underage 10LI no facility

8 IQ: What type of sanitation LI unlined traditional latrinedo you and your family use?

LO lined traditional pit latrine

O permanent improved pit latrinei U ventilated improved pit latrine

_ _ _ _ _L O septic and soak away system9. IQ: Do you share this toilet facility!

vwith other families ? 4 If yes, indicate how many personsNo L YesO __

10 IQ: At what age the children in your family start using the toilet ? | -* from years

11. Q: What are the problems with I U no problemsyour sanitation facility ? OU flooding (overflowing) and contaminating surroundings

| collapse[several answers possible] U smell and other nuisance (e.g. flies, rodents)

° conflicts with neighbours-| | O danger for children (accident risk)

12 |Q: How do you empty your toilet,!, - Describe method: .....................................................Ihow often and where is theIIsludge disposed ?!sludge disposed ? - -~~~~.......... .......... .................................

I indicate frequency_ per_ yearPlace of sludge disposal: ..............................................

13. |Q: Which diseases do you and ,your family experience, i O Malaria

and how frequent are attacks? ! Diarhoea.

I Typhoid Fever ......[during the past 2 months] O Vermin

U Skin Diseases ...............L other (specify) . O. o

Community Environmental Management Plan xxviii

ANNEX 5 MSTHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION WIlIlHIN TI-IE COMMUNITIES


14. !Q: Do you and your family experienceoutbreaks of diseases linked to the !..

I rainy season and flooding events ?No LI if Yes 3 4 specify diseases

15. Q What is the estimated amount of garbage 4 volume in terms of bucketsyour family produces per day ?

16. Q: How do you normally dispose El indiscriminate disposal at nearby sites (open space)your domestic waste? O composting on site

LI bury on site O bury off site

LIO bum on site El burn off site

LI carry to collection site at m distance

l refusal is collected at door by17. Q: Is garbage littering -f If yes LI spread of diseases

t a problem to you ? O blocking drainage and increase floodingNo Oii Yes 0 3 blockage of access paths

LIt air pollution/nuisance because of burning refusalLiO nuisance (smell and attraction of pest animals)

-|________ Li O aesthetical nuisance18. IQ: Do you see a connection I If yes, specify.:

between poor garbage ma-nagement and health risks?

No LI Yes - - ..............19. Q: Do you experience flooding Lii frequency (_ events per year)

I problems in this area? ph duration of floodig (_ days/ weeks)NoLUif fYes L -->specify I

i4 Indicate any damage to your property .

20. Q: Did you receive I when (month or year)environmental education ? | iO which media or organization.No LO if Yes LI - specify;'I ..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~.......................I...I .. _......

21. Q: Do you think that yug can 4

co ti b t at y u ho s ol ................................................................................level to solve some of the most,,severe environmental problems}.'that surround you ? ...............................................................................

Community Environmental Management Plan xxix

ANNEX 5 METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS Tl-IE ENVIRONMENTAL. PERCEPT]ON WITHIN THE COMMUNrrIES


ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALLSUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE

UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I

Municipality Wards Sub-ward Population

Madenge 32 haMadenge______ ] 2,614 inhabitants

Buguruni Malapa 34 hallala 12,912 inhabitants

Mnyanani 48 haMnyanani_ ______17,236 inhabitantsVingunguti Mtambani 53 ha

______________ _______ __ Chang'ombe__ A 20,447 inhabitants

Chang'ombe A 7 ha4,009 inhabitants

Chang'ombe Chang'ombe B 35 ha_____________ 114,868 inhabitants

Toroli 17 haTemeke Torol 7,984 inhabitants

Sandali 35 ha1 1,713 inhabitants

Sanadali Mpogo 15 haKilimani_____ 13,624 inhabitants

Mwebldizn I39 ha

Kinondoni Manzese 16,153 inhabitants

Unzui 3mj 6 ha

9,192 inhabitants

MvKlleni 19 ha7.123 inhabitantsMnazi moja 16 ha

Muungano 5,915 inhabitants

MADENGE Sub-ward/ Ilala Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on a rather flat terrain thatgently slopes eastwards. The dominant soil types are sand and clay. The permeabilityof the soil is in general good except for some areas where clay soil is dominant. Someparts of the project area are heavily eroded because of high speed and volume ofstorm water, and lack of constructed drains in the area. This is especially so aroundMahakama Road in the centre of Zone 2. Vegetation in the project area is almost

Community Environmental Management Plan xxx

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMl'N'rAL STATUS SHFETS FOR ALL SUD-WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PIIASE I


absent and mainly consists of solitary trees and there is no hazardous/flood proneareas found in the project area.

At somc locations (refer to mapping) water pools/stagnant water cause mosquitobreeding. Such a situation is common in many sections of the existing roads, andalways happens as soon as it rains and persists depending on the amount of the rain.However the areas surrounding the three graveyards in the project area lie within thelowest points geographically and hence attract water pools/stagnant water when itrains.

