96-109 GOV

Committee Numbrs, Sizes,Assignments, and Staff-:Selected Hi orieal

Carol Hardy VincentSpeci list in American National Government

Elizabeth RybickiAnalvst in American National Government

Government Division

February 1, 1996

Nrm

COMMITTEE NUMBERS, SIZES, ASSIGNMENTS,AND STAFF: SELECTED HISTORICAL DATA

SUMMARY

The long periods of gradual growth and the intervals of decline in thenumber and size of committees and subcommittees and their staffs can beexplained primarily by the major congressional reorganization acts, periodicrules changes, party caucus reforms, and informal changes to meet emergingneeds and demands. The development of today's committee system is a productof internal congressional reforms, but national forces also have played a role.

This report contains data on the numbers and sisubcommittees and on Members' assignments since 194years, the number of House standing committees hasnumber of subcommittees increased considerably from t1970's. Total House and joint committees and subcommi1975. Dramatic cuts, primarily in the last two Congrespanels.

id

;uch

As the number of House eommithe post-war period, so did the numbaverage doubled from three to six fro:Today's lower average of five assign.to stricter assignment limitations ssubcommittees during the last two C

As in the Horelatively constant,least three SenateSenate and joint e(than half the highassignments per Speaked in the midtycal Senator ser

Despitethe sizes oftho 50oyearsize, In 1915 Member;with nine a.

trees increased duringr Representative. Thecrept to seven in 1987.itive can b attributed?er of committees and

,ber of Senate standing committees has beenniitees increased dramatically by the 1970's. At

ave sinereversed the upward trend in totald subcommittees Today's figure of 92 is lessed in the mid970's. The average number ofnereased from the 1940's to the 1970's, andmost 16 Due to periodic reforms, today theint, and joint commitees-and subcommittees.

the reductions in assignments and committees and subcommittees,,,.ending committees and subcommittees have crept upward duringperiod reviewed here. Figures for 1995 reflect the largest average5, IOoIse standing committees and subcommittees averaged 40 andrespectively; 18 was the average Senate standing committee size,the average size for each subcommittee.

This reports also contains data on committee staff sizes from 1979 through1995. By 1979, House standing committee staff was nearly three times largerthan it was in l970. Staff size subsequently levelled off, until reductions in1995 cut total House committee staff by one-third compared to the 1994 level.Senate standing committee staff nearly doubled during the 1970's. On threesubsequent occasions the Senate made notable cuts to committee staffs, makingthe 1995 figure one-third lower than the 1979 figure.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .... ........ ........................ 1

HOUSE AND SENATE ...... 2

Size of Committees and Subcommittees ....... ............. 2

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES .............. 3

Number of Committees and Subcommittees ................... 3Assignments to Committees and Subcommittees 5Staff of Committees and Subcommittees 5

SEN A TE ........................................ 7

Number of Comnmittees and Subcommittees 7Assignments to Committees and Subcommittees .............. 8Staff of Committees and Subcommittees ...... 9

TABLES ...... 10

Table 1. Average Number of Members Serving on Senate andHouse Standing Committees and Their Subcommittees,79th104th Congress .10

Table 2, Number of House Committees and Thei Subcommittees,79th-104th Congress ......... ................. i11

Table 3. House Committee Assignments, 79th-104th Congress 12Table 4. Distribution of Representatives by Number of

Committee and Subcommittee Assignments, 102nd-104th Congress .. . . . . . . . ............ 14

Table 5. House Committee Staff, 1979-1995 13........ . 15Table 6. Comparison of House Committee Staff, 1994 and 1995 17Table 7. Number 0f Senate Cornmittees and Their

Subcommittees, 79th-104th Congress ............. 18Table S. Senate Committee Assignments. 79th-104th Congress 19Table 9. Distribution of Senators by Number of Committee and

Subcommittee Assignments, 102nd-104th Congress ... 21Table 10. Senate Committee Staff, 1979-1995 ............... 22

APPENDIX OF SELECTED REFORM COMMITTEES .............. 24

The authors wish to thank Mildred Boyle for the secretarial production ofthis report.

COMMITTEE NUMBERS, SIZES, ASSIGNMENTS, AND STAFF:SELECTED HISTORICAL DATA

INTRODUCTION

The long periods of gradual growth and the interwnumber and size of committees and subcommittees ancseveral influences, Facors affecting committees include thEreorganization acts, periodic rules changes, party canCus rchanges in practice and procedures to meet emerging needsdevelopment of the committee systern is a product of inreforms, national forces also have played a ro'e. The G'World War II greatly expanded the legislative agend,Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, from which thecustomarily dated. Outside forces also spurred areorganization act twenty-four years later. New compincreasingly dominant executive branch, and low opinionsupporters of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970.in the last twenty-five years resulted from Members'developments as well as to their own desire to improve toperation of their institution.

This reportof committees a1945. The datThe report alsothrough March

eiticallcommittees aof committee

and subcommare ten tablesfinal section ithe report bycommittee'scommittee if

in thereflectsionalorrlalWhile

sionaln and

modern congress issecond bicameral

lex policy areas, annolls were cited by

The periodic reformsresponses to such

he organization and

nd other information on the numbers and sizeses and on Members' assignments to them sin cecongresss are current as of the Spring of 1995.on the size of each committee's staff from 1979

discusses the size of House and Senate standingnd their subcommittees. By chamber, it then addresses the numbers and Subcommiees, the assignment of Members to committeesittees, and the, ize of comm it tee staffs, Following this discussioncontaining figures which serve as the basis of the discussion. Thes an appendix listing the major reform committees mentioned inname, or referenced by the reform measure that resulted from thevork. It also contains one or two citations to the work of eachfurther information is desired.

The information in this report sometimes differentiates between standingand non-standing committees, The term standing committees refers to thepermanent panels idenLifled in chamber rules, which also list the jurisdiction ofeach. In their areas, standing committees consider bills and issues and

1 Data on the size of each committee's staff is readily available only since 1979.

CRS-2

recommend measures for consideration by the respective chambers, as well asconduct oversight of agencies, programs, and activities. Most standingcommittees recommend authorized levels of funds for government operationsand for new and existing programs within their jurisdiction.

The term non-standing committee is used in this report to describe thejoint, select, special. and other panels of Congress. The joint committees usuallyare permanent panels that conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasksrather than consider measures. Members of' both chambers serve on them.Conference committees, temporaryjoint committees formed to resolve differencesin House- and Senate-pass ed version s of a part cular measure, arc not addressedby this report.

Some of Congress's select, special, and oth,while others have been temporary. Often one ha;standing committee system does not address anparticular event sparks interest in an investigateconduct investigations and studies, sometimes IHouse and Senate Intelligence Committees arewith legislative jurisdiction; they consider eastaction by the chambers.

While some non-stanare mostly a phenomenonspecific tasks, such es oNmeasures, in particularscommittees.

HOUSE AND

Size of COMB

Today as iroughly twicesubcommittees

,es these panelse~asures. The

Iet committeesamend them for

subcommittees, subcommittees?es. These subunits are assigned

tial consideration of issues andnes established by their parent

urittees (Table 1)

the past, the average size of a House standing committee is-s large as the average Senate standing committee. Housef standing committees currently are about two-thirds larger.e counterparts. The larger size of the House committees ands primarily due to the larger size of the chamber; the House istimes the size of the Senate.

