common infectious diseases of children presented by apic san antonio
TRANSCRIPT
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Common Infectious Common Infectious Diseases of ChildrenDiseases of ChildrenPresented by APIC San Antonio
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Common TermsCommon TermsSusceptible Host: A person capable of
becoming infected
Causative Agent: The germ (bacteria, virus, parasite) that causes a disease
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Common TermsCommon TermsIncubation Period: The time frame
from exposure to development of symptoms
Transmission Route: The method by which a causative agent infects a susceptible host (Contact, Droplet, Airborne)
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Hand HygieneHand HygieneResident and Transient organisms
◦Resident organisms – bacteria that stay on the skin. They cannot be removed completely, but their numbers can be reduced.
◦Transient Organisms – Organisms that we pick up from other people and the environment around us. These organisms can cause serious infections. They can be removed by performing hand hygiene.
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Hand HygieneHand HygieneThe single most important way to
prevent the spread of infection!
Two methods: Soap and Water or with Alcohol Hand Rubs
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Hand HygieneHand HygieneSoap and Water vs. Alcohol Hand Rubs
• Physically removes germs from hands
•Takes over a minute to do properly
•Should be used when hands are visibly soiled
•Can cause skin irritation
• Kills germs on the skin
•Takes about 15 - 20 seconds to do properly
•Should not be used when hands are visibly soiled
•Some products improve skin condition
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Hand Hygiene How ToHand Hygiene How ToSoap and Water
◦Turn on water and wet your hands◦Apply soap and rub hand together to
create a lather◦Scrub all surfaces of your hands for at
least 15 seconds◦Rinse soap from hands◦Dry hands with clean paper towel (if
possible)◦Use paper towel to turn off sink and
open door
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Hand HygieneHand HygieneAlcohol based hand rubs
◦Place a dime sized amount in palm◦Rub hands together, covering all
surfaces◦Allow hands to dry completely before
touching surfaces
Look for a product that contains skin conditioners
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Antibiotic UsageAntibiotic UsageMain Causes of Disease in Children
◦Bacteria◦Viruses◦Fungi◦Parasites
Antibiotics are only effective against Bacteria! Other medications might be needed for a different type of infection.
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Antibiotic UsageAntibiotic UsageWhat harm can result from use of
antibiotics when they have no benefit?
◦Many antibiotics have side effects, including upset stomach and diarrhea
◦Using antibiotics with viral infections increases child’s risk for future infections with Multi-drug resistant Organisms (MDROs)
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Antibiotic UsageAntibiotic UsageWhat are MDROs?
◦Multi-Drug Resistant organisms are bacteria that cannot be killed by many antibiotics
◦Infections with these bacteria are difficult to treat; children (and adults) with these infections can become very ill
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Antibiotic UsageAntibiotic UsageWhy are MDROs a major concern?
◦The number of MDRO infections has been increasing for the last several years
◦This growth of drug resistance can be slowed by appropriately using antibiotics
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Rash and Skin DiseasesRash and Skin DiseasesChickenpoxStaphylococcus (MSSA and MRSA)ScabiesMeaslesRubellaRing WormFifth DiseaseImpetigo
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ChickenpoxChickenpox
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ChickenpoxChickenpox
Symptoms: Fever, blister-like rash on the face, scalp and trunk. Severe cases can develop brain swelling or pneumonia.
Transmission: ◦Causative agent: Varicella Zoster Virus ◦Incubation Period: 10-21 days ◦Transmission Route: Airborne and
Contact
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ChickenpoxChickenpoxPrevention: Vaccination! Two doses,
first at 12-15 months, second at 4-6 years
Treatment: Calamine lotion and colloidal oatmeal bath may help relieve hitching. Use non aspirin medication to relieve fever. Severe cases may receive anti-viral drugs.
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MRSAMRSA
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MRSAMRSASymptoms: Red, swollen, extremely
painful bumps. May contain pus or other drainage. Often mistaken for spider bite.