Access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach many parts ofthe project area. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

At present the people of the project area often discharge their wastewater within theirsites in the pit latrines. However some wastewater is freely discharged in the naturaldrains along the houses. Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source ofdiseases.

The groundwater table is high. As a consequence construction of pit latrines in thearea is made more difficult and the pit latrines do not last long before being full. Thesituation becomes worse during the rainy seasons when pits overflow. Pit latrines arein general well maintained. The nearest place to dispose sludge is at the wastestabilization ponds in Kombo sub-ward, at a distance of about I km westwards.

A few inhabitants grow food on their own plots. Hlowever, this activity is not reasonfor environmental concern.Despite existence of solid waste collection service in the project area, illegal dumpingof solid waste is practised. Most of the illegally dumped waste ends up in the drains,around houses nearby and vacant land. One main illegal dumpsite has presently beenidentified and mapped.

At present the people of the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the project area is ingeneral an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, cholera andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy.

MALAPA Sub-ward/ Ilala Municipality

The contour line map shows that in this project area also flat terrain predominates,with some gently sloping areas. The dominant soil type is sand. In some low-layingareas the soil type is clay. The permeability of the soil is poor on the low-laying areaswith clay soils and fairly good in most other areas in the sub-ward. Some parts of theproject area particularly Zone 4 and Zone 2 are heavily eroded due to lack of drain

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxi

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMIITYINFKASTRUCT URE tUPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


that could direct the storm water safely. Hlowever, the proposed improvement andupgrading will reduce flooding problems in this project area. Respective zones havebeen mapped.

Except for some small patches oC open spaces vegetation in the project area is almostabsent. Some inhabitants grow food vegetables such as maize and spinach on theirindividual plot. Ilowever the scale of this type of urban agriculture in such anunplanned settlement like Malapa is so small that there is no reason for environmentalconcern.

The groundwater table is very high in Malapa. As a result pit latrines in this areas getfilled up after a very short. Also some shallow wells are faecally contaminated. Thesituation becomes worse during the rainy season when the pits overflows and somehouseholds discharge the sewage haphazardly along with the storm water in theexisting natural drains. Pit latrines are generally well maintained. The nearest place todispose sludge is at Vingunguti waste stabilization ponds located in Kombo sub-ward,at a distance of about 1 km westwards.

At some depression locations (mapped) there is significant occurrence of waterpools/stagnant water causes mosquito breeding. This situation is common particularlyin zone 4 of this project area, and zone 1 which is located in the lowest point withinthe sub-ward and is thus more affected and prone to pronged water pools/stagnantwater after the rains. Despite the existence of solid waste collection service in theproject area, illegal dumping of solid waste within the sub-ward are practised. Most ofthe illegally dumped waste ends up around houses and in vacant land. One mainillegal dumpsite has been identified in the project and mapped.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the project area isgenerally in an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, choleraand typhoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a lowlife expectancy. The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pitlatrines, the poor emptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has causedwide spread pollution of ground water especially the shallow wells. This poses healthrisks, although as already stated very few people use shallow wells for their watersutpply.

MNYAMANI Sub-ward/ llala Municipality

The project area lies on a rather flat terrain, with a particularly low-laying area that issubject to frequent backflow flooding. The dominant soil types are sand and clay. Thepermeability of the soil is poor on the low-laying areas and fairly good in most otherareas in the subward. Most part of Zone 2 in the project area is flood prone, as it lieslow and thus a big volume of storn water from the high areas causes floods in thisarea. Detailed maps of these hazardous zones were made for planning specificmitigation solutions (see CEMP, Section 3.5.3, Casc 1)Except for the identified flood prone area where marshy vegetation (Typha latifolia)is predominant vegetation in the project area is almost absent. Some inhabitants grow

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxii

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SEI.ECTED FOR THE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


food vegetables such as maize and spinach on their individual plot. However the scaleof this type of urban agriculture in such an unplanned settlement like Mnyamani is sosmall that there is no reason for environmental concern.Proper access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of propcr access couldbecome disastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach largeparts of the project area. Besides, the limited supply of water would aggravate thesituation in case of such calamities, while lack of proper drainage channels may resultinto flooding and creation of mosquito breeding sites leading to spread of malaria inthe subward area.Most households use traditional methods to empty their pit latrines when they are full,during heqavy rain season.. This practice entails freeing the waste from the filled uppit into running storm water through the natural and constructed drains. This methodhas been associated with spread of water borne diseases especially cholera.Thenearest place where emptying trucks dispose of the excreta is Vingunguti wastestabilization ponds, which are located in Kombo sub-ward in Vingunguti ward. Theponds are located at a distance of about 400 m from Mnyamani subward.At present the people of the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the existing storm water drains also function as open sewers. Inplaces where nlo drain exists, residents splash wastewater haphazardly on the openground. At some locations (refer to map 2 existing situation) water pools/stagnantwater causes mosquito breeding. These include the Kwa Mkanda area south ofMnyamani Road, whereby apart from the pools, water stagnates in the existingconstructed drain thus providing breeding site for mosquitoes. To the north ofMnyamani Road around Kwa Mama Nduru graveyard there is always stagnation ofwater from domestic uses and even when it rains very lightly. No single drain existsin this area, which is supposed to drain southwards towards Mnyamani Road.