The average sizes of House and Senate standing committees have increasedoverall since 1947. After the 1946 Reorganization Act established the moderncommittee system, the average size of a House standing committees was twenty-five. At the start of the 104th Congress (1995-1996), standing committees werelarger than ever, averaging forty Members. Also, the size of their subcommitteesgrew somewhat steadily during the last fifty years, doubling between the 80thand 104th Congresses (1947-1995).

The increase in both House committee and subcommittee size can beattributed to a variety of factors including increasing demands on them,

CRS-3

Members' calls for more assignments, and the need of party leaders' for moreassignments to distribute. The recent decline in the number of panels may havecontributed to the increase in the number of Members on remaining committeesand subcommittees.

The average membership for a Senate standing committee has increasedsince 1947 from about 13 to 18 Senators. The average size of theirsubcommittees also has increased, reaching its highest level of nine Senators inthe 104th Congress (1995-1996). While still small, the typical subcommitteegrew by 74 percent from 1947 to 1995,

Senate committee and subcommittee sizes have been affected by changes inthe structure of the committee system. For example when the Senate cut threecommittees in 1977, the size of the average committee increased by twomembers. The 104th Congress (1995-1996) reduced the number of standingsubcommittees bv 1 8. but increased their average size slightly.

Table 1 depicts the average size ofand subcommittees from 1945 to the p

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Number of Committees and Sub

uomii see

2

The House hasstanding Committeetemporary committeecommittees during tcommittee system expeaked ar 6i in 19Ldecades of the twentyhad -town too larpCongress respondedgoal of whi was toHouse and Senate,Congress, the 1946committees from 48(1947-48k

used committees since the first Congress, when it createds on Elections ad Enrolled Bills as well as numerouses The House steadily increased its reliance on standingIhe nineteenth century. and following the Civil War thehanded rapidly. The number of House standing committees3, Despite reforms to reduce this figure during the earlyieth century, by midcentury the House committee systeme and disorganized to facilitate effective policvmaking.)y enacting the Le gislative Reorganization Act of 1946, onesystematize and reorganize the committee systems of theOften regarded as the blueprint of the contemporary

Act dramatically reduced the number of IIouse standingn the 79Lh Congress (1945-46) to 19 in the 80th Congress

Since then the number of standing committees has remained fairlyconstant, increasing gradually to a high of 22 in the 93rd Congress (1973-1974).For the next two decades the House operated with 22 standing committees. Thedrop to 19 in the 104th Congress (1995-1996) is the largest change i thenumber of standing committees since 1946. The new majority party in the104tb Congress (1995-1996) advanced a plan which the House adopted, thatreturned the number of standing committees to 19 by eliminating the Committeeon Merchant Marine and Fisheries and by combining three others to form theCommittee on Government Reform and Oversight.

CRS-4

Over the past 50 years the House has always used far fewer non-standingcommittees than standing ones, but the number of select, special, joint, andother committees has changed over time. For the first decade of this period, theHouse relied on a handful of select and special committees in each Congress. butby the 84th Congress ft955-1956) only one such panel remained. In the 91stCongress (1969-1970). the House created a second, and in subsequentCongresses through the 102nd (1991-1992) the House had between three andseven select and special committees. Since the 103rd Congress ,i993-1994),when four select panels were not renewed, the Permanent Select Committee onIntelligence has been the House's only non-standing committee. (Table 5identifies the House's 19 standing committees and one select committee.)

Representatives served on between five and ellyears from 1945 through 1978, with Congress aver;to handle matters affecting both chambers. Sinc1980), only four permanent joint committees have b103rd Congress the creation of a temporary joint colast two Congresses the joint committees have operaalthough in the contemporary Congress they baNsubcommittees in a single Congress.

In contrast to the fairlyfifty years, the number ofgradually in response to thipolicy areas and the corresp(from Members for nels to81st Congress 50)(1973-1974), To counterestablishing subcommitteessubcommittees for most star.opportunities for Membersresult the number ofsubcoinext few Conaresses ueakir

igresq (197 9-n, and in theire, For themcm6ittees,

many" as 16

tabe number of standing committees in the lastcommittees of standing committees increased-overnment's expansion into new, more complexing need for specialization, as well as to demandsid. From a low of 62 such subcommittees in the? figure had doubled (125) by the 93rd Congresse resistance of some full committee chairs ton 1975 the House set a minimum number ofnig committees (four). This change provided moreobtain leadership of a subcommittee. Partly as aLittees of standing committees increased over theii the 96th Congress (1979-1980) at 150.

Tn the pasi, fifteen years the Housc has reduced the number ofsubcommittees of standing committees. The number declined slightly in 1981when scheduling difficulties and disputes over subcommittee jurisdiction led theDemocratic Caucus to limit the number of subcommittees per committee (exceptAppropriations) to between six and eight. Further reductions were made in the103rd Congress (1993-1994), when a Democratic Caucus rule capped most"exclusive" and "major" committees at six subcommittees, while "non-major"committees were restricted to five.2 A change in House rules at the start of the104th Congress further restricted the number of subcommittees to no more thanfive for most committees, leaving 84 subcommittees of standing committees.

2 The House Democratic Caucus classifies committees into three categories (exclusive,major, and non-major) to assign members to committees. The list of committeescurrently in each category is contained in Rule 18 of the Preamble and Rules of theDemocratic Caucus, One Hundred and Fourth Congress, February 27, 1995.

CRS-5

The 104th Congress (1995-1996) total of 110 House and joint committeesand subcommittees on which Representatives serve is the lowest figure in thelast four decades (for which totals are available). Noteworthy are the dramaticdecreases of the last two Congresses. The 103rd Congress (1993-1994) changes,among them the subcommittee limitations and the elimination of most selectpanels, led to a 19 percent reduction over the previous Congress (185 to 149).The 1994 election of a Republican majority for the first time in 40 years spurreda reduction in 1995 in the total number of House panels by another 26 percent(from 149 to Il0).

Specific data on the number of committees and their subcom ittees from1945 to the present are displayed in Table 2.

Assiglments to Committees and Subeommie Tbles 3 and 4

As the number and size of committees a:the post-war period, so did the average nu:From the 80th to the 94th Congress (19committee and subcommittee assignments p:Members' demands for service on additionalgoal of the legislative reforms in the 1970panels and the number of committee andpositions for rank and file Members.

easedlote

,on t

th e

sed during- Member.

lumber ofarse to six.iecr- One

number ofleadership

The increasedscheduling and inDemocratic Caucusthough exemptionsMember crept to seithe 103rd Congressand subcommitteesassignments. The 11more than five subc(subcommittee assiassignments to belo

D&providesubeom

numbermost rfReprese

er of assignments eventually led to difficulties ining quorums at meetings. In the late 1970's, thed its Mlembers to five subcommittee assignments,granted. The average number of assignments perhe 100th Congr~ess (1987-1988); it returned to six in4994) due to a one-fifth reduction in all committees1, half of the House Members 'had more than sixcongress (1995-19964 restricted most committees to no:ees, and set a general maximum of six committee andper Member. decreasing the average number of total

for the first time since 1966.

information concerning committee assignments in the House isable 3 and 4. Table 3 covers the total number of committee and

assignments from 1945 to the present, as well as the mean;ignments per Member. Table 4 contains data only from the threeCongresses, but provides a specific tabulation of how many

tes had a certain number of assignments.

