Committee: Future Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).

Chair members:

President: Brian Cedillo Ramírez.

Moderator: Julia Garduño Hernández.

Secretariat: Darío Juárez Rosales.

Topic: Upcoming government in Mars, 2030.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) was set up by the

General Assembly in 1959 to govern the exploration and use of space for the benefit of all

humanity: for peace, security and development.

Since the 20th-century The Space Race (1957 - 1975) became a competition in the

exploration of space between Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, for

supremacy in spaceflight capability. The Space Race included the exploration of outer space

using rocket technology with artificial satellites to send animals and humans into space, also

to land people on the Moon.

With the discover of water in Mars, the scientist verify that the red planet could be

habitable for the humankind, tripulations were sent in order to test how the humans adapted

to the ecosystem.

Countries sent people, and the civilization start to grow up, by this time the people

that continue living there are having conflicts about the security and laws that must be

imposed for a better coexistence in the planet. It is well known that the planet needs a leader,

and a kind of government for the security of all the citizens.

II. HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT

1950’s - Humans start launching satellites to outer space and the race to reach other planets

and celestial bodies begins.

October, 1957: Russia launches its first satellite (Sputnik

1), making it the first nation to launch an artificial

satellite into orbit.

February, 1958: The United States launches its first

satellite (Explorer 1), making it the second nation to

launch an artificial satellite into orbit.

September, 1959: The first human-made object (Soviet Union’s Luna 2 mission) led by

Russia reaches the surface of the Moon.

1960’s - The Treaty on Principles Governing the

Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer

Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

comes into force and The first manned mission, led by

the United States, lands on the Moon.

October, 1967: The Treaty on Principles Governing the

Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer

Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

comes into force.

July, 1969: The first manned mission (Apollo 11) led by the United States lands on the

Moon.

Annex 1 “Sputnik 1, the first

artificial Earth satellite

launched by the Russian”

Federation.

Annex 2 “Explorer, the first

satellite of the United States

of America”

2010’s - NASA gets interested in exploring Mars and so do

other count ries. Another space race starts and leading and

developing countries begin funding projects in order to reach

Mars’ orbit and to achieve colonizing the planet. At the end of

this decade countries such as the United States and the Russian

Federation accomplish most of their missions

.

November, 2011: Curiosity (rover created to explore

Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory

mission.) is launched to reach Mars in order to explore its

surface for further investigations which will be used to

study if life in the planet is sustainable.

August, 2012: Curiosity (rover created to

explore Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science

Laboratory mission.) lands on the surface of

Mars. The rover soon begins working in its

mission and starts collecting data about the

characteristics of Mars.

November, 2012: NASA announces plans to launch

another unnamed rover to the surface of Mars by the

year 2020.

November, 2013: India executes the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) at a cost of $75m,

spending approximately one-tenth of what NASA did on the MAVEN Mars mission.

Annex 3 “Apollo 11 crew

portrait”

Annex 4 “NASA's Curiosity

Mars rover”

Annex 5 “Mars 2020 Rover”

March, 2016: Russia states it will use nukes (as propellants) to fly to Mars in just 45 Days,

the national nuclear corporation Rosatom announced it is building a nuclear engine that will

reach Mars in a month and a half—with fuel to burn for the trip home. Russia might not

achieve its goal of launching a prototype by 2025.

June, 2016: SpaceX’s CEO Elon Musk states that: "Most likely the form of government on

Mars would be a direct democracy, not

representative, so it would be people voting directly

on issues. And I think that's probably better, because

the potential for corruption is substantially

diminished in a direct versus a representative

democracy." (2016).

February, 2017: Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, His Highness Sheikh

Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum unveils “Mars 2117 project” which establishes a design

of a human settlement created by the United Arab Emirates planned to be ready in 2117.

March, 2017: President of the United States, Donald J. Trump signs the NASA Transition

Authorization Act of 2017 which expanded the space program’s budget to $19.5 billion with

the purpose of continue exploring Mars in order to send humans to the planet.

April, 2017: President of the United States, Donald J. Trump urges the NASA to accelerate

the process of sending humans to Mars, shortening the time to 7 years.

