Colonies Grow

Figuring it out

The New World• As early settlements started to

succeed, new types of settlers set out for the New World.

• Pilgrims were a separatist group from England who rejected the Church of England because it was too similar to the Catholic Church that it broke from.– When the government started

attacking the Pilgrims for their beliefs, they fled to Holland, then to the New World.

– Pilgrims set out November 1620 on the Mayflower and landed in Massachusetts

Pilgrim Government• The Pilgrims landed outside

of the limits of the charter they received, so they decided they must keep order for themselves.

• The Pilgrims signed an agreement, the Mayflower Compact, where the Pilgrims agreed to obey laws they made and agreed on for the good of the colony– It was the first form of self-

government and majority rule in the colonies.

Puritans

• The Puritans were a religious group who believed much differently than the Pilgrims. Rather than disagreeing with the Church of England, they wanted to purify their practices.

• Puritans were also treated poorly in England, so they left for America as well.

• Puritans started what they called the “New England Way.” This outlined Puritan beliefs and society – and stressed things like duty, godliness, hard work and honesty. You had to attend church and all community meetings in the local meeting house. Only church members could vote. They believed games and amusements led to laziness, but everyone needed to learn to read so they could read the Bible.

Great Migration• By 1630, Puritans were really

being persecuted in England, so between 1630 and 1640 a Great Migration of Puritans began. Puritans fled to create new colonies around the world.

• 20,000 came to New England under a charter by the Massachusetts Bay Company, to begin the Massachusetts Bay Colony. – The Puritans were very well

prepared and supplied, led by Governor John Winthrop who believed that all needed to work for the good of the whole.

Expanding Government• The Puritans started spreading out

in the colonies. Thomas Hooker moved his followers to the Connecticut Valley. There they set up a government that limited the power of the Governor, and expanded the idea of representative government by allowing non-church members to vote as well.

• This government, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, was the first Constitutional type of Government in the colonies.

Breaking Away

• Not all colonial citizens agreed with the New England Way.

• Roger Williams, a Baptist minister in Massachusetts, was kicked out of the colony for his beliefs that you shouldn’t be required to attend church services, and that you shouldn’t be allowed to take Indian lands.

• He left Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island, where he guaranteed religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Breaking Away

• Ann Hutchinson was another Puritan forced out of Massachusetts when she challenged church authority. She believed that people didn’t need churches, ministers or Bibles to worship God, and she held religious meetings in her home.

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES

England plants colonies in North America

COLONY # 1

VIRGINIA

FIRST LASTING SETTLEMENT

Jamestown FOUNDED

1607LEADER

John Smith

Virginia Company

Joint Stock Company that funded the settlement of Jamestown

Charter from King James I Jamestown, James River , etc… named for the king

1619: The House of Burgesses An elected legislative bodyBurgess = a person invested with all the privileges of a citizenMale landowners over age 17 eligible to vote for representatives Any decision required the approval of the Virginia Company in London First seed of American democracy

COLONY # 2

MASSACHUSETTS

FIRST SETTLEMENT Plymouth

FOUNDED 1620

English Reformation

16th century movement for religious reform

Led to the founding of churches that rejected the Pope’s authority

Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England (Anglican Church)

Puritans

A group in England who wanted to reform the Church of England

Wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholicism

Separatists

Puritans who opposed those who wanted to reform the Church of England from within and wanted to form their own separate congregations

PilgrimsSeparatists who fled England to escape persecution

Holland

North America

Mayflower Compact

1620

Considered the first self-government in the colonies, based on majority rule

Radical ideaGovernment depends on the consent of the governed

Massachusetts Bay Company

Joint Stock company that funded the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Boston – capital city

COLONY # 3

NEW HAMPSHIRE

1623

NEW HAMPSHIRE

FIRST SETTLEMENT Exeter

FOUNDED1623

LEADERJohn Wheelwright

COLONY # 4

CONNECTICUT

1636

CONNECTICUT

FIRST SETTLEMENTHartford

FOUNDED1636

LEADERThomas Hooker

Fundamental Orders

1639

Considered the 1st constitution governing colonial Connecticut

Establishing a democratic state, limited government, representatives, and non-church members could vote

COLONY # 5

MARYLAND

1632

MARYLAND

FIRST SETTLEMENT St. Mary’s

FOUNDED1632

LEADERGeorge Calvert –the first Lord Baltimore

Lord Baltimore

Catholic Englishman

Founded the Maryland colony on the idea of religious freedom where Protestants and Catholics could live together in peace

Maryland Act of Toleration

Landmark act passed by the Maryland assembly Guaranteed freedom of religion ( but only for Christians )

Radical idea at this time

The penalty for anyone who did not believe in Christ was to be hanged

No toleration for Jews, atheists, muslims, etc…

COLONY # 6

RHODE ISLAND

1636

RHODE ISLAND

FIRST SETTLEMENT Providence

FOUNDED1636

LEADERRoger Williams

Roger Williams

Puritan who was tolerant of other religionsDid not believe in killing or punishing people in the name of Christianity

Did not believe in a tax supported churchSupported separation of church and state

Indian land should be paid for

Banished from MBC for his beliefs

Roger Williams

Started a colony called Providence which would become RIBought land from the Native Americans to start the colony