Staff of Committees and Subcommittees, Tables 5 and 6

Although committees were authorized staff as early as the middle of thenineteenth century, it was not until the passage of the 1946 Act that modernstaffing arrangements began. The Act allowed most standing committees to hireten permanent employees. In the years following the 1946 Act the House

CRS-6

authorized additional staff for most committees by laws such as the LegislativeReorganization Act of 1970 and by resolutions such as H.Res. 988 (1974. arisingout of the work of the Select Committee on Committees ("Bolling Committee"),

The staff of House committees has increased considerably since 1946, withthe most dramatic growth occurring in the 1970's. By 1979, House standingcommittee staff was nearly three times larger than in 1970, increasing fromapproximately 700 to 1900. A number of reasons have been cited for thisincrease. First, the internal reform movement increased minority stag and tookthe exclusive power to hire committee staff away from the committee chairmen.Second, the number of subcommittees increased, and hence the need for morepeople to staff them. Third. committees were confronting larger egiiativeworkloads to deal with new and increasingly complex issues such as energy andthe environment. Larger staffs allowed committees to inve! tigate more issues.hold more hearings, and write more legislation. Fourt.l tet Congress wantedto avoid excessive dependency upon the executive branch for information,

The number of total House commto save money and partly because theFrom 1980 to 1994, staff ranged from(in 1991), a difference of twenty per--Republican majority's campaign prom:third. The resolution providing foroverwhelming bipartisan support. T1994 to 1,317 in 1995.

Table 5 pros199VJ It includes

but the table is b;occurred, eompariSecurity is comaCommittees on P(added to the Corn

comparison withCommittee on jurisdiction transf

before 1995 are r(

ed off around 1980, partlytress were being satisfied.n 1981) to a high of 2,285accordance with the newstaff were reduced by one-Use funding passed withstaff went from 2,001 in

ts the number of staff for each committee from 1979 toe staff of committees eliminated before the 104th Congress,,d on the 199.5 rntitte s-trueture. Where name changes

was ma~de to the corresponding committee (e.g., Nationaled to the former Armed Services). The staff of theOffice and Civil Service and the District of Columbia weretee on Government Operations in the years 1979-1994 fornew Government Reform and Oversight Committee. The

chan Marine and Fisheries, eliminated in 1995 (withred to multiple committees) and other committees eliminatedcted in the second half of the table as "other committees.

6 provides a direct omparison between the staff of committees inie staff of committees in 1995, reflecting the number and percentageuetions on each committee.

1994of' st;

Data on the size of each committee's staff is readily available only since 1979.

CRS-7

SENATE

Number of Committees and Subcommittees, Table 7

Like the House, the Senate also has used committees since its firstmeetings. The Senate's early reliance on ad hoc committees soon gave way tothe establishment of perman ent standing committees, 12 of which v ere createdin 1816. Throughout the nineteenth century the Senate committee system grewsteadily, its growth mirroring the growth of the Nation. I ithe peak year. 1913,the Senate had 74 standing committees- this unwieldy arrangement prompteda 1921 reform to eliminate 40 minor, superfluous, or moribund panels. But thestruggle to coordinate war policy during World War II indicated a need forfurther reform, and in 1946 Congress responded with the LegislativeReorganization Act.

Among its changes, the 1946 Act rcommittees in the Senate from 33 to 15. SiteThe number crept up, peaking at 18 in theshifted committee jurisdictions and chin(District of Columbia, Post Office and Civil S,Sciences), based on a reform proposal by theto Study the Senate Committee System 1,"Ste97th Congress (1981-4982) the Select Coelevated to a standing commitee; 16 stand,(Table 10 identifies the Senate's 16 standingnon-standing committees.)

The Senate,other type of corand seven selectthe Senate, withHouse counterpaiand eleven joint

average Conress(197s9-1980) has

committee also During the last twhereas in the ea

I the number ol standingSthe change has been slight.

_970's In 1977, the Senatethree standing committeesand Aeronautical and Spacetemporary Select Committee

.Brock Committee". In thee or, Small Business was

nmittees have existed since.inittees, as well as the four

like the House, hs used moe standing committees than anymitte over the past 50 years. During this time. between onespecial, or other committees have handled particular issues forfour such panels listingg since 1989. Senators, too, met withrts to deal wih business affecting both bodies on between fivecommittees from 1945 through 1978. During those years, on

had nine joint committees, Each Congress since the 96thused four permanent joint committees, and a temporary jointas created in the 103rd Congress (1993-1994), making five.wo Congresses joint committees did not create subcommitteesr ier vears there were as many as 16 joint subcommittees.

Subcommittees, primarily a phenomenon of standing committee, increasedin number as well as importance in the Senate from the 1940's to the 1970's.The figure of 61 in the 80th Congress (1947-1948l more than doubled to 127 inthe 93rd Congress (1973-1974). The growth in the number of subcommitteesreflects the Federal Government's expansion into new policy areas. efforts todisperse committee leadership authority, and attempts to foster specialization.

" The Committee on Indian Affairs is a non-standing committee, although the Senatedropped the term "select' from its title in 1993

CRS-8

Since the mid-1970's, periodic reforms have reversed the earlier trend ofincreasing subcommittees. In 1977, the recommendations of the Stevenson-Brock Committee led to a reduction of about one-fifth in the number ofsubcommittees from 122 to 96). The figure rose somewhat in 1981, partlybecause the Select Committee on Small Business was elevated to a standingcommittee.

The Senate's number of committees and subcommittees anwere examined in 1984 by the second Temporary Select Committ(Senate Committee System ("Quayle Committee"). Largely as aCommittee's work, in 1985 the numbers of assignments persubcommittees were reduced, Fourteen subcommittees of stand'were eliminated, leaving 88, This figure varied little until the I(1995-1996), which cut 18 subcommittees of standing committees.brought the number of subcommittees to its lowest level since 19,in committee budgets, and concerns about the number aassignments, prompted committees to cut back on their subunit;

ignments'tudy theit of this)-" and ofremitters

CongressreduCt ioneduetionsns and

The 104th Congress (1995-1996and subcommittees is the lowest fignavailable. The upward trend in the nbeen met with cuts over the past two 'and subcommittees resulted from theCommittees and contemporary presst

Specific information the numrnfrom 1945 to the present is provided

Assignme

The averageincreased from th1970's. In 1977

number of eommithe typical Senat(

senatee ana join, committeeir decades for which totals areLess panel- into the 1970's hastable reductions in committeese Stevenson-Brock and Quaylern and budget savings.

ittees and their subcommittees7

committees, Tables 8 and 9

of committee assignments per Senator graduallyto the 1970', peaking at almost 16 during the mid-he Stevenson-Brock Committee reforms, the total

rubcommittee seats was cut by about one-third, andon !0 or 11 committees and subcommittees.

I:erne ci

numb

Senateslots.

98th Congress (1983-1984), however, the average rose to 12 because,tee and several subcommittees had been added, and a significantciemptions to the assignment limitations were granted, In 1983, 43re author zed committee assignments, and 16 received subcommittee.d the limitations that took effect in 1977.

In 1985. in response to the Quayle Committee recommendations, thelimitations on assignments were more strictly enforced; t-he average dropped toaround 11 per Senator, where it stayed for a decade. Following the change inparty control for the 104th Congress, the average number of assignment ts perSenator dropped to 10. At the same time the number of Senators with morethan 10 assignments went from roughly two-thirds to one-third (from 62 to 35).

CRS-9

Fewer subcommittees and stricter enforcement of assignment limitationscontributed to the decrease.

Tables 8 and 9 present information on committee assignments. Table 8provides the number of committee and subcommittee assignments from 1945 tothe present, as well as the mean number of assignments per Senator. Table 9contains data only from the last three Congresses, but provides a specific countof how many Senators had a certain number of assignments.