Illegal dumping of solid waste is practised in the subward. Most of the illegallydumped waste ends up in the storm water drains, while some is haphazardly dumpedin open (vacant) areas. Three illegal dumpsites have been identified.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the project area isgenerally in an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, choleraand typhoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a lowlife expectancy. The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pitlatrines, the poor emptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has causedwide spread pollution of ground water. This poses health risks, especially because asalready stated some people use shallow wells for their water supply.

MTAMBANI Sub-ward/ Ilala Municipality

The project area lies on a rather flat terrain, with some local depressions in all zones.The dominant soil types are sand and clay. The perrneability of the soil is poor on thelow-laying areas and fairly good in most other areas in the subward. Areas that aremostly affected by floods in each zone are described in section 3. However, theproposed improvement and upgrading including the trunk storm water drain that willdischarge in Msimbazi River through Kombo ward will take care and thus alleviate

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxiii

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR TI-IE COMM[INITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I

Commumity Infrastructure Upgrading Program

flooding problems in Mtambani project area. Details for planning specific mitigationsolutions in this specific area are provided in the CEMP (Section 3.5.3, Case 2)

Access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts ofthe project area. Besides, the limited supply of water would aggravate the situation incase of such calamities, while lack of proper drainage channels may result intoflooding and creation of mosquito breeding sites leading to spread of malaria in thesub-ward.

Except for some small patches of open spaces and along the existing storm waterdrains vegetation in the project area is almost absent. Some inhabitants grow foodvegetables such as maize and spinach on their individual plot. However the scale ofthis type of urban agriculture in such an unplanned settlement like Mtambani is sosmall that there is no reason for environmental concern.

At present the people of the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the existing storm water drains also function as open sewers. Inplaces where no drain exists, residents splash wastewater haphazardly on the openground. At some locations (refer to map 2 existing situation) water pools/stagnantwater causes mosquito breeding.

illegal dumping of solid waste is practised in the subward. Most of the illegallydumped waste ends up in the storrn water drains, while some is haphazardly dumpedin open (vacant) areas. Illegal dumpsites in the project area have been identified atthree main locations.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, Mtambani is generallyin an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, cholera andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy. The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pitlatrines, the poor emptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has causedwide spread pollution of ground water especially the shallow wells. This poses healthrisks, although as already stated very few people use shallow wells for their watersupply.

CHANG'OMBE A Sub-ward/ Temeke Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on generally flat landform witha gentle slope towards Chang'ombe B and Mandela Road on the Southern direction.The dominant soil type is sandy soil. The permeability of the soil is in generals high.Hazardous areas are found around the main ditch canal due to flooding, which occursfrequently during rain season. Residents in low-laying areas do not grow vegetableson their own plots because of flood and interference and high sedimentation ratesduring flush floods.. Vegetation is generally absent.

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxiv

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ST'ATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR ITHE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPURADING PROGRAM [N PHASE I


Detailed maps of these hazardous zones were made for planning specific mitigationsolutions, especially in the vicinity of the large godowns constructed in the rivervalley who obstruct free drainage and therefore cause considerable backfloodingproblems for the adjacent population (see CEMP, Section 3.5.3, Case 3)

Access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fire, because fire-fighting vehicle cannot reach large parts of thearea. Besides the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

The ground water table is high; as a consequence pit latrines arc often overflow. Pitlatrines are in general poorly maintained. The general emptying practice is localdesludging, which is done when the pit latrine is full approximately twice a year. Pitlatrines are in general well maintained. Private operators empty pit-latrines. For mostpeople the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at least Tsh. 25,000),or simply impossible because their plots are inaccessible by truck. As a result, themost common practice is on-site management through traditional emptying methods.But this method is subject to availability of space for digging another pit within thesite, into which to transfer sewage from the filled-up pit. This practice is locallyknown as kutapisha or kupakua, costing between Tsh.70,000 to 100,000 for a pit.

The high population density combined with prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide speedpollution of ground water. This poses health risks especially because many useshallow wells for their water supply.

Illegal dumping of solid waste and burning exist although to the lesser extent. Most ofthe illegally dumped wastes end up in drain and nearby vacant land.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the area is in generalan unhealthy environment. Outbreak of disease such as malaria, cholera, and typhoidis common. Other phenomena include overcrowding poverty and a low lifeexpectancy.

Base data about the health situation are not available at the sub-ward level. A reportof Temeke Municipal Council, providing basic information at Municipal level issummarized in the following table. It may well be assumed that the actual healthsituation in the area is worse, because the report covers the entire municipality includeplanning areas. Malaria is the main threat for both children and adults. For the year2000 a total of 33 cases of cholera were reported in health centres in Temeke, threepeople died of the disease.

