colonization: a permanent habitat for the …...colonization a permanent habitat for the...

COLONIZATION

A PERMANENT HABITAT FOR THE

COLONIZATION OF MARS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master in Engineering Science (Research) in

Mechanical Engineering

B Y

M A T T H E W H E N D E R

T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F A D E L A I D E

S C H O O L O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G

S U P E R V I S O R S – D R . G E R A L D S C H N E I D E R &

C O L I N H A N S E N

A u g u s t 2 0 0 9

N O A C H I S T E R R A

Dia-Cau

Wicklow

Huancayo

Kong

Lachute

AzusaTimbuktu

Batoka

Innsbruck

Bamba

Tarata

ChinjuRakke

Chimbote

Camiling

Mega

OglalaPinglo

Manti

Berseba

Tuskegee

BalboaBahn

Rypin

Windfall

Aromatum

Chaos

Ravi Vallis

Zulankav

H Y D R A O T E S C H A O S

A U R E U M

C H A O S

EO

S C

HA

SM

A

A r s i n o e s

C h a o s

P y r r h a e

C h a o s

I A N I

C H A O S

Airy

MA R G A R I T I F E R

C H A O S

X A N T H E

T E R R A

CA

PR I

C H A SM

A

Ga n g e s

C h a s ma

E o s

C h a o s

V i n o g r a d o v

Golden

Buta

Bigbee

SigliPolotsk

Nitro

GlazovLonga

Lorica

Shambe

Grójec Aspen

Kirsanov YegrosCircle

Falun

Murgoo

Seminole

Thule

Balta

AlgaInta

IrbitKasimov

ElyGlobe

BograBoru

Revda Chekalin

Loto

Chapais

Guir

SibuKarshi Cartago

Lebu

J o n e s

B e e r

Newcomb

Kansk

Kimry

SingaKita

P e t a

Dingo

Kantang

Dison

Ruby

NepaFastov

Kuba

Edam

NavanRana

TuraGardo

SangarTiwi

Lamas

Kanab

Noma

Olt

isV

alle

s

Him

era

Val

les

Kashira

Calbe

Bison

Nardo

Luki

Livny

Say

O s t r o v

Runa

Vallis

H o l d e n

M A R G A R I T I F E R

T E R R A

Loi r e

Va

l l es

Paraná

Valles

Gagra

Erythraea Fossa

.

. Novara

.

.

..

. ..

..

.Groves

Kaid_

.

.

.. .

.

.

. .

.

.

Sitka

SpryLocana

Stobs

. ..

..

.

VaalsConches

Manah

Byske

Quorn

.

. .

...

.

Wink

KholmDaet

PaksSfax

RinconGlide

.

.

.Butte

Creel

V A LL

ES

MA R I N E R I S

A U R O R A E C H A O S

Arda Val les .

.

.

.

..

.

.

..

..

....

Cluny

..

.

.

Campos

Manzi-

Bend

Gori

Ladon Va

lles

. .

.

.

..

.

Goba

Galu.

.

..

..

.. Deba..Cheb

. Kagul

Bentong .Honda

N

i r g

a l

V a l l i s

U

zboi

V

allis

SurindaValles

.Sandila

.. Lar.

.TakJal

. Cobalt

Harad,.

.Eads

.

.Omura_

. .

Pabo

.

.Timaru

.

C l ota

Val

lis

..Mila

.Blitta

..

Samara Va

lles

Sam

a ra Vall e s

.

..

.Airy-0

..Bar

Flat

.Crewe

..

..

Plum

Kirs

Nan

Voo

.

.Echt

.Kaj

.Romny

A R A B I A

T E R R A

.Gatico

O

suga Va l l e

s

M E R I D I A N I P L A N U M *

Eos

Men

sa*

315°E (45°W)

-5°

0°

320°E (40°W)

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°

325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W) 340°E (20°W) 345°E (15°W) 350°E (10°W) 355°E (5°W) 360°E (0°W)0°

-5°

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°

315°E (45°W) 320°E (40°W) 325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W) 340°E (20°W) 345°E (15°W) 350°E (10°W) 355°E (5°W) 360°E (0°W)

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0

-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters

found only on the larger volcanos.