Transmission◦Causative agent: Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus◦Incubation Period: Days to Weeks◦Transmission: Contact
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MRSAMRSAPrevention: Hand Hygiene, cleaning
“high risk” surfaces (sports equipment, bathrooms, toys), keeping open wounds clean, not sharing personal items; covering wounds securely for contact with others
Treatment: A physician may prescribe
antibiotics. Wound may need to be drained (don’t do it yourself!)
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ScabiesScabies
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ScabiesScabiesSymptoms: Severe itching, especially
at night. Pimple-like or tunneled rash on wrist, elbows, armpits, genitals, or buttocks
Transmission: ◦Causative Agent: Sarcoptes scabiei
var. hominis, the human itch mite◦Incubation Period: 4-6 weeks◦Transmission: Contact
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ScabiesScabies
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ScabiesScabiesPrevention: Avoid contact with
infected individuals or with items such as clothing or bedding used by an infested person
Treatment: Scabicides, only available by prescription. All members of a household should be treated
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Measles (Rubeola)Measles (Rubeola)
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Measles (Rubeola)Measles (Rubeola)Symptoms: Blotchy rash, fever,
cough, runny nose, “run down” feeling
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Measles virus◦Incubation Period: 7-14 days◦Transmission: Airborne, 4 days
before symptoms
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Measles (Rubeola)Measles (Rubeola)Prevention: Vaccination! First dose
12-15 months, second dose 4-6 years
Treatment: Many cases will receive symptom care at home. Severe cases may require hospitalization.
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Rubella (German Measles)Rubella (German Measles)
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Rubella (German Measles)Rubella (German Measles)Symptoms: Rash and fever, disease is
relatively mild (significant risk to infant if transmitted to pregnant women)
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Rubella Virus◦Incubation Period: 14-21 days◦Transmission: Droplet
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Rubella (German Measles)Rubella (German Measles)Prevention: Vaccination! First dose
12-15 months, second dose 4-6 years
Treatment: Symptom relief
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Ring WormRing Worm
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Ring WormRing WormSymptoms: Round, red, itchy area with
clear center. Hair loss may occur.
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Dermatophytes◦Incubation Period: 4-14 days◦Transmission: Contact with infected
persons or animals. Clothing, bedding and towels can also spread the infection.
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Ring WormRing WormPrevention: Good hand hygiene, avoid
sharing items like hair brushes, hats and clothing that have touched affected areas
Treatment: Topical anti-fungals
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Fifth DiseaseFifth Disease
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Fifth DiseaseFifth DiseaseSymptoms: “Slapped Cheek” rash,
rash on trunk and arms/legs, mild fever
Transmission◦Causative agent: Parvovirus B19◦Incubation Period: 4-14 days◦Transmission: Droplet
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Fifth DiseaseFifth DiseasePrevention: Hand hygiene and cough
etiquette (cover your cough) are the best methods for preventing infection.
Treatment: There is no specific treatment for Fifth disease. The rash and fever will go away after a couple days.
Risk to infant for pregnant women.
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ImpetigoImpetigo
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ImpetigoImpetigoSymptoms: Small yellow blisters or
scabs, often on the face and other frequently touched skin surfaces
Transmission◦Causative Agents: Group A
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus◦Incubation Period: 1-3 days◦Transmission: Direct contact with
infected sores
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ImpetigoImpetigoPrevention: Hand hygiene and cough
etiquette (cover your cough)
Treatment: Antibiotics are available by prescription
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Respiratory DiseasesRespiratory DiseasesInfluenzaCommon ColdTuberculosisPertussisRSV
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InfluenzaInfluenza
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InfluenzaInfluenzaSymptoms: Fever, cough, sore throat,
body aches, runny nose, headache
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Influenza virus◦Incubation Period: 2-4 days◦Transmission: Droplet
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InfluenzaInfluenzaPrevention: Vaccination! One shot or
nasal mist per year (after initial 2 doses). Check with your physician for age limits.