Narranganset Indians helped him when he was banished

Based on “freedom of conscience” Attracted Quakers, Catholics, Jews

Ann Hutchinson

Religious dissenter (like Roger Williams)

Put on trial for her beliefs

Banished from the MBC

Fled to RI and later to NY

COLONY # 7

DELAWARE

1638

DELAWARE

FIRST SETTLEMENT Wilmington

FOUNDED1638 – originally part of the land granted for Pennsylvania

LEADERPeter Minuit

COLONY # 8 & #9

THE CAROLINAS

1663

NORTH CAROLINA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Albemarie County

FOUNDED1663

LEADERGroup of eight proprietors

SOUTHCAROLINA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Charles Town (later Charleston)

FOUNDED1663

LEADERGroup of eight proprietors

Royal Colonies

The Carolinas were the 1st Royal ColoniesColonies ruled by governors appointed by the king

The Carolinas became a refuge for French Protestants (Huguenots)

Split in 1729 into North and South

COLONY # 10

NEW YORK

1664

NEW YORK

FIRST SETTLEMENTNew York

FOUNDED1664

LEADERPeter Minuit

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer searching for the Northwest Passage

Land in North America he claimed for Holland called New Netherlands

Dutch West India Company

The business that owned most of Holland’s colonies

Fur trading

More interested in its colonies in India

1664 –British take New Netherlands

from Holland without firing a shot

Given to the Duke of York by the King of England (his brother)

renamed it New York

Proprietary Colonies

New York became the first Proprietary Colony – a colony with a single owner

Proprietary Owners of colonies expected the people who lived on their land to pay them a tax called a “quit rent”.

COLONY # 11

NEW JERSEY

1664

NEW JERSEY

FIRST SETTLEMENT East Jersey – CarteretWest Jersey – Salem

FOUNDED1664

LEADERLord Berkeley Sir CarteretWas part of colony given to the Duke of York – he gave the New Jersey portion to his friends

COLONY # 12

PENNSYLVANIA

1681

PENNSYLVANIA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Philadelphia

FOUNDED1681

LEADERWilliam Penn

William Penn

Follower of the Quakers, which his father disagreed with.

King Charles II owned the Penn family a debt, and in payment gave them a charter for Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woods.)

Quakers

Religious group that believed all mankind could live in peace and harmony. They welcomed different religions and ethnic groups.

Made friends with local Native tribes, which helped make them one of the richest colonies.

COLONY # 13

GEORGIA

1732

GEORGIA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Savannah

FOUNDED1732

LEADERJames Oglethorpe

James Ogelthorpe

Wanted to create a colony where debtors could go instead of going to jail

Debtors ended up being only a small percentage of the actual settlers

The buffer colony from Spanish colonies south (Florida)

From French claims west (Louisiana)

The BackcountryMost colonies started in the coastal regions, but there were significant settlements in a region called the Backcountry as well – the area that ran along the Appalachian Mountains.

Most settlers in the Backcountry were Scots-Irish

The climate varied

3 Distinct Regions

New England Colonies had long winters, rocky soil, and were mostly settled by English

Middle Colonies had short winters, fertile soil, and were settled by people from all over Europe

Southern Colonies had a warm climate, good soil, and many slaves working the plantations

Triangular Trade

The New England Colonies made much of their money through the Triangular Trade – a trade route with three stops:

New England colonies sent rum and iron to Africa, where it was traded for slaves

Africa send slaves to the West Indies through the famously horrible Middle Passage and exchanged them for sugar and molasses

From the West Indies, the sugar and molasses was sent to the New England colonies to make rum

Navigation Acts

England wanted a sizable share of the profits from the colonies trade, so they passed the Navigation Acts to ensure it:

All shipping had to be done in English ships

Tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold to England and her colonies

European imports had to go through English ports

Any goods not shipped to England were taxed

Navigation Acts

Though the Navigation Acts forced the colonies to share much of their profits with England, smuggling and pirates still interfered with the shipping.

In order to insure mercantilism, many of the colonies started to be taken over by Royal Charters.

Decline of Puritans

As the colonies grew rich, the Puritan religion declined for several reasons:

Men started caring more about business than religion

New Churches started and competed, making the Puritan church no longer dominant

Charters changed to royal, guaranteeing religious freedom, and allowing non-church members the vote

Southern Slavery

The Southern Colonies couldn’t compete with the trade in the North – their wealth depended on selling their crops for cash. For this they needed a large labor pool.

When Native Americans were forced into slavery, they became susceptible to European diseases and died, so they were replaced by African Slaves. By the mid-1700s, more than 40% of the Southern colonies were slaves.

Stono Rebellion

Africans often resisted the loss of their culture, and their enslavement.

The most famous resistance occurred in September 1739 when 20 slaves gathered at the Stono River south of Charleston. The slaves killed many planter families. A white militia group caught or killed all of the slaves involved – and those captured were executed.

New Ideals for Slavery

Because of the Stono Rebellion, new laws were passed regarding slaves:

Slaves could no longer leave plantations without permission

Slaves could not meet with free blacks

Inhumane treatment of African slaves became the norm in the South