Elevation in meters

Airy

N O A C H I S

T E R R A

T E R R A

S A B A E A

Mädler

Wislicenus

Bakhuysen

F l a u g e r g u e s

N e w c o m b

Denning

D a w e s

Teisserencde Bort

Lambert

Bouguer

Pollack

Brazos

Valles

Bra

zos

Va

lles

S c h i a p a r e l l i

Evros Vallis

M

osaVallis

Scy

lla

Sco

pulu

sC

hary

bdis

S

copu

lus

Airy-0.

0°E (360°W)

-5°

0°5°E (355°W)

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


-5°

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

Schaeberle

Niesten

Oe

no

t ri a

S c o p u l u s

Fournier

T Y R R H E N A

T E R R A

IsilSuzhi

Kasabi

Millochau

Briault

Jarry-Desloges

Tisia

Valles

L i r i s

Va

l l es

H U Y G E N S

T e r b y

S c h r o e t e r

Teisserencde Bort

Verlaine

Nar

o

Val

lis

.

.

.

T E R R A

S A B A E A

.

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

45°E (315°W)

-5°

0°50°E (310°W)

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


-5°

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


Briault

Suata

Rayadurg

Loon

Igol

Ulya

Tala

Espino

Kunes

Solano

Piyi

Faqu

Wajir

Kinkora

Bazas Torup

Baro

Knobel

H e r s c h e l

M ü l l e r

S a v i c h

H E S P E R I A

P L A N U M

T E R R A

C I M M E R I ATYRRHENA PATERA

TyrrhenaMons

Tyrrhena

Fos

sae

Ta

gu

s

Va

l l es

Peraea

Cavus

Aus

onia

M

onte

s

Bombala

Boulia

Sinop

Arica

Trinidad

Khurli

Escalante

Kamativi

Chefu

Hes

peria

Dors

a

Licus

Val l is

Cerberus Dorsa

Cerberus Dorsa

Tyrrhena Dorsa

H

espe

ria

D

orsa

Palos

Tinto V

allis

T Y R R H E N A

T E R R A

.

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

90°E (270°W)

-5°

0°95°E (265°W)

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


-5°

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


A E OL I S

ME N S A E

G a l e

Lasswitz

Wien

Moleswor th

G r a f f

Hadley

Boeddicker

Reuyl

Kayne

ThiraG u s e v

de Vaucouleurs

E L Y S I U M P L A N I T I A

T E R R A C I M M E R I A

Val

l is

Al-Qahira

Avernus

Colles

Apollinaris

Patera

ApollinarisTholus

ZephyriaTholus

AvernusCavi

AvernusCavi

Ave

rnu

s R

upes

ApollinarisSulci

Tartarus

Rupes

LUCUS

PLANUM

Zephyria

Mensae

Ave

rnu

s D

ors

a

Ave

rnus

Dor

sa

Tarta rus Scopulus

Matrona

Vallis

Ma

'ad

im

V

al l

i s

Durius

Valles

.Zutphen*.

.

.

..

Galdakao*

Crivitz*

New Plymouth*Downe*

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

135°E (225°W)

-5°

0°140°E (220°W)

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


-5°

-10°

-15°

-20°

-25°

-30°


180°E (180°W)

185°E (175°W)

190°E (170°W)

195°E (165°W)200°E (160°W)

205°E (155°W) 210°E (150°W) 215°E (145°W)220°E (140°W)

225°E (135°W)

230°E (130°W)

235°E (125°W)

240°E (120°W)-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°

-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°180°E

(180°W)

185°E

(175°W)

190°E

(170°W)

195°E

(165°W)

200°E (160°W)

205°E (155°W)

210°E (150°W)

215°E (145°W)

220°E (140°W) 225°E (135°W) 230°E (130°W) 235°E (125°W) 240°E (120°W)

Atlantis

Chaos

Gorgonum

Chaos

Magelhaens

M a r i n e r

N e w t o n

Ptolemaeus

C o p e r n i c u s

Very

Liu Hsin

Nordenskiöld

Millman

Tader Valles

Li Fan

Hipparchus

Eudoxus

Nansen

Sirenum

Fossae

Sirenum

Fossae K o v a l ' s k y

Pickering

Hussey

Dokuchaev

Clark

Wright

Keeler

Trumpler

Kuiper

I ca

r i a F

os

sa

e

T E R R A

S I R E N U M

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

240°E (120°W)