Treatment: Symptom management. Severe cases may receive antivirals.
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Common ColdCommon Cold
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Common ColdCommon ColdSymptoms: Runny nose, nasal
congestion, sneezing, itchy eyes, mild headache and body ache
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Rhinovirus◦Incubation Period: 2-5 days◦Transmission: Droplet
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Common ColdCommon ColdPrevention: Hand hygiene and cough
etiquette (cover your cough). Avoid contact with people who have upper respiratory infections.
Treatment: Symptom management
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Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis (TB)
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Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis (TB)Symptoms: Bloody cough, fever, chills,
night sweats, weight loss
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Mycobacterium
tuberculosis◦Incubation Period: Months to years◦Transmission: Airborne
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Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis (TB)Prevention: Avoid contact with high-
risk populations or infected individuals. (Vaccine is available, but not used in the U.S.)
Treatment: Antibiotics. Treatment lasts for 4-9 months.
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Pertussis (Whooping Pertussis (Whooping Cough)Cough)
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Pertussis (Whooping Pertussis (Whooping Cough)Cough)Symptoms: Begins like common old,
but severe coughing begins 1-2 weeks later.
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Bordetella
pertussis◦Incubation Period: 7-10 days◦Transmission: Droplet
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Pertussis (Whooping Pertussis (Whooping Cough)Cough)Prevention: DTaP vaccine. Children
should get 5 doses of DTaP, one dose at each of the following ages: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months and 4-6 years
Treatment: Antibiotics
Risk: Severe disease can result
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RSVRSV
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RSVRSVSymptoms: Similar to common cold,
“wheezing” during breathing
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Respiratory
Syncytial Virus◦Incubation Period: 4-6 days◦Transmission: Droplet, Contact
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RSVRSVPrevention: Hand Hygiene, Cough
Etiquette (cover your cough). Medication is available to prevent severe illness in high risk infants.
Treatment: Symptom management
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Blood Borne DiseasesBlood Borne DiseasesHIV/AIDSHepatitis BHepatitis C
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HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
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HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDSSymptoms: Early symptoms are vague and
flu-like. Later symptoms include chronic infections, purplish lesions, weight loss and extreme fatigue.
Transmission◦ Causative Agent: Human
Immunodeficiency virus◦ Incubation Period: HIV: 2-4 weeks
AIDS: 2 weeks-20 years◦ Transmission: Mother to child during birth
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HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDSPrevention: Avoid high-risk behaviors
such as IV drug use and unprotected sex
Treatment: Antiretroviral for mom and baby
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Hepatitis BHepatitis B
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Hepatitis B/CHepatitis B/CSymptoms: Most children are
asymptomatic, some may have jaundice
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Hepatitis Virus B/C◦Incubation Period: Hep B: approx. 90
days Hep C: 1-3 months◦Transmission: Mother to child
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Hepatitis B/CHepatitis B/CPrevention: Hep B: Vaccination, 3 doses given 1
and 6 months apart Hep C: Avoiding high risk behaviors
such as IV drug use and unprotected sex
Treatment: There is no treatment for
acute infection. Chronic infection can be managed with antivirals.
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DiarrheaDiarrheaBacterial
Viral
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DiarrheaDiarrheaSymptoms: Abdominal cramps, loose
watery stool
Transmission:◦Causative agent: Bacteria and
viruses◦Incubation period: Hours to weeks◦Transmission: Mostly fecal-oral
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DiarrheaDiarrheaPrevention: Avoid contaminated water
(swimming pools), use good hand hygiene and proper food handling. Vaccine available for Rotavirus.