Staff of Committees and Subcommittees, Table 10

The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 firs-committees to hire a permanent complement of -establishing the modern staffing arrangement. Thecommittees has since grown notably, especially in tSenate had approximately 600 standing committeedoubled to around 1,100 by 1979. The growth reflectsfor larger staffs to conduct more investigations and -,well as the desire to avoid excessive reliance on tlinformation and to establish an independent basis bgrowth, however, was not stead during the 197(committee staff fell fourteen percent due partly to a -of subcommittees and a shift of certain committeepersonal payrolls

Senate commifollowing year, a ncommittee budgetCommittee staff siemployed a minimibe largely attribute,investigative nee4

To

rimmedachievedd

gol

Tabpresents

I a maxiistraintees we

afrf, the figure nearlye committees' requestsfle niore legislation'. ;.s

executive branch fordecisionmaking. The

In 1977. standingauction in the numberiployees to Members'

with a tota of 1 212 employees, In thes funding committees along within staff of 11 percent (to 1,074)X

ron 1981 to 1993, Senate committees.um of1 124 staff, The constancy can

,i and the fact that the le-islative andre adequately met.

just to signifcanL cuts in their 1993 budgets, Senate committees-,heir staff y 15 percent to 961 employees. In 1995, the Senate.goal of he new Republican majority by accomplishing sizeable cutstee budgets and staffs. The result was an 18 percent staff cut to 7911 the lowest Figure in the 15 years covered by Table 10. These recentnions, supported widely by both parties, reflect the movement to cutnt spending.

10 portrays the number of staff for each committee from 1979 to the

'The 1975 adoption of S Res 60 allowed each Senator to hire a nuain-u o2 three asistantsto handle conoitter work related to the ' Meber's assigned comraitees While orig-naly countedas committee employees, in 1977 these staff were shifted to personal office Payrolls.

6 Data on -the size of each committee's staff is readily available only since 1979,

CRS-10

Table 1. Average Number of Members Sering on Senate and HouseStanding Committees and Their Subcommittees,

79th-104th Congress'

Senate sJ ubomniettee Mo SubcommitteesCotessig of Senate Standing of Hous

Committees Sianding Comittee StadingCommittees Committes

79 1945-46- 149 7.7 200, 7.8

80 C947 48 18.4 5.3 25.4 73

8I (:949-60, 13.5 . 2E.

82 1951-527 135 2F I o 4

83 e1953-549 14.1 7 277 8

84 196-156) 14 1 159 286 M

85 (1957-58) 140 22 28-7 6

88 19g59-60) 15.6 Ao02_7 9. E

97 1!642 5,0 7.2 29 4 0

88 ,196o-64) 10.0 7 a0

89 k ! 965-66) 5672 80.; 10,2

90 t 96 7-68 i 5U 7.7 29510.2

9! ,196c9-70i 15 BO 71 0. 0.8

92 11971-72) 1 14"I 7 12 1

91 1197 V74) 14 7 5 32 4 22

94 1 79 352 11.5

16 0 977 78, H) 2 6,9 35.2 i!.8

96 t1979-80 16.5 7A 84.6 11 B

97 842 12

98 93 18 4 76 8 4.7 12.3

go Q98- 86 1 7A4 7 ,g 35.5 1.

1{0 t5 S 18 5 8 1 06.7 130

f"IO 19759- .05 372 13.0

I199921 848.338711 9L2 8.4 85 198 7185

101 993-94) I6,4 8 19, 148

1,)If ,1 -96 18g4 9240,5 2.

Data in rhis -abl, are denied from figures insubeouneittes st one 1945,

Data are current as of One Sprin,' of 995

acompanyIng tables on numbers of, and aosig in rnis I In :Inrrni t I,; i

CRS-11

Table 2. Number of House Committees and Their Subcommittees, 79th- 104th Congress

IISelect end specialStading Cammiteea tmmittem oint (ommit LS 8uhtmi ToaC- , rNumbr,umber, Numbr Number, Full Sub-om - panel

Full su1Fb F Full Sub C.o iwittee ntte

79 0945-46 48 97 7 9 6 NA 6 NA, NA

80 1 t7-48 19 i.2 NA 6 NA 8 NA NA

81 x14 -O 19 62 2 NA NA qN NA

82 (951-52)1 19 73 NA g NA 32 NA

13 1953-54) 19 81 2 NA 10 NA 3! NA KA

84 1955-56 19 85 ! 5 10 1 0

8 i195-7-) 19 1-4 i 6 -4 1 (1

8 11950 2G 12 1 7

87 1t9431-621 20 12F) I 7 '[1 91, S 46 176

88 '1963-64) 20 121 1 4 1.) 11" 31 i)8 169

89 1965-6) 20 125 1 7 11 1, 2 146 178

90 (1967-6b) 29 135 1 1.11 22 156 88

91 M69-70) 21 10 2 9 15 -2 5I 1

92 1971-721 21 123 3 6 8 15 32 143 175

98 1973-741 2 125 6 7 9 11 37 148 18o

94 1i97B-76 2- 14942 167 133

95 (1977-78) 22 146 6 6 5 34 157 1(1

96 11979-80, 22 15 ;f 8 4 5 Ic 163 194

97 (1981-82' 22 110 3 7 4 6 29 153 182

98 {1983-84I 23s 12 4 6 31 157 188

99 19-86 4 6 31 5 59

100 fw98-g) 2:2 ;'af 6 14 4 f, 32 '62 '.94

-5 9 4 S 3) 1,5 156

12 4 191i-92 22 135 5 11 8 31 154 165

103 (1993-941 22 118 1 5 0 28 121 149

1041 01996- ] 9 g4 1 2 4 0 24 86 110

)2nd Congress are taken from U Libra-v of .ongres Comgressona Research SeIce, WorhloadondActi it,

Report: "U.S HS i o xr ori No. 93-707 CGOV, b 1%bert MonM and Caro! oid, VA I-ni Wa~h}3ingn, 1993, p. 22. For allCongrees,un vss otb6rwic notrA. som.- ir~tde thn Covon R -d l]t of-mitl -inxnl p h I5 elr ,e ie Hx v w

Cogrs~oa Sa~iecoy:Cng~aina uatrlCongrsoai@ ~. lancad(oessional ,ate5 Wee-O Report: West Pubhshing

Co, U.S. Code Congressioa and Ad ci ins-ative Nes. ad Monitor Publishing Co., Congreoral Yellow Boh

NA inieptos that th, information k' On rpndy availabl-e

I Data are current aa of tle Spring of 1995

2 As of the 9,th Congress. this figure includes Budget Committee Task Foares. Task Forces of other standing committees are not included,

3 A, of the 49th C ingreoa, this figure icludxs tak foreee,

Soi re Data

CRS-12

Table 3. House Committee Assiments, 79th-l4 C

Total Number of omMIALtt e Asigsmot 11 ign nto-1i-... : v,:_ . .. Suleoumittem e]; Sel eeo', thooSU me~mittoes Select., fpeoifll

Standing of Standing & goig Stmnding & JointComgreas . . mittoesi Committees CmIAitte 3 Tota" AnE ties Ciiieas Total

79 t 1945-46) 941 75 2 f 2 $ 22 4,2

ec 1947 4,q) 482 742 56 1,230 1 1 0.1 2,9

M (HI496 0 481 535 66 l LI L2 0.2 2.5

82 491 915 101 1 ] I _ 0 2 2.7

84 1 Ohs 54 526 670 66 , 26 1 2 1.5 0.2 2A)