245°E (115°W)

250°E (110°W)

255°E (105°W)260°E (100°W)

265°E (95°W) 270°E (90°W) 275°E (85°W)280°E (80°W)

285°E (75°W)

290°E (70°W)

295°E (65°W)

300°E (60°W)-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°

-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°240°E

(120°W)

245 E

(115°W)

250°E

(110°W)

255°E

(105°W)

260°E(100°W)

265°E(95°W)

270°E(90°W)

275°E(85°W)

280°E(80°W) 285°E(75°W) 290°E(70°W) 295°E(65°W) 300°E(60°W)

Fontana

R o s s

Lamont

Brashear

Porter

S l i p h e r

Coblentz

L o w e l l

Pulawy

Aniak

Vik

Voeykov

Babakin Kumak

Lampland

CL

AR

I TA

S

FO

SS

AE

CO

RA

CI S

FO

SS

AE

Dinorwic

Virrat

Wukari Tugaske

Sripur

Douglass

B O S P O R O S

P L A N U M

I C A R I A

P L A N U M

TH

AU

MA

SI

A

Wa r r ego

Va l l e s

F

OS

SA

E

Bianchini

Claritas R

upes

.S O L I S P L A N U M

.Aki

Gari.

Los

A r g y r e R

up

es

Pro

tvaV

alle

s

Melas

Fossae

A O N I A T E R R A

A O N I A P L A N U M *

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

300°E (60°W)

305°E (55°W)

310°E (50°W)

315°E (45°W)320°E (40°W)

325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W)340°E (20°W)

345°E (15°W)

350°E (10°W)

355°E (5°W)

360°E (0°W)-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°

-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°300°E

(60°W)

305°E

(55°W)

310°E

(50°W)

315°E(45°W)

320°E(40°W)

325°E(35°W)

330°E(30°W)

335°E(25°W)

340°E(20°W) 345°E(15°W) 350°E(10°W) 355°E(5°W)

360°E(0°W)

BungeMagadi

Sumgin

Tabor

Ruza

B o n d

Alit

us

Zongo

Zilair

Foros

H a l e

Labria

Hartwig

Vogel

Mena

Shatskiy

Baltisk

Kartabo

Torsö

FloraSarno

Tara

Turbi AzulSokol

BozkirKushva

Gali

Valga

Ochakov

ArkhangelskyChoctawKakori

Tarakan

Luga

H o o k e

CamiriPodor

Rengo

Satka

TazaYungay

Halley

Cypress

N O A C H I S

T E R R A

Bo

sp

or o

s

Ru

pe

s

Mafra

L o h s e

H e l m h o l t z

Dese

Karpinsk

W i r t z

G a l l e

A R G Y R E

P L A N I T I A

Mari Milford

Oceanidum

MonsLodwar

Chalce Montes

Kamloops

Horarum

Mons

Frento

Vallis

Roddenberry

D a r w i n

M a r a l d i

Vo n

K á r m á n Wegener

Auxo Dorsu

m

Salaga

Eger

.

.

.

G r e e n

Protva Valles

O

gy

gis

Ru

pe

s

Uz

b

o i Vallis

.

.

.

.

.

..

.Maidstone

. Dessau

. Vätö

.Talsi

. Kampot

. Kribi . Porvoo

.

.

.

. Gandu

. Kifri_

.Delta

.Tabou

P

allacopas Vallis

Pallacop as

Vallis

Nia Val l i s

N ia Va

llis

Phaenna Dorsu

m Cle ia D

orsum

Heg

emon

e

D

orsu

m

Octantis

Cavi

P

asith

ea

D

orsu

m

Charis

Dor

sum

Doanus Vallis

Ocea

nidum

Fossa

C H A R I T U M MO

N

TE

S

NE

R

EI

DU

M M O N T E S

Argyre

Cavi

Jezzav

Chalce

Fossa

Oodnadatta.

.

Octantis

Mons

.Bentham

Albi.

.Lemgo

Dubki.

....Kem'

Gah

HamSauk

. Tombe

. Wau

S i s y p h i

P l a n u m *

.

..

.