April, 2017: The United Arab Emirates launches space program to boost colonization of

Mars by 2021 which is focused on recruiting people who are willing to live on Mars’ surface

as a test that will determine if starting a colony is a viable option.

April, 2017: NASA reveals the design of a greenhouse which could be used to feed to first

explorers of Mars which is designed to mimic the conditions on the Earth’s surface in order

to allow inhabitants to grow their own food.

Annex 6 “Mars 2117 Project”

June, 2019: The United States send a tripulation of 5 representative astronauts in order to

start colonizing Mars, but in an attempt to maneuver into its orbit the ship came too close to

Mars, and as a result such ship got destroyed when coming into contact with the planet’s

surface. All of this was caused due to poor calculations made by the NASA.

2020’s - The first astronauts start being sent to the planet after a year of investigations from

which both the United States and the United Arab Emirates conclude that life in Mars is, in

fact, possible.

November, 2020: The Russian Federation in collaboration with the Republic of India

launches a base into Mars orbit.

February, 2020: The United States of America, the Philippines

and Japan send a base into Mars’ orbit, creating a space

competition between United States and Russia.

October, 2020: Pedro Duque and Pablo Martínez, spanish citizens,

volunteer to be the first inhabitants of Mars.

May, 2022: Pedro Duque and Pablo Martínez are sent by the

European Space Agency to Mars along with other three astronauts.

July, 2024: After spending two years living on Mars’ surface and trying to prove that Mars is

habitable for humans, Pablo Duque dies after a a cabin vent valve accidentally opened when

the crew was performing spaceship maintenance.

October, 2025: More astronauts are sent in order to start a colony, these astronauts are sent

by the United States of America, since this country had previously developed a project that

would allow them to maintain a sustainable life in Mars.

January, 2026: The United Arab Emirates begin to build a small civilization for the

inhabitants from project Mars One.

Annex 7 “Pedro Duque”

March, 2026: Mars One project sends a colony of

fifty people in order to start living in Mars, and the

United Arab Emirates start their project.

February, 2027: Trips to Mars start being

commercialized by the company SpaceX. Elon

Musk (the company’s leader) manages to make trips

to Mars, trips that most people on Earth can afford.

June, 2027: Hundreds of people set off on their journey to start living on Mars. Thanks to

this the United Arab Emirates decide to continue building more civilizations for forthcoming

inhabitants.

September, 2027: Population in Mars reaches 2,000 inhabitants thanks to the low fares that

companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin LLC and Sierra Nevada Corporation offer.

December, 2027: The lack of government in the new civilization promptly causes the planet

to be out of control, Mars’ crime index raises. This receives worldwide attention and

international leaders launch campaigns to be elected as governors of Mars.

III. CURRENT HAPPENINGS

February, 2028: Presidential campaigns begin. Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and countries that

helped reach the planet begin to propose potential candidates.

March, 2028: Thanks to his great presidential performance as the leader of the company

Amazon, Jeff Bezos postulates himself for the presidency of Mars.

April, 2028: The United States proposes a four-year government period with one possible re-

election.

August, 2028: The Russian Federation claims its right over the planet, arguing it was them

who launched the first base into Mars’ orbit.

Annex 8 “Foundation Mars”

One (8)

August, 2028: The United States responds to Russia’s allegations and states that according to

the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of

Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies no nation has the right over a

celestial body and any violation against such treaty should be sanctioned.

September, 2028: The United Nations reaffirms the points raised by the United States stating

that no action made against such treaty will be tolerated and drastic measures will be taken

against those who dare to challenge its principles.

December, 2028: The Chinese inhabitants on Mars take over one of the most important

oxygen generators in order to take control Mars’ government, but due to poor maintenance

such generator suffers a leakage.

February, 2029: As a result of the damage made by these civilians and in urge to reach an

agreement in the government election are scheduled to take place on the first month of the

year 2030. The United Nations seek for a neutral candidate for this position in order to

eradicate upcoming disagreements between countries.