84 (1955-56 542 71,423 13 1 8 113 131

?I G 1957-68) 5.49 975 12,5 1,669 19 2 3,8

86 1 M9,-60 575 LgrI 144 Ih14 ,,, 0,3 42

87 161% 6 6S4 1,128 161 1,c721 1,3 2 6 04 43

88 119V-6) 694 16 3-j 1,942 1.4 2'A f).3 4 5

89 11965-66) 6M 1,274 171 2,047 L4 2,9 OA 4.7

90 1196768) 6 f ,4 187 21,178 1.4 13.2 5,n

91 i1969-70) 67 186 2,226 1,5 3 2 0A 5 1

92 11971-72) 67,1 1,A50 284I) 1.5 h3 04

93 1 197,L74b 1 261 20 L 35 M3 627

94 ( 1976!16) 77 1 719 211) 2a99 18 G9 0,5 6.2

95 11977-7,S) 776 1,716 259 2,75 1.8 39 0 6

96 1 1979060 1 U 2 242 208 17 3.9 06

9 7 1-2 564 235 2,556 17 3.6 05

08 )196-475 1, 0 277 2752 I 7 9 0-6 621

CRS-13

Total Number of Commtee,'¢ t~iaental Mean Numaber, of Com mittee mnsignmentR2

Subcommitt ee A special, Nubcomri~ttc St-ltoA, Sppe1ahStanding of Standing & -J jut Ling fatnuding &.1aint

cngrous Comlttee* Committe committee Tot nit hqs Commntteaff Coxaited TOGA

99 k 1985 86) 781 1,734 323 2,&18 1,8 0 8 TO

Inc 0,1987-h8) 807 1,8228 1 0 70

it m 8990! 818 1,711 -17 6 2,988 U) 4 1 09 6.8

12 01991-921 851 1,818 42o 4,097 1.9 U 1,0 7.0

101 (1990-94) 86q 1,71 Ih Z1.2

1041 T96 1779 1298 rI 2, I II Lb 2.9 0 1 18

Source" Dar through the t02nd Congress are takeui h wrReport No. 493-07 GOV, by Ikuheot Mon and CaroI Hlardy V

Data for tho 791h Congres- are compiled from U- Conpres1 9, 1, 1345 p. 1064 Foe ai Other e ;

StaffI.rpelor,; C ngrusgonal Q nute ty Almo 1ongPujblish ing Co, Congn w Yelo'w lBo 3

1 Itg-nning with the 92nd Con.gce, Delegates andIn the 104th Cnnhgeoss there were 135 Rsf,p entmfives, 'Clu

2 .fhin li-sre i,- derived by h iding the nu rbor ofconuil

congresss , 430 from the 92,rd loSnfTes to the 971,h -! C, ql3 Figuiree rhilve tden House member 4f selccL h@4 r~ia and

4 ta are urret am of o th Si4 ! RQ5

:a_' of Congs. Cc -essma| W,.Iork'load and Ac d ,i e or : U.S. 1oun. of Rpor-"+ norea .

w-milti- on the Orgu-nixation of Congrcss, I'aaring, 79th C oug lt Soqs, March 1;3-Jno 29, 1945 Washita on.FORst4 *' Committee a-soiolneents ~ p. 1 y the "C;rk of the louse of ReFesentatis ., lrLwn sao. u, 'ngres 'iQzzaetr~y Week],v Rfporg; Wo.A Po hing Co, U Od C' o . ngres orta and Adi.oi t i-in o7,- nO Monitor

Mqiolers were pemit~e to vote in e tee. A,'root ding-yw since then thv have been n uted it thoe figu res, and Oe Roeident Cownsiasiter. for a t.oil of 440 Meralem

mr'As h y t5 nuerr of Members, which was 436 fom the 7911 Congre-s to the 91st C 4nu ,136 i the 92ndfroan the 98th CogrcEs to lte $04th Conll res

tr is, frit iheir subomnite .va

Table 3. House Committee Assignments, 79th- C -S

CRS-14

Table 4. Distribution of Representativesby Number of Committee and Subcommittee Assignments,

102nd-104th Conressl

Number of RlepresentativesNu Cer of .... ..

ents 102nd Cogress 103rd Congress 10, Conigress2

3 3 6

2 9 23

3 39 67 68

4 46 45 87

5 35 37 85

6 51 57 '07

7 94 119 32

8 674, 19

9 49 32 8

10 26 1 11 1

114 0

12 4 40

13 0 0

14 0 0

0 0

0 0 0

17 1 0 0

Average NuAasi4MentS Den

6 6.0 4,5

I Puibli-ing Co., Waahingon, D C- 1991 and 1992 ads. for !02nd- Fall ed., 1914 for)r l4th.

the 102ndLCngrtswas als ore v-iaLeader and Minori

louse standing, select, andjoint committees and their subomm itees Teby d' mir re~lct hrI oe hi ppostio-s,:reas, task 'area. boar s, or commissiorsfmriiy Loadr do not sore on Ftanding, seect, orjoint committees except in an ex-offi io capaor r. Thus for

ata are provided 'or 4cB M8 elt, Prte 1r th 3rd Congrera, data aic provided for 437 Members because thereit tis time, For the 104th G-n-rFi, dqla rv ph-i0ed for 136 Memben because- in addition, the MajorityWhip did -ol serve on any committees.

2 Data are varoil as CZ ille Spring of !99.

These averages differ from tie table "House Committee A-Assigments, "9th-'4*h Con,result from using data from different sources as available for the respetive time periods

uirch as 0.J. The differenci

CRS-15

Table 5. House CommitLee Staff 1979-

CurntCmm8owr 17 1981 1921084 198 __99? 19__ 199d

A~ !r71 7fl 2T 6 62 62 6.5 571 s I A9 8 6 69 8 68 T 4

Appropria .Aius 11 12 137 133 147 170 too l 917 2, 1 205 200 200 215 2 -,18 212 148Barikh!,6 mid Finai-M Services 14f 945 87 95 87 91 9 90 94 (, 1 6

idgret1 81 84 94 97 95 100 108 0.1 A l 101 1011

Cummk im, 154 146 1I 140 1 01 7 141 14 139 1 2 144 Ir2 144 140 Mb 70

Econumc arid Erhu+..ional-isr di 120 136 HI Ing "15 120 I11 110 116 121 109 li1 117 115 104 104 69

+-Hv+:rw min f,. R k+-rm And(v il 191 192 188 IDA 212 zoo 2,1 195 195 19J 0 01 208 206 195 182 81

lb misc Ovq-gigbtl 266 250 2611 25F 256 2661 269 254 273 277 293 2,5 314 32D 31$ 161 21

8rnl Rda l 3 A5 I. 9 8 AG 88 86 95 95 1n 101 106 102 93 02 63

82 8C, 8 4 818y) 7 781 $8 2 72 A 8 73 7 67Nafla S eriirty 47 5o AD r., 8Nai6-1a nOr Brt 4 9 62 6 3)i 6 7 68 8 1 82 75 65 46

;.ur'e 7 7' +)] + ;j C1 9 72 71 69 69 67 ' 71 i 82 7 7212, 70 71 21 71 60

u 42 4V, 1 5 43 46 46 1 48 45 4 5 8+

Science 87 90 1 in 76 76 75 79 74 71 76 79 76 85 n1 A4 .0 53

Smill l a Z 3 51 ,8 54 62 151 49 54 51 43 1:; 28

St d Ards of Offia(31 , Rtdu. 16 '.o 91 1 0 10 9 1n 0 1 10 8 11 11 12 In 10 9

Trr.pridation and 14m, It uO EA rv 92 AC, 1 32 i89 81 86 81 82 oF 81 83 84 97 88 87 81 75