Dz ig

ai Vallis

Sur

ius

V

alli

s

S

ur i

us

Va

llis

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

0°E (360°W)

5°E (355°W)

10°E (350°W)

15°E (345°W)20°E (340°W)

25°E (335°W) 30°E (330°W) 35°E (325°W)40°E (320°W)

45°E (315°W)

50°E (310°W)

55°E (305°W)

60°E (300°W)-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°

-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°0°E

(360°W)

5°E

(355°W)

10°E

(350°W)

15°E(345°W)

20°E(340°W)

25°E(335°W)

30°E(330°W)

35°E(325°W)

40°E(320°W) 45°E(315°W) 50°E(310°W) 55°E(305°W) 60°E(300°W)

Le Verrier

Maunder

.

K a i s e r

Russell

Rabe

Peneus Patera

Barnard

Pityusa

Rupes

Ch

alc

op

oro

s

Rup

es

Hel

lesp

onte

s

Mon

tes

P r o c t o r

A l p h e u s

C o l l e s

H e l l a sC h a o s

H E L L A S

P L A N I T I A

M A L E AP L A N U M

N O A C H I S

T E R R A

MaleaPatera*

SISYPHI

PLANUM*

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

60°E (300°W)

65°E (295°W)

70°E (290°W)

75°E (285°W)80°E (280°W)

85°E (275°W) 90°E (270°W) 95°E (265°W)100°E (260°W)

105°E (255°W)

110°E (250°W)

115°E (245°W)

120°E (240°W)-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°

-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°60°E

(300°W)

65°E

(295°W)

70°E

(290°W)

75°E(285°W)

80°E(280°W)

85°E(275°W)

90°E(270°W)

95°E(265°W)

100°E(260°W) 105°E(255°W) 110°E(250°W) 115°E(245°W) 120°E(240°W)

Coronae

Scopulus

Anseris Mons

CañasGander

Nazca

Tignish

HADRIACA PATERA

Peraea Mons

AusoniaMensa

AusoniaCavus

Hellas

Montes

Sebec

Tikhov

W a l l a c e

Gledhill

Krishtofovich

Huxley

Heinlein

Redi

SpallanzaniS e c c h i

Barnard

AMPHITRITES

PATERA

Ma

d

AX

IU

S V

al l i s

VA

LL

ES

Zea

Dorsa

Daan

Quines

Santaca

Mliba

Thom

Tungla

Njesko

Taejin

PotiNegele

Coronae Mons

Dao

Va

l li s

Apia

Cue

Ayr

H E L L A S

P L A N I T I A

P R O M E T H E I

T E R R A

H E L L A S C H A O S

M A L E A P L A N U M

Alpheus

Colles

..

N ige r

V

a l l is

R e u l l V a l l i

s

R e u l l Va

l l i s

Cen

tau

r i Montes

Har

mak

his

Val l is

Gunnison*

Tev i o t Va

llis*

Euripus

Mons*

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

120°E (240°W)

125°E (235°W)

130°E (230°W)

135°E (225°W)140°E (220°W)

145 E (215°W) 150°E (210°W) 155°E (205°W)160°E (200°W)

165°E (195°W)

170°E (190°W)

175°E (185°W)

180°E (180°W)-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°

-30°

-35°

-40°

-45°

-50°

-55°

-60°

-65°120 E

(240°W)

125°E

(235°W)

130°E

(230°W)

135°E

(225°W)

140°E(220°W)

145°E(215°W)

150°E(210°W)

155°E(205°W)

160°E(200°W) 165°E(195°W) 170°E(190°W) 175°E(185°W) 180°E(180°W)

Martz

K e p l e r

Tycho Brahe HugginsDrava

Valles

Rossby

Campbell

Mendel

Haldane

Priestley

Vinogradsky

PL A

NU

M C

HR

ON

I UM

Alexey

Tolstoy

Arrhenius

Ariadnes

Colles

Cruls

Bjerknes

Wells

Byrd

T E R R A

C I M M E R I A

M or

p h e o s R u p e s

S i r e n u m

F o s s a e

Er i d

an

i a

S

c op

ul u

s

E

r id a n i a

S c o p u l us

010

00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

0°E (0°W)10°E (350°W)

20°E (340°W)

30°E (330°W)

40°E (320°W)

50°E (310°W)

60°E (300°W

)

70°E (290°W

)

80

°E (2

80

°W)

90°E (270°W)

10

0°E

(2

60

°W)

110°

(25

0°W

)