IV. KEY POINTS

• Elon Musk or Jeff Bezos as candidates for presidency.

As two of the most important private developers of technology to reach Mars’ surface,

both Musk and Bezos launch a campaign to become Mars’ governors, but many question

their capability to run a planet.

• Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use

of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies.

Under this treaty, a country cannot claim ownership of a planet and cannot govern it from the

earth.

• Countries’ rights over a planet they reached.

Should the countries who helped reach Mars’ surface have more rights over the planet?

• Using democracy in order to elect a governor.

Using the same system to elect governors as the one used on Earth as a solution.

• Intervention of the United Nations in the planet.

Taking into account the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the

Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, what

role should the United Nations play in the conflict?

V. UN ACTIONS

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer

Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (General Assembly resolution 2222

(XXI), annex)—adopted on 19 December 1966, opened for signature on 27 January 1967,

entered into force on 10 October 1967

VI. BLOCK ANALYSIS

Western European and Others Group

France:

The French space program constitutes both common and military space missions and its

space arrangement is actualized by state-claimed Center National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES),

which is in charge of the advancement and execution of space projects nearby industry and

established researchers.

France is one of the biggest supporters of the European Space Agency (ESA) which is

headquartered in Paris.

Luxemburg:

Luxembourg works substantial number of interchanges and remote detecting satellites,

making it one of the top countries with space presence. It is one of the Member States of ESA

and conveys space look into exercises under its National Action Plan for Space R&D. The

country is additionally home to the main office of world's driving broadcast communications

satellite administrator’s SES (Société Européenne des Satellites) and Intelsat.

Germany:

Germany has launched a few space probes including communication, route and earth study

satellites. This country is also interested in other missions and projects such as the Cassini-

Huygens mission to Saturn and its moons, the European space lab in Columbus, the Dawn -

Mission to Vesta and Ceres and the European Galileo project.

United Kingdom:

The UK is one of the biggest financial supporters of the European Space Agency

(ESA) and is interested in investing on cutting edge science and investigation missions, for

example, BepiColombo, Euclid and ExoMars Rover, all done by the ESA.

Asia- Pacific Group

Japan (JAXA):

The country’s outer space exploration efforts are led Japan Aerospace Exploration

Agency (JAXA). It currently operates a fleet of communications, meteorological, earth and

astronomical observation satellites.

China:

China holds and operates the second biggest fleet of spacecrafts in space and has been

recently working on developing more accurate remote sensing satellites, telecommunication

satellites, reconnaissance and spacecrafts.

India (ISRO):

India has launched more than 130 spacecraft since its maiden satellite launch in 1975.

The country's space missions (exploration, spacecraft launches, etc.) are supervised by state-

owned Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Unites States of America:

The United States represents roughly 41% of the operational spacecrafts that orbit

earth right now. The country is currently working on a huge fleet of communication, missile

detection, climate, observation and technology satellites. The national space investigation

projects of the nation are supervised by the NASA.

Russian Federation:

The country now operates the third largest fleet of spacecraft including

communications, meteorological and reconnaissance satellites. The nation’s aeroespacial

projects include Soyuz manned spacecraft, Salyut 1 space station and Lunokhod 1 space

rover.

Canada:

Canada has worked on earth observation satellites such as RADARSAT and SCISAT,

communication satellites such as ANIK, as well as BRITE science satellites in addition to

micro scale and hybrid spacecrafts.

Companies:

Blue Origin, LLC:

This company designs, develops, and manufactures spaceflight systems. Blue Origin is well-

known for its cutting edge technology and it is one of SpaceX’s biggest competitions.

SpaceX:

SpaceX is the world’s most important aeroespacial technology developer, and companies all

over the world have invested over $20 billion in it’s projects. These projects include

commercial flight launches to Mars as well as NASA and other U.S. Government missions.

Sierra Nevada Corporation:

Sierra Nevada Corporation is one of the most important developers of technology to allow

trips to Mars be affordable, this makes the company a leader on commercial flights to the

planet.