Vetel.n s .w I g8i 81 3 33 00 12 34 32 41 4 2 41 42 46 60 41 29

Wsys ard We0 M1 0 91 91 91 91 92 88 94 9 96 98 138 138 ll 103

Permanut Se.lect (OPFTMt.PP ,iN :W 2-9 22 19 17 22 18 O 21 22 25 25 27 24 24 24

Su1,t, D 1,7fl, 1,86 1,924 1,86! 1,918 1940 29110 , I7 2,1 '0in ,39 ,97 1.21

CRS-16

Table 5. House Committee Ltf_ 17

Othr Conuvittoi 11179 198 ''l~i 4 ~ 4lid 4 i it~I 2 i b 1I0 1997 3 37 7 7 44 8 36 1 I'l, 19 "I

Children Youth, and Families 1' 22 22 20 23 20 2h 1

11 nger 15 i' 15 15: 1 14 16 15

1 , tis i Covert AmsaTratiUriltatio w'tb Iran -

Merchant Marine and Fieiries 9 1 70 81. 72 60 80 77 G1 73 74 75 76 76 7 6 71 74

Nareoics Abuse and 'uutrol 24 2(0 6 16 7 18 36 1 1

Outer Contineotn Shelf 12

'IYrAL 2XO77 7 ,qolj) 9il :Lgh a2b 2 -I) 1,998 1,1 0 2J01 2,094 ll 2,29b 1271 "11 2,001! 1,217

'onreu Data through 1994 were taketn frm S. Lif1994. CRS Repurt No 93-445 1 11 erraim Tr, 6d,&as of September )0, -xcept, Itat1 19915 rigures are as 4

its table is based on 1995 committee FI rtwte. V• Axmed S ics The staff'of the Cuncil tvec; onr [eact

for comparing with tmel new Gowvrruuet Reform andClimruaite-O and other committees eliminated before 1!

Thiamnmn ]ibt, the 1 -uoe: in ing cul

3 Fion'r- for

ne it Ho e acd Senate Co immitee lnqu in Fun dirg asI NeSfeng Aite h oriatons 97 -Freduri-k I I P~x it We 41; on, 1993 p 7- 1 hm I yvaTI the oripil ou ee was the feporf [fthe Clcrh o 't e Iouse19 951,

i. chanis -% ocv rr4,d (tat Is Hlama was To hie tfo tie eorespondng committee te g.. Natinaiul Si tly is vt en ievd to the tor er'Civil Serviio ano Sic District of CAh mbia were added tu l C mm i lk e wi eove nmunt Upratis in the years 1979- 1994o<m antee, Thn, Casmnitee o rluvhlt Mariie i ml Fisilw rIc. eliminated in 1995 (with jursdlion transferred to multi e-4s!etod in th . - x,,n 1 1 he table as "other committees."

h~b, 4i I order. The House' only non-staading com.ini 1, ih Prrea r i .eet IS,-Iv Committee on In iti!hignce, it lited last

mlhNi, thamt elxted, Thus,e the d nit shoatthe committee structure o1 patt Congesses

CRS- 7

Table 6. Comparison of House Committee Staff, 1994 and 1995'

1994 1199 Staff Red-ictions

Commit Iee.. C tt NClomite s

Agricuin re 61 Agriculture 46 16 25%

Aproiatn212 Appropr atine 14h

Anied S- rvkes 65 Natia i 4 9%

anrking Fianceiankin andFinncia3-5 40%

and Urban ffair a8 k andF -3 47

Budget 98 Budget 61 PI 3%

Diter nf Columcia 38 - 1 - - -

Fdue -ti-n and Labor 104 Eonomic and Educatona. Opyertunities 69 1 347

Eneiv and Co eir-, 138 Commerce 7 6E 49%

Foreign Affairs 92 Interm P-Lthon- 61u i 32

Government Operationes 74 Government Reform and Over0gl al -

House Administretiod 316 House Ovrzgbni 261 17.

1Ltelli cinr 24 intc tigence 24 0 0

Judiciary 17 2%

Merhant Marine and Fisheie,4 4 a 74 100%Natural Resources 1%60 2 1

Pet Of fie and Civil Se2 70 ....

Public Works & Tranepari- , h1 Transportadin and Infrastructure 75 6 7%

Rules 150 Rules 35 15 30%

Scianca, Space and Techno]i• 8D Science 5 27 34%

Sm', Foashqs 43 Sma-I Buerne 28 15 35%

Stadar Qf Oflal f_nd_ _____ Sta, dhrfk of O-ficial Conduct 9 1071

Vniorn-wi AiTa 41 Veterans' Affars 29 12 297

Is eand Jsleals -Ways am Mens 61 42 4

. .. a w l -, f14

Se ni.; Rd-,, the C erh, .fnkp House, Septemrer 80, 1994 and March 31, 19-6

1 This tabk refleacts:he Aiangzs M committee structure between 194 and 199, WIhre name changes a rred, cmparieon if made

to te crespondung conmhtv -e.g. Armed Seees is compared to the new Na ional Security CoMmi-te

2 The merger of the Cuunit-e (n Pcst Ofi:c and CM' Servie, Dtrict of Colum ia, ard government Operazions into onecomait-, Gornrmint Ffform and (versight resulted in a staff reduction of 101 or 5r' of the previous total for the three committees.Tbir O-gore is reflected ite zel staff reduction of 684.

.3 Ttal includes staffaflIcuoe Infmatin Systef6 o N994 .- werr HIS, aniffane 67 were nr.t in 199; - 1 S, -taffwas reducedr 228 Ahik, the ot-er sff declined to 53

4 The Committee on Merchant Marina and Fisheries was eliminated in 19,

CR S18

Table 7. Number uf Senate Committees and Their Subcommittees,79th-1O4th Congress

String ISelect and Special

Committees Committees d iA Committees Suutotal

Number, Number Number, Numbr r er, N umber Full u m aFull Sb I Full Sub ll Sub Commi mittees

79 1 45 46 13 57 7 10 6 NA 46 NA NA

8 (1947-481 15 61 NA 6 NA 24 NA NA

8i 1949-50i 15 E3 2 N1A 0 NA 27 NA NA

82 1951-52) 15 66 8 NA 9 NA 27 NA NA

83 19-4) 15 I NA 10 2C NA NA

84 1955-56; 15 81 5 NA 10 !1 "%C A N.

85 '!7, 113 85 4 9L_____18

86 !959-60 16 87 5 0 1 3 Q5 127

87 (1961-62 16 88 2 6 p 27 107 134

88 193 -64) 1 885 i C3 Mi 104 133

i89 195-66f 16 92 i12 142

90 (1967-68, 16 98 5 12 1 32 125 157

9 1969-0) 16 101 12 1 .0 128 158

92 (71 72) 15 30 148 173

93 1P73-74) -8 7 15 9 16 34 156 190

94 097.5-16) 18 122 M 7 14 81 149 180

95 '977-8) 151 96____5 26 113 1,39

96 9,9 15 1 9 6 4 5 24 105 129

97 k 191- tL 10) 4 6 24 111 135

98 k 9K-4 16 102 5 , 4 25 11-2 1I7

1198-6 16 8 4 0 4 6 24 9.1 118

!30 1 ]-9 7-8,. 1c 55 5 G 4 8 93 118

131 41 99-90 16 86 4 1 4 8 21 95 119

102 9 19-2S b 8rL 4 0 4 8 24 95 119

103 1 1998-,4) 16 85 4 0 5 0 25 85 111

104'7 11995-90 8 4 0 4 0 24 E8 92

Source- Data thrOigb tbe 1 02n Congrler I taken from US. Library of Congress, Confessional Research Service Workload and