120°

E (

240°

W)

130°

E (230

°W)

140°E (2

20°W)

150°E (210°W

)

160°E (200°W)

170°E 190°W)

180°E (180°W)

190°E (170°W)

200°E (160°W)

210°E (150°W)

220°E (140°W)

230°E (130°W)

240°E (120°W

)

250°E (110°W

)

26

0°E

(10

0°W

)

270°E (90°W)

28

0°E

(8

0°W

)

290°

E (

70°W

)

300°

E (

60°W

)

310°

E (50°

W)

320°E (4

0°W)

330°E (30°W

)

340°E (20°W)

350°E (10°W)

-65°

-70°

-75°

-80°

-85°

-85°

-80°

-75°

-70°

-65°

P L A N U M

A U S T R A L E

C h a s m aA u s t r a l e

P R OM

ET

HE

I

RU

PE

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L i a i s

R a y l e i g h

Burroughs

Hutton

Weinbaum

G i l b e r tVishniac

M i t c h e l

H o l m e s

M a i n

S o u t h

McMurdo

B y r d

Jeans

Richardson

Charlier

S t o n e y

Playfair

L a u

Chamberlin

Smith

Heaviside

A g a s s i z

Joly

Dana

Daly

L y e l l

Sarn

Du Toit

P h i l l i p s

M e l l i s h

S c h m i d t

S t e n o

Suess

T E R R A

C I M M E R I A

Dunhuang

Dzeng

Lomela

Reynolds

A O N I A

T E R R A

CA

VI

AN

GU

ST

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-

AustralisPatera

AngustaPatera

PLA

NU

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D O R S A A R G E N T E A

T E R R A

N O A C H I S

S I S Y P H I

C AV I

P R O M E T H E I

T E R R A

SISYPHI

MONTES

SISYPHI

MONTES

P R O M E T H E I

RU

PE

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Pityusa

Rupes

D

OR

SA

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S I S Y P H I P L A N U M *

Ch i c o V a l l

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T E R R A

S I R E N U M

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00

3000

-100

0

-300

0

-500

0

-700

0

-900

0

5000

7000

9000

1100

0

1300

0

1500

0

1700

0

1900

0

2100

0



Elevation in meters

149

APPENDIX B – ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION MAPS OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE

Some of the maps of the elemental composition of the Mars surface layer are included

below (more are expected to become available in the future). They are created from data

acquired by the Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS) aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter.

The GRS instrument is a collaboration between the University of Arizona‟s Lunar and

Planetary Laboratory, the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Russia‟s Space Research

Institute. The GRS consists of three instruments, a gamma-ray spectrometer, a neutron

spectrometer and a high energy neutron detector.

Each map represents the fully corrected, CO2 frost free elemental concentrations. Data

for all non-radioactive species have been masked to exclude polar regions where it is not

currently possible to adequately deal with dilution by the large amounts of water ice.

The letters on the maps indicate the landing sites of various landers (V1 and V2 – the

Viking landers; PF – Pathfinder; M – Opportunity, at Meridiani; and G – Spirit, at Gustev

Crater).

Water

150

Iron

Silicon

Chlorine

151

Thorium

Potassium

152

GLOSSARY

Albedo – The fraction of incident

solar radiation reflected back into

space without absorption.

Aphelion – The point of a planet‟s

orbit at which it is furthest from the

sun.

C3 – A grouping of plants that

produce a molecule containing three

carbon atoms as the first product of

photosynthesis.

C4 – A grouping of plants that

produce a molecule containing four

carbon atoms as the first product of

photosynthesis.

Diurnal Temperature Range – The

temperature range over an average

day.

Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) –

activities undertaken in the external

environment to the vehicle or habitat

(such as in space or on the Martian

surface).

ISRU – in-situ resource utilisation

– the use of local resources (typically

as opposed to importing resources

from elsewhere).

Opposition – when two planets

are on opposite sides of the sun.

Optical Depth – A measure of how

much light is absorbed in travelling

through a medium, such as the

atmosphere of a star, from the source of

light to a given point. A completely

transparent medium has an optical depth

of zero. >1 indicates opacity.

Rectenna – a rectifying antenna, a

special type of antenna used to convert

microwave energy into electricity.

rem – The measure of radiation used

in the United States of America (100 rem

equals one Sievert).