CHANG'OMBE B Sub-ward/ Temeke Municipality

Like the previous sub-ward, this area lies on generally flat landform with a gentleslope towards Mandela Road on the Southern direction, as the contour lines in themap indicate. The dominant soil type is sandy soil. The perneability of the soil is ingenerals high. Flooding occurs frequently particularly during the rain season along the

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxv

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALI. SLBT3WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN P1 IASE I


main ditch canal in the southem part. Flood prone areas have been mapped. For floodimpact reasons the local residents near the low-laying lands refrain from plantingvegetables on their plots..


The ground water table is high, as a consequence pit often overflow. Pit latrines are ingeneral poorly maintained. The general emptying practice is local dislodging which isdone when the pit latrine is full approximately twice a year. Pit latrines are in generalwell maintained. Private operators empty pit-latrines.

For most people the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at leastTSh.25,000), or simply impossible because their plots are inaccessible by truck. As aresult, the most common practice is on-site management through traditional emptyingmethods. But this method is subject to availability of space for digging another pitwithin the site, into which to transfer sewage from the filled-up pit. This practice islocally known as kutapisha or kupakua.

The high population density combined with prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide speedpollution of ground water. This poses health risks especially because 99% of residentsuse borcholes for their water supply.

At present the people in the area often use the open drain to discharge theirwastewater, hence the drain, which function as open sewers, are source of diseases.Along Mecca Road where the main canal crosses, stagnant water causes mosquitobreeding. Base data about the health situation are not available at the sub-ward level.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the area is in generalan unhealthy environment. Outbreak of disease such as malaria, cholera, and typhoidis common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy.

TOROLI Sub-ward/ Temeke Municipality

The area lies is generally flat. The dominant soil type is sandy soil. The permeabilityof the soil is in generals high. There are no serious hazardous areas that are found inthe area. However flooding is a problem in the northern part, flooding occursfrequently particularly during the rain season, and a root cause is the fact that thereare no storm water drains and go downs walls' block natural watercourse. Some floodprone areas are indicated on map, the zones are demarcated by the contour lines.

Due to chronically flood risks the inhabitants of the low-laying lands resist fromgrowing food crops on their own plots.

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxvi

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR AlL SUR-WARDS SETLECTED FOR THlE COMMtJN[TYINFRASTRUC'f'URE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PIHASE I


Access to the project area is far from adequate, i.e. there are no a single house locatedwithin 150meters of constructed one way road nor 50meters within constructedfootpath, however 638 houses are located within 300meters of constructed secondaryroad. Lack of proper access could become disastrous in case of fire, because fire-fighting vehicle cannot reach large parts of the area. Besides the lack of water wouldaggravate the calamity.

Solid wastes collection practices in the project area makes a relative clean impression,largely contributed by the presence of a private operator called MP Environment whocollects the solid waste in the project area. Waste is collected two times per week(Tuesday and Friday) along the road. The contractor collects the wastes along theroads and transports it to the final disposal site. The performance of the contractor isgenerally good; an estimated 100% of the population is effectively served.

The ground water table is high; as a consequence pit latrines are frequently overflow.Pit latrines are in general poorly maintained. The general emptying practice istraditional emptying which is done when the pit latrine is full approximately twice ayear. The situation becomes worse during the rainy seasons when overflow of pitsoccurs; this is more rampant in the northern part of the sub-ward. A private operatorempties pit latrines. For most of people the use of cesspit emptier truck isprohibitively expensive, the price for the service is at least TSh 25,000 or simplyimpossible because their plots are inaccessible by truck, As a result the most commonpractice is traditional emptying that takes place at least twice a year, depending on thedepth of the pit.

The high population density combined with prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide speedpollution of ground water. This poses health risks because about 60% of residents usewells/boreholes for their water supply.


SANDALI Sub-ward/ Temeke Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on generally flat land. Thedominant soil type is sandy soil. The permeability of the soil is in general high. Thereare no serious hazardous areas that are found in the area. However flooding is aproblem in some parts of the area. Although flooding does not occurs frequently,during the rain season it gets serious, as a result of lack of storm water drains alongthe access paths. Flood prone areas are indicated on map 2, for details refer todrainage chapter. Inhabitants who grow food on their own plots and vegetation in theproject area is almost absent.

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxvii

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEElTS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELEC I ED FOR T HE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPCRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I

Com-munity Infrastructure Upgrading Program

Access to the project area is far from adequate, i.e. there is no single house locatedwithin 150meters of constructed one-way road nor 50meters within constructedfootpath, however 11244 houses are located within 300meters of constructedsecondary road (Dr. Ally Juma road). Lack of proper access could become disastrousin case of fire, because fire-fighting vehicle cannot reach some parts of the area.Besides the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

The ground water table is high as a consequence most of the pit latrines in the area areelevated to reduce collapsing/overflowing, the shed of the latrine are also used asbathrooms. The emptying practice is poor, general emptying practice is traditionalemptying, which is done when the pit latrine is full approximately twice a year. Formost of people the use of cesspit emptier truck is prohibitively expensive, the pricefor the service is at least TSh.25,000. As a result the most common practice istraditional emptying that takes place at least twice a year, depending on the depth ofthe pit.