A irn Report: Untd Stcrt s Snate, 1946-1992. Repor No 443 '78 GOV. by Robert Muo and Carol IlardyVincera. Washington 1992.

p, 31 For all Congresses, u alesr otherwise noted, sources include the CrrcsIma Record. hots f committee assignmen-s published by

t1. Senc tary of rbI Seoiatp, Brown os, Congr0assona7 Staf-DirecoD. Congressional Quartery Congre; fonal Quarivri A7a' ni7 and

(ongressyco7a,714n 7 We(9719 r-psrl W: P PUsh1 4xo Co'. T C Cowgreoonn cdAdrmin e o atbe.Vews. and Monitor PublishingCo-, Co ogreo ,nu b ellow Book

NA indicates thai the information is not readiCy available,I I741705 oue thre-member Ad Hoe Working Group of the Selct Committee on Intelligence.2 Does not inbde one 'as] fe- 1. e7 a 47A1dAJg Committee.S Data are current as of clip spring cr 995-

CRS19

Table 8. Senate Committee Assignments, 79th-lO

To1 Num... o..mm1i. .. alg n ..

Sub committees i89dect, 84 bmeitt,

Standing of Standing ISpeia, ! f Seleo 1eignmocipi

of S'milast

jjome ~vm I on- :=im 22I 0fl

79 191.5 46 489 J17 98 NA NA F, 46 1,1 A

80 01 94-48) 201 326 62 NA NA N1[A NA

11449-0) 208 13 62 NA NA 2.1 0 NA NA

82 41951-62 293 332 87 NA NA 1. 10 NA NA

83 1983-54) 211 372 63 NA NA 2.2 3.9 (),7 NA NA

94 ( 1139 i 212 b14 IOU 48 874 21 1.0 015 9 1

85 5 9&7 F& 228 630 99 6 Ui 2 A 0 04 9.3

86 09 611 251 631 1, W; 1G' 13 7 10 6

87 1961 6b2) 2I 8 ,4 I 1 10

89) 119o.310 41F6.]I 18 w 2. 66 1I 1t 9 1111

89 (1965461 2511 72, I11 154 t,2q2 2.5 7.11 ,1 1 5 128

90 f19I-681: 252 752 120 165 1-Rd 25 7.6 12 L7 I2

91 I 1969-70) 241 970 11 184 1 416 2.5 8.0 1.1 L8 13A

92 11 71-72) 247 n5 124 197 1-46 2.5 9 0 1.2 2,0 14.6

911 19734- 258 946 217 1,53;9 2,6 9.6 1.5 22 15.7

94 19240 12 228 1,857 2.4 9.7 1.2 2;3 15-9

95 24977U 658 9U 1.01 2) 96 0.8 0,7 106

96 1 52 6 78 76 1,074 2,5 87 68 0.8 10,7

97 11981-21 202 69 7 64 1,119 41 6.9 0.8 11.2

96 (190- 841 29 80 49 1,19 8 0 77 05 120

CRS-20

Table 8. Senate Committec Assignments, 79th-1 04 -

Total Ninbcr of Committee Ainmna I uvr ofni s

Sublcvasmleec Sol act, Subcorawi~ mnites Select, 8upecapitattees

Stanq Ing of Standing Special, of Select, g Speial, of SelectCongress Com tls Committees & joint2 Spival , Joint Totl d ormfttes C01 tt & goin Specia joint TotI

99 k196h861 282 G72 74 47 1 176 2.8 0.7 05 10,6

100 i 187-88 29d 688 84 3 0 8 9 g68 1 o

1u(1 ( 6-90) 66296 7]13 76 33 I 7 19"q 7 1 03 0.3 112

l02 1(99192) 294 738 83 2 9 74 08 0.8 11.5

198 11998-94) 294 744 1(K 0 1,1P1 2 9 74 tf 11.4

104 6I g9-96) 294 628 1 Oo 2,9 -2 08 i) 10.0

Source Datahrough th fO2rong sarclaitrUm UCOV y Rby erit Moon and Carol Hardy Vinvent, WashingtJ

Data for sabcoumnitt e i oftitanding (.onii.ilii s for !fi 79h CSvs-- Marah I'-Jne 29, 1945 Winbgton, L-& (- I'D., 194F)states Telephone Direettij-, May 1984. S na,, Pcato , 93lUotgreq.,'nal Ra eord; lists of committee asngnm--nt ighCongrcssonaf Quareerly Weekiy Rclpo t; W,.,t Pi dh,-ii Co.,

NA indicate ghUt the irornhrntiot ri atiadly ovailav |

I Fhi3 figure is &-rived by dividing the 8umrbr Of conniltee

2 Figires rAcH il a f Xi'r v i a of nor eranding c-rnmit

3 Date ar. curiont As Of tio, Fpringof 1995

-trice W oad d Actw aRao I U tatcs Scote aReport 93-789

compiled r J m te on the froam1 7tho of Cono ss. tarings, 79th Cong., 1stIL, D~ata for ~awfg cammait tho 98th Cgress werederived from U S Cuigreipi S-oatc United

tt U P 1 p. 77-12 0 Fur all Other Conrsos, nurce in d theOeretarWy Of tike 9WIaU BrowaN any fi/ ir[" fir rr Cor soop i Quarterly Atootsw atnd

nvr. Adr nsire, New e and Monitor Publishring (in, Congressi na Yeliw Book,

by la a 96 rm Iin 791 Coi po in f io i5tb Congress and It0 since t1rhei

is soict-t cpeiaL and joint c(srnittees and their ubcotmmittoes

CRS-21

Table 9. Distribution of Senators by Number of Committee.and Subcommittee Assignments, 102nd-104th CongressI

Number of Senators

Number of Assignments 102nd Congress I 0-%h d Congress 104th Congress2

0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 1

.......................

1 0 2

6 2 1 2

74 2

448 8 41

916 16 15

10 A 14 24

ii 12 10 I

12 12

13 12 2

14 8 1 4

15i 46 3

4416 4 4 3

1 0

1 2

10 1 0

20 0 0 0

2i 0 1 0

22 1 0 0

Average ANuber o lAsfg l1 r1en1s0per Sea o3IL 17M

curztU, S.t J CointCmmitteen rntfr 3g° 1991 12, CongssioniLr Dcoy 102d Congress 102ndC ong ItSaeWazhington, LB C P(), 191 p 603-517. S. Pub. - 02-4 , Summer, 1992,e. f for 102ndCuingsThe Cvigroqnoai Ye7ow BookP Moniter Publishing Co. Washington, DC Fall eil- 19il For Le ffBrd; and Ow Cvgressior'acIItou Book, Spring ed. 1995 for the 10ith.

I Figures include aL Senate standing and other committee and their subcmmitteez. They dza noz reflect leadership positicrnsor aasagnments to caucuses. task forces. board, or commissionE,

2 Data are current as of fie Spring of '9953Tlhsse averages differ from t a h, "Svn iIii Comittae. ssirmert, 9h-4104hC ongres Sy bas ruchaa 1.4 Theadifrancea

rusult fin usiug data from oWfwru soures aq evaiable for !he respective ine periods.