Rhizosphere – the region of soil in the

vicinity of plant roots.

Smectite – a type of clay characterised

by their one-directional swelling with

changes in moisture content.

Specific Impulse (Isp) – a measure of

the acceleration of a rocket or other

spacecraft engine.

Sievert (Sv) – The SI unit for the

measure of radiation dose (one Sievert

equals 100 rem).

Perihelion – The point of a planet‟s

orbit at which it is closest to the sun.

153

Descriptions of nomenclature used in describing Martian surface features, including

some examples and locations.

ALBEDO feature Geographic area distinguished by amount of reflected light

ARCUS Arc-shaped feature

ASTRUM Radial-patterned features on Venus

CATENA Crater chain. Mostly not secondary impact craters but rather

features which resemble collapsed lava tubes. Acheron Catena

(38ºN, 101ºW)

CAVUS Irregular, steep-sided depressions not of impact origin. Cavi

Augusti (4ºS, 187ºW)

CHAOS Distinctively broken or jumbled terrain. Aureum Chaos (4ºS,

27ºW)

CHASMA A steep-walled trough or a large canyon. Condor Chasma (6ºS,

71ºW)

COLLIS Hill or knob. Scandia Colles (65ºN, 153ºW)

CORONA Ovoid-shaped feature

CRATER A circular depression

DORSUM A ridge or other elongate, raised structure. Cerberus Dorsa (16ºS,

255ºW)

FACULA Bright spot

FARRUM Pancake-like structure, or a row of such structures

FLEXUS A very low curvilinear ridge with a scalloped pattern

FLUCTUS Terrain which resembles flows. Only Galaxias Fluctus (32ºN,

217ºW)

FOSSA Long, narrow, shallow depression or a narrow linear trench, ditch.

Tatalus Fossae (44ºN, 102ºW)

LABES Landslide. Coprates Labes, Melas Labes in the Vallis Marineris

complex

154

LABYRINTHUS Valley network, intersecting canyons. Noctis Labyrinthus (7ºS,

101ºW)

LINEA A dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight

LINGULA Extension of plateau having rounded lobate or tongue-like

boundaries

MACULA Dark spot, may be irregular

MARE "Sea"; large circular plain

MENSA Flat-topped, steep-sided elevated feature. Aeolis Mensae (3ºS,

218ºW)

MONS Mountain. Highlands surrounding impact basin (Nereidum

Montes; 41ºS, 43ºW), ridges in Valles Marineris or large volcanoes

(Olympus Mons; 18ºN, 133ºW)

PALUS "Swamp"; small plain

PATERA Shallow crater with scalloped complex walls or edges. Either

craters which don‟t resemble impact craters (Orcus Patera; 14ºN,

181ºW) or those of volcanic origin (Tyrrhena Patera; 21ºS, 253ºW)

PLANITIA Low plain or large level lowlands without features. Elysium

Planitia (20ºN, 230ºW)

PLANUM Large high plateau. Sinai Planum (15ºS, 87ºW)

REGIO A large area marked by reflectivity or colour distinctions from

adjacent areas, or a broad geographic region

RIMA Fissure

RUPES Linear scarp or cliff face. Bosporos Rupes (42ºS, 58ºW)

SCOPULUS Irregular scarp or cliff. Coronae Scopulus (33ºS, 295ºW)

SINUS "Bay"; small plain

SULCUS Parallel furrows and ridges which make up wrinkled terrain, semi-

parallel ridges and troughs. Memnonia Sulci (5ºS, 176ºW)

TERRA Heavily cratered highlands. Noachis Terra (35ºS, 335ºW)

155

TESSERA Tile-like, polygonal terrain

THOLUS Isolated somical mountain or hill, usually of volcanic origin.

Tharsis Tholus (14ºN, 91ºW)

UNDA Undulatory features. Only Abalos Undae (81ºN, 83ºW) and

Hyperboreae Undae (77ºN, 46ºW)

VALLIS Basically a valley, but on Mars a variety of shapes. From gigantic

Valles Marineris to topographically ill-defined Simud Vallis. Large

ones named after names of Mars in other languages, smaller ones

named after terrestrial rivers.

VASTITAS Extensive plain, widespread lowlands. Only Vastitas Borealis.

VIRGA A streak or stripe of color

156

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