Due to the presence of an organized group of youths called Mwongozo Youth Campwho collects the solid waste in the project area. The performance of solid wastemanagement in the area is generally good; an estimated 100% of the population iseffectively served. Waste is collected two times per week Monday and Thursday. Thecontractor collects the wastes along the roads and transports it to the dumpsite.

The high population density combined with prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused widespreadpollution of ground water. This poses health risks especially because 95% of residentsuse wells/boreholes for their water supply.


MPOGO Sub-ward/ Temeke Municipality

The area lies on generally flat landform, as shown in the map's contour lines. Thedominant soil type is sandy soil. The permeability of the soil is in general high. Themost serious environmental problem in the area is flooding as a result of lack of stormwater drains, which directed water to the river Yombo. Flood prone areas areindicated on map. This settlement is the only CIUP sub ward where residents practiceurban agriculture, the type of vegetation include spinach, cassava, sweet potatoes, andpeas. Most of the mentioned products are found along the banks of river Yombo.

Access to the project area is far from adequate, i.e. there is no single house locatedwithin 1 50meters of neither constructed one-way road nor 50meters withinconstructed footpath, however 271 houses are located within 300meters ofconstructed secondary road. Lack of proper access could become disastrous in case of

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxviii

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAI. STATtJS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR T'IHE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE. UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


fire, because fire-fighting vehicle cannot reach some parts of thc area. Bcsides thelack of water would aggravate the calamity.

The ground water table is high, as a consequence pit latrines are often over, and aregeneral poorly maintained. The general emptying practice is traditional emptyingwhich is done when the pit latrine is full approximately twice a year. Most of thepeople to use desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at least Tsh. 25,000), orsimply impossible because their plots are inaccessible by truck. As a result, the mostcommon practice is on-site management through traditional emptying methods. Butthis method is subject to availability of space for digging another pit within the site,into which to transfer sewage from the filled-up pit. This practice is locally known askutapisha or kupakua

The high population density combined with prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide speedpollution of ground water and water pollution specifically in the river Yombo. Thisposes health risks especially because 100% of residents use boreholes for their watersupply.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the area is in generalan unhealthy environment. Outbreak of disease such as malaria, cholera, fungus andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy.

MWEMBELADU Sub-ward/ Temeke Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on generally flat lands. Thedominant soil type is sandy soil. The permeability of the soil is generally high.Hazardous areas are not found in the project although the central part of Mwembeladusettlement gets flooded. Flooding occurs frequently particularly during the rainseason. Flood prone areas are indicated on map, and special attention was given in theflood mitigation measures to plan for sufficiently dimensioned drainage facilities.Residents in the low-laying areas do not grow food on their own plots due to floodand sedimentation impacts.


The ground water table is high as a consequence the pit latrines in the area do notfunction well. The situation becomes worse during the rainy seasons when overflowof pits occurs. Pit latrine are in general poorly maintained considering the fact that aremainly built by poor building materials such as boxes, drums, ply wood, fin ship andvery few are constructed by sand cement blocks. For most of people the use of cesspitemptier truck is prohibitively expensive, the price for the service is at leastTSh.25,000 or simply impossible because their plots are inaccessible by truck. As a

Community Environmental Management Plan xxxix

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL. STATUlS SHEETS FOR ALL SUJB-WARDS SELECTFD FOR THE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PII ASE I


result the most common practice is traditional emptying. The desludging exercisetakes place at least twice a year, depending on the depth of the pit.

Housing areas along Chihota Road are relatively clean as residents along the roaddump waste at a transfer station, operated by the Municipal Council. Also thepresence of a private operator; MK Youth Group, who collects solid wastes within thesettlement make clean surroundings in the sub-ward, but since accessibility is notadequate some areas are not reachable. Waste is collected two times per week(Monday and Friday) along the road. The contractor collects the wastes along theroads and transports it to the transfer station along Chihota Street.

The price for this service is TSh.1000 per month per house. MK Youth Groupworkers collect the fee. The performance of the contractor is satisfactory despite thefact that uses only one truck.

The high population density combined with prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused widespreadpollution of ground water. This poses health risks especially because 100% ofresidents use wells/boreholes for their water supply. At present the people in the areaoften use the open drain to discharge their wastewater, hence the drain, whichfunction as open sewer, is source of diseases. Base data about the health situation arenot available at the sub-ward level.


UZURI Sub-ward/ Kindondoni Municipality

Also this sub-ward lies on a rather flat terrain as indicated in the map with contourlines. The dominant soil types are sand. The permeability of the soil is in generalgood. Some parts of the sub ward are heavily eroded because of illegal sandextraction, for instance, along the banks of river Sinza. Vegetation in the sub-ward isalmost absent. There are no hazardous areas in the sub ward. At some locations therecan be observed stagnant water, identified by locals as sources of mosquito breeding.