Vulcan Aerospace:

This company develops innovative technology and systems which make access to space

easier. Thanks to such technologies the space industry began investing on Vulcan

Aerospace’s projects.

Mars One:

Mars One (a project developed by the Netherlands) became an important factor to reclute

astronauts that would travel to Mars. They also provided the astronauts with proper training.

VII. SOURCES

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https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=30959253

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10-countries-most-active-in-space-4744018/

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Island, 25/04/2017, retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-asia-

space-race/india.html

• Galeon, D., (2017), Online, UAE Announces Plans to Have a Human Colony on Mars by

2117, 25/04/2017, retrieved from: https://futurism.com/4-mars-2117-project-the-uae-

joins-the-race-for-the-red-planet/

• Wam, (2017), Online, VP, Mohamed bin Zayed unveil 'Mars 2117 Project, 25/04/2017,

retrieved from: http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/vp-mohamed-bin-zayed-

unveil-mars-2117-project-2017-02-15-1.648145

NASA, (n.d), Online, Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover, 25/04/2017, retrieved

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• Jackson, D., (2017), Online, Trump signs spending bill for NASA, whose budget he just

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billion/99444598/

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next seven years?, 25/04/2017, retrieved from: https://qz.com/967271/could-donald-

trump-really-send-astronauts-to-mars-in-the-next-seven-years/

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http://www.american-historama.org/1945-1989-cold-war-era/cold-war-space-race.htm

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• Debczak, M., (2015), Online, Why the Curiosity Rover is Forbidden From Collecting

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• Stockton, N., (2016), Online, Russia Thinks It Can Use Nukes to Fly to Mars in 45

Days—If It Can Find the Rubles, 25/04/2017, retrieved from:

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mars/2016/01/22/732f1520-bfc7-11e5-bcda-

62a36b394160_story.html?utm_term=.bce51f47f907

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VIII. RECOMMENDED SOURCES

● https://www.xataka.com/espacio/quien-gobernara-marte-cuando-consigamos-

establecer-una-colonia-alli

● https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/elon-musk-president-of-

mars/2016/01/22/732f1520-bfc7-11e5-bcda-

62a36b394160_story.html?utm_term=.bce51f47f907

● https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-asia-space-race/india.html

● https://www.wired.com/2016/03/russia-thinks-can-use-nukes-fly-mars-90-days-can-

find-rubles/

● https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-asia-space-race/japan.html

IX. ANNEXES

● Annex 1: Sputnik 1

Volkova B. (2013). Hace 56 años entramos en una nueva era. Revista Sputnik. (online).

Checked out on May 12th 2017. Checked out on Ma Retrieved from:

https://sputnik87.wordpress.com/tag/sputnik-1/

● Annex 2: Explorer 1

Loff S. (2015) Explorer and Early Satellites. NASA. (online) Checked out on May 12th

2017. Retrieved from: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/explorer/explorer-overview.html

● Annex 3: Apollo 11 crew portrait

Loff S. (2015). Apollo 11 Mission Overview. NASA. (online) Checked out on May 12th

2017. Retrieved from: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html

● Annex 4: Mars Orbiter Mission

Mai T. (2015) Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) NASA (online) Checked out on May 12th 2017.

Retrieved from:

https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/missions/solarsystem/MOM.html

● Annex 5: Mars 2020 Rover

NASA. (n.d) Mars 2020 Rover. NASA. (online) Checked out on May 24th 2017. Retrieved

from: https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/rover/

● Annex 6: Mars 2117 Project

Rossman, S. (2017). UAE aims to put human settlement on Mars by 2117. (online) Checked

out on May 24th 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-

now/2017/02/15/uae-aims-put-human-settlement-mars-2117/97937004/

● Annex 7: Pedro Duque

(WA). (n.d) Pedro Duque. European Space Agency. (online) Checked out on May 24th 2017.

Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/esl/ESA_in_your_country/Spain/Pedro_Duque3

● Annex 8: Foundation of Mars One

Curbello F. (2017). La primera colonia humana en Marte. Milenio.com. (online). Checked

out on 24th 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.milenio.com/cultura/Marte_0_207579355.html