Treatment: Antibiotics or anti-parasitics for severe cases
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Important BacteriaImportant BacteriaSalmonella, Shigella and
Campylobacter, E. coli◦Found mainly on contaminated
meats◦Can be avoided by thorough cooking
Staphylococcus spp.◦Found mainly in contaminated “hand
made” dishes◦Can be avoided with proper hand
hygiene and refrigeration
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Important VirusesImportant VirusesRotavirus, Norovirus, Adenovirus,
Hepatitis A
All are spread by the fecal-oral route, adenovirus can also be spread by the droplet
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Other DiseasesOther DiseasesStrep/Scarlet FeverMeningitisMumpsLiceConjunctivitisMononucleosisOtitis Media
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Strep/Scarlet FeverStrep/Scarlet Fever
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Strep/Scarlet FeverStrep/Scarlet FeverSymptoms: Red rash, fever, sore
throat, swollen glands. The tongue may have a "strawberry"-like appearance , a whitish coating and appear swollen
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Streptococcus
group A◦Incubation Period: 1- 3 days◦Transmission: Contact and Droplet
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Strep/Scarlet FeverStrep/Scarlet FeverPrevention: Hand Hygiene, avoid
sharing utensils with sick individuals
Treatment: Antibiotics
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MeningitisMeningitis
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MeningitisMeningitisSymptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck,
rash in severe cases
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Viral – Enterovirus, Measles, Mumps, Chickenpox Bacterial – N. meningitidis, S.
pneumoniae, H influenzae, Group B Strep◦ Incubation Period: 3-7 days◦Transmission: Droplet and Contact
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MeningitisMeningitisPrevention: Vaccination is available for
N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, Measles, Mumps, and Chickenpox
Treatment: Antibiotics are available for bacterial infections
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MumpsMumps
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MumpsMumpsSymptoms: Fever, headaches, muscle
aches, swollen glands under the ears or jaw
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Myxovirus
parotiditis◦Incubation Period: 16-18 days◦Transmission: Droplet/contact
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MumpsMumpsPrevention: Vaccination! First dose
12-15 months, second dose 4-6 years; Respiratory Etiquette; Hand Hygiene.
Treatment: Symptom Management
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LiceLice
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LiceLiceSymptoms: Itching or tickling
sensation on the scalp, especially when trying to sleep.
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Pediculus capitis◦Incubation Period: 4-6 weeks◦Transmission: Contact
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LiceLicePrevention: Avoid sharing hats,
clothing, bedding or hair accessories among children. Wash sheets/linen often.
Treatment: Over the counter shampoos that kill lice. Prescription treatments are available if over the counter treatments are not effective.
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ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis
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ConjunctivitisConjunctivitisSymptoms: Red itchy eyes, drainage
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Several Bacteria
and Viruses◦Incubation Period: 2 -10 days◦Transmission: Contact
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ConjunctivitisConjunctivitisPrevention: Hand Hygiene. Avoid
contact with infected individuals
Treatment: Antibiotic drops or ointment for bacterial infections. Symptom management for viral infections
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MononucleosisMononucleosis
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MononucleosisMononucleosisSymptoms: Fever, sore throat, and
swollen lymph glands
Transmission◦Causative Agent: Epstein-Barr Virus◦Incubation Period: 4-7 weeks◦Transmission: Contact with saliva
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MononucleosisMononucleosisPrevention: Hand hygiene. Avoid
sharing drinks, utensils, and lip makeup with others
Treatment: Symptom management
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Otitis Media (Ear Otitis Media (Ear Infections)Infections)
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Otitis Media (Ear Otitis Media (Ear Infections)Infections)Symptoms: Pain, pus draining from
ear, redness of ear drums, irritability, pulling on the ear
Transmission◦Causative Agent: A variety of
Bacteria/Viruses◦Incubation Period: 4-7 days◦Transmission: Typically occurs after
an upperrespiratory infection
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Otitis Media (Ear Otitis Media (Ear Infections)Infections)Prevention: Keep up to date on
immunizations, avoid second hand smoke and heavy air pollution
Treatment: Antibiotics may be given.
Symptoms may be managed with over the counter pain medication
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Questions?Questions?