Access to the sub-ward is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts ofthe sub-ward. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity. At present thepeople of the sub-ward often use the open drains to discharge their wastewater.Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases.

The groundwater table is high. As a consequence the pit latrines in the area functionoften overflow. Pit latrines are in general poorly maintained. Emptying is done twicetimes a year. The general emptying practise is manual emptying ("kutapisha"). For

Community Environmental Management Plan xl

ANNEX 6 EN VIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEFITS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTI ED FOR TIHIIE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


most people the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at leastTSh.25,000), or simply impossible because their plot is inaccessible by truck.

Illegal dumping of solid waste/ burning of solid waste is widely practised and as suchmost of the dumped waste ends up in the drains, while some is haphazardly dumpedin open.

At present the people of the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the existing storm water drains also functions as open sewers. Inplaces where no drains exist, residents splash wastewater haphazardly on the openground or existing un maintainable ditches.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the sub-ward is ingeneral an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, cholera andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, escalation of povertyand a low life expectancy. The high population density combined with the prevailinguse of pit latrines the poor emptying discipline and the shallow ground water table hascaused wide spread pollution of ground water. This poses health risks, because peopleuse shallow wells for as the supplement source of water supply.

Prevailing diseases in Kinondoni Municipality (year 2001)Death caused by Under 5 years of age (%) Five years and above (%)Malaria 61.2 63.2HIVWAIDS 1.8 1.8TB 0.3 3.3Pneumonia 13.2 4.8Diarrhoea 4.1 2.7Anaemia 3.9 1.5Source. Kinondoni Municipal Council Profile Report, 2001

KILIMANI Sub-ward/ Kindondoni Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on a rather flat terrain. Thedominant soil types are sand. The permeability of the soil is in general good. Parts ofthe sub ward are heavily eroded because of illegal sand extraction, especially alongthe banks of river Sinza. No vegetation/inhabitants grow food on their own plots.There are no hazardous areas in the area; some locations there are stagnant water,which are sources of mosquito breeding.

Access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts ofthe sub-ward. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

The people within the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases.The groundwater table is high. As a consequence the pit latrines in the area oftenoverflow. Pit latrines are in general poorly maintained. Emptying is done twice times

Community Environmental Management Plan xliANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAI. STATUS SHEETS FOR AL.]. SUB-WARDS SELE2CTED FOR TIIE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


a year. The general emptying practise is manual emptying ("kutapisha"). For mostpeople the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at least Tsh.25,000), orsimply impossible because their plot is inaccessible by truck.

The perforrnance of the contractor is not that satisfactory. An estimated 75 % of thepopulation in the project area is effectively served. The remained, 25 % disposed offtheir solid waste through burning/illegal dumping, which ends up in the drains,around houses nearby and vacant lands.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the sub-ward is ingeneral an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, cholera andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy. The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pitlatrines the poor emptying discipline and the low ground water table has caused widespread pollution of ground water. This poses health risks, especially people usingshallow wells as a supplement source of water supply.

MIDIZINI Sub-ward/ Kindondoni Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on a rather flat terrain. Thedominant soil types are sand. The permneability of the soil is in general good, nohazardous areas; there is stagnant water that is source of mosquito breeding.

Access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper accessibility couldbecome disastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach largeparts of the project areas. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

The people within the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases. Inplaces where no drain exists, residents splash wastewater haphazardly on the openground.

The groundwater table is high. As a consequence the pit latrines in the area functionoften overflow and the same are generally poorly maintained. Emptying is done twotimes a year. The general emptying practise is manual emptying ("kutapisha"). Formost people the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at leastTSh.25,000), or simply impossible because their plot is inaccessible by truck. Thehigh population density combined with the prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the low ground water table has caused wide spread pollutionof ground water. This poses health risks, especially because many/some people useshallow wells for their water supply.

The performance of the contractor is not that satisfactory. An estimated 75 % of thepopulation in the project area is effectively served. The remained, 25 % disposed offtheir solid waste through burning/illegal dumping, which ends up in the drains,around houses nearby and vacant lands. The common type of solid waste generated in

Community Environmental Management Plan xlii

ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR TIE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE tJPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


the sub-ward area is mainly domestic solid wastes and market wastes together withplastic and packaging materials

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the sub-ward is ingeneral an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, cholera andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy.

MNAZI MMOJA Sub-ward/ Kindondoni Municipality

The contour line map shows that this settlement lies on a rather flat terrain. Thedominant soil types are sand. The permeability of the soil is generally good. Someparts of the sub-ward are heavily eroded because of poor sand extraction, especiallyalong the banks of Urafiki drain, no hazardous areas within the settlement. Novegetation exists. Due to flatness of some areas there are stagnant water, identified bylocal people as are sources of mosquito breeding.

