combined power point & notes: biology 111a lange

Combined Power Point & Notes:

Biology 111ALange

This lecture is being provided in this format because of the inclement weather issue experienced during the last week of

classes prior to the final exam.

***Be sure to look at the NOTES I have added to this PowerPoint.

Animal Behavior, Ethology, &

Behavioral Ecology

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A courting pair of East Asian red-crowned cranes (Grus japonicus)


A male African cichlid (Neolamprologus tetracephalus) with erect fins

Dorsal fin

Anal fin

Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern

(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

(b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. Theaggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. Theother models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.


Proximate and ultimate perspectives on aggressive behavior by male sticklebacks

BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.

PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulusthat releases aggression in a male stickleback.

ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreasesthe chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.


Proximate and ultimate perspectives on imprinting in graylag geese

BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.

PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

Imprinting for conservation

A kinesis and a taxis

Dry open area

Moist site under leaf

Directionof rivercurrent

(a) Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment.

(b) Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.


Minnows responding to the presence of an alarm substance

(a) Minnows are widely dispersed in an aquarium before an alarm substance is introduced.

(b) Within seconds of the alarm substance being introduced, minnows aggregate near thebottom of the aquarium and reduce their movement.


How does dietary environment affect mate choice by female Drosophila mojavensis?

The difference in mate selection shown by females that developed on different diets indicates that mate choice by females of Sonoran populations of D. mojavensis is strongly influenced by the dietary environment in which larvae develop.

William Etges raised a D. mojavensis population from Baja California and a D. mojavensis population from Sonora on three different culture media: artificial medium, agria cactus (the Baja host plant), and organ pipe cactus (the Sonoran host plant). From each culture medium, Etges collected 15 male and female Baja D. mojavensis pairs and 15 Sonoran pairs and observed the numbers of matings between males and females from the two populations.

EXPERIMENT

When D. mojavensis had been raised on artificial medium, females from the Sonoran population showed a strong preference for Sonoran males (a). When D. mojavensis had been raised on cactus medium, the Sonoran females mated with Baja and Sonoran males in approximately equal frequency (b).

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

100

75

50

25

0

Pro

porti

on o

f m

atin

gs

by S

onor

an fe

mal

es

(a)

Artificial Organ pipe cactus Agria cactus

Culture medium

With Baja males

With Sonoran males

(b)

Influence of Cross-Fostering on Male Mice


Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her nest?

A female digger wasp excavates and cares for four or five separate underground nests, flying to each nest daily with food for the single larva in the nest. To test his hypothesis that the wasp uses visual landmarks to locate the nests, Niko Tinbergen marked one nest with a ring of pinecones.

EXPERIMENT

When the wasp returned, she flew to the center of the pinecone circle instead of to the nearby nest. Repeating the experiment with many wasps, Tinbergen obtained the same results.RESULTS

The experiment supported the hypothesis that digger wasps use landmarks to keep track of their nests. CONCLUSION

Nest

NestNo Nest

After the mother visited the nest and flew away, Tinbergen moved the pinecones a few feet to one side of the nest.

Operant conditioning


Young chimpanzees learning to crack oil palm nuts by observing older chimpanzees


Evolution of foraging behavior by laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster

14

12

10

8

6

2

0

Ave

rage

pat

h le

ngth

(cm

)

4

L1 L2 L3 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5

D. Melanogaster lineages

Low population density

High population density

Feeding by bluegill sunfish

Low prey density High prey density

33%33%33%

32.5%32.5%35%

2%40%

57%

100%

50%35%

14%

33%33%33%

Small preyMedium preyLarge prey



Percentage available

Predicted percentage in diet

Observed percentage in diet

Large prey at far distance

Small prey at middle distance

Small prey at close distance

Agonistic behavior


Naked mole rats, a species of colonial mammal that exhibits altruistic behavior


Mate choice copying by female guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Male guppieswith varying degrees ofcoloration

Control Sample

Female guppies prefermales with more orangecoloration.

Experimental Sample

Female modelengaged incourtship withless orangemale

Female guppies prefer lessorange males that are associatedwith another female.


Community Ecology


When Connell removed Balanus from the lower strata, the Chthamalus population spread into that area.

The spread of Chtamalus when Balanus was removed indicates that competitive exclusion makes the realizedniche of Chthamalus much smaller than its fundamental niche.

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

Ocean

Ecologist Joseph Connell studied two baranacle speciesBalanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatusthat have a stratified distribution on rocks along the coast of Scotland.