CRS-22

Table 10. Senate Committee Staff, 197E___________ 19791 1980 [9 [ 195;2 1983 1]i 4 1985 1ii8( 198 7 _ l i t }( 19 I921993 { 994 19

Agr1ulture. Nutritioa & Furct-y 8l 11 32 31 32 31 30 26 9 4 41 1 27 1 ' 3 83 29

Apprpmiatio 81 83 74 76 78 0 81 8 - ,6 7_ c _ _8 7 '3 68 59

Aimed Sur'ic- iii '8 341313 38 40 45 5 4 7 1 1 58 4';

Rlkiug, HUiMP, &in ffairR 37 43 38 34 34 29 4 a2 42 46

Budget 8' 85 71 70 76 69 7- 68 67 6 i9 5 gf 66 57 1 60 49

Tran sportation 91 F8 85 M a7 69 86 b2 7x 7,t 78 76 75 70 62 55

Em rgy mid Natural Rcsourrfs 56 54 49 ft 53 .5 :9 18 48 iq - If 1 41, 49 47 43 36

Favvirnnlni t and Public Works 72 60 52 5i 5 52 60 50 4 'i 4k 1 4 4A 41 39 44 35

Finance 41 42 46 60 48 1,8 55 ,8 65 52 5 9 6' 61 46 52 46

'M. t)1,1 5l1a iu0 67 6 6 6 5 5 5 1 4

(I rir-ienlal Afairs 168 1b 116 123 1g4 117 '67 1(1 88 921 105 112 10F 12 A7 88 64

Judiiary 1 191 167 123 '2l 137 121 106 I 214 128 l 87 M j 7 91 84

Iar and H-Tumnnn Rwi u' 111 122 1A 124 14"9 9 101 110 112 9,1 t26 107 106 82

Rle6s vod Adiviniatration jil i18 27 2 D 2 28 26 27 28 27 28 2, 25 2 1 23 18

mall uknv, 10 26 2 21 21) 22 2 24 2 20 25 23 24 19

Vetrans' Affaim 2i i 2 2I 2 1 V I Ifi25 .13 24 27 22 25 22 22 24 14

S1b21 1. 121 117 1o i ,027 973 946 4 q2 8 Q79 t,004 993 1,00 x 667 ? 19

CRS-23

Soncu ' Repir, f fthr5 certery of e Senate as of Sept mib

I rhp Conuifte on Sin]I B40ns wq, a select onat eifte0

2 1 hh row ro.ntels rxmnittees that existed at some tim,- frna

A liviti. S fie iDepa etib oofJustice. l)1984 tii was TMilitarY Assistance to Ifra ar he Ol, Noositio Y

a itteh 1i 1 .

In 19i82 there wam ae Select Corintteo to Study Law Enforopinnt U1 hmovorGnuniLkev SyStvm In 11187 and 1988 Chore w s a Select C(1m4 itl,4 r Secret

;0m01theo o4n POW/MA Affa4rL

Table 10. Senate Commitiee Staff. 19711- 5

WTAND,)iNC oNmmu'lEs~ 979~ 1"0' 11~ aa D8C ,- ij -1 )-- 109 V 5 9

OTUER

Agin. 1 10 28 23 32 Ni 1 2 2 0 51 28 21

Ethics 2 i 2 2 9 81 1 1 1

Indian Affhir 17 19 13 19 : 8 21 21 2 1 23 5 11 22 25 20 22 15

Intelligence 4? 44 4 1 39 40 ;'V 4 IN 38 40 . 49 26

Ixpied Conifteeg2 d - 34 120l 21

14~~a 1 I N[1 9 9 8 fl . 1 4 1 0 4d P HU 12 0 1 1 4 l1 8 2 9 12 -1 i t) 9 6 7

T O T A L , 1 , 1 2 1,0 7 4 1 I t 2 1 ,2 ' 107 I IJ,0 44 Ii:) 1 , 0 )3 ,( 9 1,1 12 ; t,12 2 1 12 4 . l9 fl 9 & i 7 9 1

CRS-24

APPENDIX OF SELECTED REFORM COMMITTEES

I. The Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, 1945.

Davidson, Roger H. The Legislative Reorganization AcLegislative studies quarterly, v. 15, Aug. 1990: 357-373.

Galloway, George B. The operation of the Legislative Reorgoof 1946, American political science review, v. 45, Mar -'

Pauls, Frederick H. Legislative Reorganization Act o. 1946:provisions. Aug, 6, 1991. Washington, Congressional Rese1991. 8 p. (91-593 RCO)

2. The Joint Committee on the Organization of the Congress, 19(

of 194&

Act

Bibby, John F. and Roger H.Legislative Reorganizationstudies in the legislativePress, 1972. p. 2 51-280.

Iavitz. Walter. The Legislativstudies quarterly, v. 15, Au

3. The Joint Ci

U.S, ColOrgan192(l(Repo

US. ConOr,2-n

Inertia and change: TheIn their On Capitol Hill;

ed. Hindsdale, Dryden

on Act of 1970. Legislative99

ittee on the Organization of Congress, 1993.

s. Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress.on of the Congress; final report pursuant to H. Con. Res.I Congress), Washington, G.P.O., 1993 2 v. (108, 345 pJmate, 103rd Congress, 1st session, no. 103-215)

4, Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress.on of the Congress; final report pursuant to H. Con. Res.[ Congress). Washington, G.P.O, 1993. 2 v (162, 345 p.)house, 103rd Congress, Ist session, noo 103-413)

This appendix ists the major reform committees of t-he past 50 years that. focusedexclusively, primarily, or substantially on the committee system in the House, Senate, orboth. Other efforts and measures affecting the committee system have been numerousand are not covered here. From the vast literature on reform, the appendix alsoidentifies a few citations to the work of each committee if further information is desired-

CRS-25

Evans, C. Lawrence and Walter J. Oleszek. The politics of congressionalreform: the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress. InRemaking Congress; change and stability in the 1990s. Edited byJames A. Thurber and Roger H. Davidson. Washington. CongressionalQuarterly Press, 1995. p. 73-98.

4, The House Select Committee on Committees, 1973-1974.

Davidson, Roger H, and Oleszek, Walter J. Congress against itself.Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1977. 306 p

Major House committee reform rejected. In 1974 CQ Almanac. Edited byCarolyn S. Mathiasen. v. 30. Washington, Congressional QuarterlyPress, 1975. p. 634-641.

5. The House Select Committee on Committees. 2979-1980.

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Committees. Final Report ofthe Select Committee on Committees. Apr. 1, 1980, Washington,G.P.O.. 1980, 669 p. (Report House 96th Congres,i 2nd session, no.96-866)

Committee reorganization: Select Committee on Committees. In 1980 CQAlmanac, Edited by Mary Cohn. v. 36. Washington, CongressionalQuarterly Press. 1981, p. 562-563.

6. The Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate Committee System,1976-1977.

Davidson, Roger H. Two avenues of change: House and Senatecoitee reorganization. In Congress reconsidered. Edited byLawrence C. Dodd and Bruce L Oppenheimer. 2nd ed. Washington,Congressional Quarrerly Press, 981. p. 107-133.

Parris, Judith H. The Senate reorganizes its committees, 1977. Politicalscience quarterly, v. 94, summer 1979: 319-337.

7. The Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate Committee System,1984

U.S. Congress. Senate. Temporary Select Committee to Study the SenateCommittee System. Report together with proposed resolutions. Dec.14 1984. Washington, G.P.O., 1984. 61 p. (Print, Senate, 98thCongress, 2nd session, no. 98-254)

Calmes, Jacqueline and Diane Granat. 'Minor' panels not completed:Senate cuts committee slots; Members assigned to panels.Congressional Quarterly weekly report, v. 43, Feb. 23, 1 985: 348. 364.