Accessibility in the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper access couldbecome disastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach largeparts of the sub-ward. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

At present the people of the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases.

The groundwater table is high. As a consequence the pit latrines in the area functionoften overflow. Pit latrines are in general poorly maintained. Emptying is done twicea year. The general emptying practise is manual emptying -"kutapisha". For mostpeople the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at least TSh.25,000),or simply impossible because their plot is inaccessible by truck.

The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide spreadpollution of ground water. This poses health risks, especially because many/ somepeople use shallow wells for their water supply.

Illegal dumping and burning of solid waste is widely practised. Most of the illegallydumped waste ends up in drains and Sinza River and nearby vacant spaces.

As a result of the environmental condition as described above, the sub-ward generallyis in an unhealthy environment. Outbreak of diseases such as malaria, cholera andtyphoid is common. Other phenomena include overcrowding, poverty and a low lifeexpectancy.

'[he high population density combined with the prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the low water table have caused wide pollution of groundwater. This poses health risks, especially because people use shallow wells for theirwater supply.

Community Environmental Management Plan xliiiANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAI STATUS SHEETS FOR ALI. SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMIJNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADINO PROGRAM IN PHASE I


MVULENI Sub-ward/ Kindondoni Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on a rather flat terrain. Thedominant soil types are sand. The permeability of the soil is in general good. Thereare no hazardous areas in the project area. At some locations there can be observedstagnant water, which are sources of mosquito breeding. Vegetation in the sub-ward isalmost absent.

Access to the sub-ward is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts ofthe sub-ward. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

At present the people of the sub-ward often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases.

The groundwater table is high. As a consequence the pit latrines in the area functionoften overflow. Pit latrines are in general poorly maintained. Emptying is done twicetimes a year. The general emptying practise is manual emptying ("kutapisha"). Formost people the use of desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at leastTSh.25,000), or simply impossible because their plot is inaccessible by truck.

The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pit latrines, the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide spreadpollution of ground water. This poses health risks, especially because many/somepeople use shallow wells for their water supply.

Illegal dumping of solid waste/ burning of solid waste is widely practised and as suchmost of the dumped waste ends up in the drains.


The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pit latrines the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide spreadpollution of ground water. This poses health risks, especially because people useshallow wells for their water supply.

MUUNGANO Sub-ward/ Kindondoni Municipality

The contour line map shows that this project area lies on a rather flat terrain. Thedominant soil types are sand. The permeability of the soil is in general good. Thereare no hazardous areas in the sub ward. Vegetation in the sub-ward is almost absent.

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ANNrFX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUs SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECITED FOR THEI COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROIRAM IN PHASE I


At some locations there can be observed stagnant water, identified by local people aresources of mosquito breeding.

Access to the project area is far from adequate. Lack of proper access could becomedisastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts ofthe sub-ward. Besides, the lack of water would aggravate the calamity.

At present the people of the sub-ward often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. FHence, the drains function as open sewers and as a source of diseases.

Here the groundwater table is high, as a consequence the pit latrines in the area oftenoverflow and are poorly maintained. Emptying is done twice times a year. Thegeneral emptying practise is manual emptying ("kutapisha"). For most people the useof desludging trucks is prohibitively expensive (at least TSh.25,000), or simplyimpossible because their plot is inaccessible by truck.

At present the people of the project area often use the open drains to discharge theirwastewater. Hence, the existing storm water drains also functions as open sewers. Inplaces where no drain exists, residents splash wastewater haphazardly on the openground.

Illegal dumping of solid waste is widely practised in the sub ward. Most of theillegally dumped waste ends up in the storm water drains, while some is haphazardlydumped in open (vacant).


The high population density combined with the prevailing use of pit latrines the pooremptying discipline and the shallow ground water table has caused wide spreadpollution of ground water. This poses health risks, especially because people useshallow wells for their water supply.

Community Environmental Management Plan xlvANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAI. STlATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURC IUPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I


ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM

The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) as presented in the ESMF ismeant to assist in the evaluation of sub-projects of the LGSP in Tanzania. The form isdesigned to place information in the hands of implementers and reviewers so thatimpacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirementsfor further environmental analysis be determined.

The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine thecharacterization of the prevailing local biophysical and social environment with the aimto assess the potential sub project impacts on it. The ESSF will also identify' potentialsocio-economic impacts that will require mitigation measures and or resettlement andcompensation.