EXPERIMENT

In nature, Balanus fails to survive high on the rocks because it isunable to resist desiccation (drying out) during low tides. Its realized niche is therefore similar to its fundamental niche. In contrast, Chthamalus is usually concentrated on the upper strata of rocks. To determine the fundamental of niche of Chthamalus, Connell removed Balanus form the lower strata.

Low tide

High tide

Chthamalusfundamental niche

Chthamalusrealized niche

Low tide

High tideChthamalus

Balanusrealized niche

Balanus

Ocean

Can a species’ niche be influenced by interspecific competition?


Cryptic coloration: canyon tree frog


Aposematic coloration: poison arrow frog


Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one

(a) Hawkmoth larva

(b) Green parrot snake


Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other

(a) Cuckoo bee

(b) Yellow jacket


Mutualism between acacia trees and ants


A possible example of commensalism between cattle egrets and water buffalo


Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains

Quaternary consumers

Tertiary consumers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Primary producers

Carnivore

Carnivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

Plant

Carnivore

Carnivore

Carnivore

Zooplankton

PhytoplanktonA terrestrial food chain A marine food chain


An antarctic marine food web

Humans

Baleen whales

Crab-eater seals

Birds Fishes Squids

Leopardseals

Elephant seals

Smaller toothed whales

Sperm whales

Carnivorous plankton

Euphausids (krill)

Copepods

Phyto-plankton


The equilibrium model of island biogeography

Number of species on island

(a) Immigration and extinction rates. The equilibrium number of species on anisland represents a balance between the immigration of new species and theextinction of species already there.

(b) Effect of island size. Large islands may ultimately have a larger equilibrium num-ber of species than small islands because immigration rates tend to be higher and extinction rates lower on large islands.

Number of species on island Number of species on island

(c) Effect of distance from mainland. Near islands tend to have largerequilibrium numbers of species thanfar islands because immigration ratesto near islands are higher and extinctionrates lower.

Equilibrium number

Rat

e of

imm

igra

tion

or e

xtin

ctio

n

Rat

e of

imm

igra

tion

or e

xtin

ctio

n

Rat

e of

imm

igra

tion

or e

xtin

ctio

n

Small island Large island Far island Near island

Immigration

Extinc

tion

Extincti

on

Immigration Extin

ctio

n

Immigration

(small island)

(larg

e isl

and)

(large island)

(sm

all is

land) Im

migration Ex

tinct

ion

Immigration

(far island)

(near island)

(near island) (far i

sland

)

Extinctio

n


Ecosystems


An idealized pyramid of net production

Tertiaryconsumers

Secondaryconsumers

Primaryconsumers

Primaryproducers

1,000,000 J of sunlight

10 J

100 J

1,000 J

10,000 J


Nutrient Cycles

Transportover land

Solar energy

Net movement ofwater vapor by wind

Precipitationover ocean

Evaporationfrom ocean

Evapotranspirationfrom land

Precipitationover land

Percolationthroughsoil

Runoff andgroundwater

CO2 in atmosphere

Photosynthesis

Cellularrespiration

Burning offossil fuelsand wood

Higher-levelconsumersPrimary

consumers

DetritusCarbon compounds in water

Decomposition

THE WATER CYCLE THE CARBON CYCLE


N2 in atmosphere

Denitrifyingbacteria

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitrification

Nitrogen-fixingsoil bacteria

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes Decomposers

Ammonification

Assimilation

NH3 NH4+

NO3

NO2

Rain

Plants

Consumption

Decomposition

Geologicuplift

Weatheringof rocks

Runoff

SedimentationPlant uptakeof PO4

3

Soil

Leaching

THE NITROGEN CYCLE THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE


Distribution of acid precipitation in North America and Europe, 1980

4.6

4.64.3

4.14.3

4.6

4.64.3

Europe

North America


Average pH for precipitation in the contiguous United States in 2002

Field pH5.35.2–5.35.1–5.25.0–5.14.9–5.04.8–4.94.7–4.84.6–4.74.5–4.64.4–4.54.3–4.44.3


Biological magnification of PCBs in a Great Lakes food web

Con

cent

ratio

n of

PC

Bs

Herringgull eggs124 ppm

Zooplankton 0.123 ppm

Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm

Lake trout 4.83 ppm

Smelt 1.04 ppm


Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield

(a) October 1979 (b) October 2000

combined power point & notes: biology 111a lange

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