Nare of sub-2roiect: Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Dar esSalaam

Sector: Urban infrastructure upgrading

Name of Village/MtaalWard/Town/District/Municipality in which the sub-project is to be implemented: Municipalities of Kinondoni, Ilala andTemeke

Executing Agent: Dar es Salaam City Council

Name of the Approving Authority: Municipalities of Kinondoni, Ilala andTemeke

Name, iob title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out thisESSF:

Name: Michael Mastaller

Job, title: Environmental Engineer of DHV Consultants (CIUP DesignConsultant)

Telenhone numbers: DHV Consultants Amersfoort, The Netherlands+31-33-4682561

Fax Number: +31-33-4682668

E-mail address: [email protected]

Date: 3 March 2004

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ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMEN'tIAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM

Community Infrastructurc UJpgrading Program

PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SUB - PROJECTS

The CIUP will improve the community inftastructure in the selected areas of Dar esSalaam/ranzania to appropriate functional standards, affordable and responsive tocommunity demand. Upgrading of infrastructure and urban services will take place in aperiod of 4 years (2005-2008). The first phase of implementation starts in the year 2005,covers 16 unplanned areas, and benefits 167,000 people. For each CIUP phase I area acommunity upgrading plan (CUP) has been prepared in a participatory, demandresponsive way. Upgrading involves the following infrastructure and services:- Roads and footpaths;- Drainage;- Sanitation;- Solid waste;- Streetlights.

PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALSITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OFENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

For project location, siting, surroundings, bio-physical condition etc, reference is madeto chapter 2 of the CEMP document.Maps on the project design are available in the technical documentation of CIUP.

There is no vegetation to be cleared in the course of the foreseen infrastructureupgrading program.

Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened speciesEnvironmentally sensitive areas or threatened species that could be adversely affectedby the project?(i) Intact natural forests: Yes No 3X(ii) Riverine forest: Yes No El(iii) Surface water courses, natural springs Yes : marginal, seasonally flushed(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas)

Yes No X_ N(v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas)?

12-20 km (degraded estuarine/inter-urban marshlands and mangrovestands)

(vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes _ No 3(vii) Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is

required under Tanzania national law/local law and/or international agreements.Yes No F1X

(viii) Others (describe). Yes No El

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ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM


Rivers and Lakes EcologyTs there a possibility that, due to construction and operation of the project, the river andlake ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality andquantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of theseover time.

Yes No 3i

Protected areasDoes the project area (or components of the project) occur within/adjacent to anyprotected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, worldheritage site etc.)

Yes No i3If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affectthe ecology within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration routesof mammals or birds).Yes No E1X

Geology and SoilsBased upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologicor soil instability (prone to: soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc)?Yes: heavily degraded and polluted gullies (Ilala and Temeke Municipality) which aresubject to rehabilitation (substantial drainage improvement) under the envisagedupgrading program

Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks oflarge scale increase in soil salinity?

Yes No r3Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods,poorly drained, low-lying, or in a depression or block run-off waterYes: These areas (Ilala and Temeke Municipality) are subject to rehabilitation(substantial drainage improvement) under the envisaged upgrading program

Contamination and Pollution HazardsIs there a possibility that the project will be at risks of contamination and pollutionhazards (from latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges etc)Yes _ _ No E3 (the program is addressing these contamination hazards)

Landscape/aestheticsIs there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness ofthe local landscape?Yes No Ixl

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ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREWNING FORM


Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site.Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/orobservations, could the project alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritagetraditional (sacred, ritual area) site or require excavation near same?Yes No 5X

Resettlement and/or land AcquisitionWill involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial orrestriction of access to land and other economic resources be caused by projectimplementation?

Yes [El No

As applicable, reference is made to the separate Resettlement Action Plan documentthat deals in detail with involuntary resettlement associated with the CIUP.

Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household InfrastructureWill the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees andhousehold infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)?Yes No I3J

Block of access and routes or disrupt normal operations in the general areaWill the project interfere or block access, routes etc (for people, livestock and wildlife)or traffic routing and flows

Yes 31 No

Noise and Dust Pollution during Construction and Operations.Will the operating noise level exceed the allowable noise limits?Yes 3 No

Will the operation result in emission of copious amounts of dust, hazardous fumesYes No LXI

Degradation and/or depletion of resources during Construction and operationWill the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources(construction materials, water spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead totheir depletion or degradation at points of source?Yes No LXI

Solid or Liquid WastesWill the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (including human excreta/sewage,hospital waste)

Yes No Ex

Occupational health hazardsWill the project require large number of staff and laborers; large/long-termn constructioncamp?

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ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAI. SCREENING FORM

Comnmunity Infrastructure Upgrading Program

Yes No 3I

Are the project activities prone to hazards, risks and could result in accidents andinjuries to workers during construction or operation??

Yes E23 No

Will the project require frequent maintenance and or repairYes 21 No

Public ConsultationI-las public consultation and participation been sought?

Yes EX No

PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES

Reference is made to chapter 4 of the CEMP dealing with a set of mitigation measuresfor each phase of the program, i.e. pre-construction, construction and operation.

Further reference is made to Annex 4 of the CEMP (environmental safeguards)detailing the contractual requirements for the contractors who will execute the works.

All mitigation measures required for compensation of lost assets and involuntaryresettlement are detailed in the RAP document.

Community Environmental Management Plan I

ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAI. AND SOCIALI SCREENING FORM