COLONIAL AMERICAComparison of French, Spanish, Dutch with the British; Tracing the Development of British colonies; Conflicts with Colonial Authority

Essential Question #1: Comparing the Colonization

Process

⬜ Funded by crown⬜ Very direct control⬜ Strong Catholic missionary

impulse⬜ More complex

socio-political system (race based hierarchy where intermingling of races common)

⬜ Relatively few women over to colonize

⬜ Joint Stock Companies raised funds & were granted charters (later the crown takes over more directly)

⬜ Economic development more independent from Mother Country

⬜ More variance in background, motivation, etc. of colonists

⬜ Little intermixing with native population- very rigid racial hierarchy

⬜ Relatively more women over, as aim was to acquire land and populate colonies rather than simply turn a profit

SPANISH BRITISH

Both Britain and Spain in general◻ Motivated by Mercantilist goals (Gold, Glory,

God!)◻ Used slavery and exploited native populations◻ Had hostile relationships with native

populationsTHE FRENCH & DUTCH- a Hybrid

Approach*Maintained a much looser hold on their colonies (diff from above)*Few Europeans came over*Used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs, etc. for export.

Quick overview of French & Dutch Settlement

◻ FRENCHJacques Cartier Samuel de ChamplainBeginnings of successJoliet & Marquette LaSalle Huguenots

◻ DUTCH◻ Henry Hudson◻ New Amsterdam

■ Diverse population■ Weak leadership■ Fur trade■ Allied with Iroquois

British Colonization◻ New England,

Middle, Chesapeake, Southern

◻ Environmental & Geographical variation→ distinctive regions

◻ Check your maps from Essential Question #2 as

we go!

New England & the Puritans

◻ What do you remember

about Puritans from last

year?

◻ What are your

preconceived notions

about the pilgrims (what

is the societal conception

of what happened to them

when they came to

America)?

Why did they come

to America?

1st over: PILGRIMS Went to Holland

William Bradford Obtained Charter

from King to settle in VA

Landed at ‘Plymouth Rock’ in Cape Cod → Mayflower Compact

16201st Thanksgiving; overall

small, marginal settlement

2nd over: Charles I grants charter to Massachusetts Bay Co. in 1629

John Winthrop & “City Upon a Hill”

sermon;Land in Salem 1620

Colony thrives; Sparks the Great Migration in

1640; 20k ‘middling sorts’ come to Boston.

Why is it significant that

they are THEOCRATIC

?

Anne Hutchinson

BanishedNew Hampshire est. 1641; separate 1679

Roger Williams & Rhode Island 1636 (split over gov.

authority and natives)Connecticut est. 1639;

Thomas Hooker & Fundamental Orders of

CT; (split over membership)

New England Society & Economy

◻ Relatively homogenous◻ Families emigrated; few

slaves◻ Emphasized education &

Hard work (Protestant Work Ethic)

◻ Salem Witch Trials◻ Ultimately religious fervor

waned (Halfway Covenant)◻ Mixed economy of

agriculture & commerce◻ Small farms (climate)◻ FFLT

The Middle Colonies

Dutch New Amsterdam *purchased from Indians

*absorbed Swedish settlements*Company Town

English gain New York; *1664- Taken w/out a fight*Dutch Influence continued

*Slaves= 1/5th of NYC

New Jersey *Duke of York gives to 2 royal

proprietors 1664*Became Royal Colony in 1702

Pennsylvania*Estb 1681 by William

Penn“Holy Experiment”

Quaker Characteristics

-dissenting group in England

-Egalitarian, pacifist, tolerant

-’Friends’

Immigration-Many ethnic &

religious groups came; esp. Germans &

Scotch-Irish-Prosperous & Diverse

DelawareDutch→ Swedes→ English *separate from PA in 1704

Middle Colonies Society & Economy

◻ shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading.

◻ New York and Philadelphia grew as seaports and commercial centers

◻ “bread basket” of colonies

Chesapeake Colonies

◻ Virginia⬜ Raleigh &Roanoke⬜ Jamestown 1607⬜ “Starving Time”⬜ John Smith, Pohatan, John

Rolfe, TobaccoMaryland*Calvert (Lord Baltimore) & The King’s Gambling Debt*4 Catholic Haven + Profit*Toleration Act of 1649NOTE: Tobacco= Indentured servitude particularly common in Chesapeake colonies!

Southern ColoniesThe Carolinas

*Estb. 1663 for Charles II’s favorite nobles

*Split 1729 South Carolina*recruits wealthy, elite

planters from Barbados; slaves brought*Rice, Indigo

North Carolina

*recruits pop. from VA

*Tobacco & timber

GEORGIA*Estb. 1732- James Ogelthorpe*For debtors & “deserving poor”

*Buffer zone with Spain*Pop. of planters & slaves moved from

Carolinas

Chesapeake/Southern Society & Economy

◻ Less urban; headright system◻ Southern coastal regions

plantation economies; cash crops⬜ Tobacco, rice, indigo

◻ Inland (Appalachian foothills) small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading.

◻ NOTE: A strong belief in private ownership of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life everywhere.

Mercantilist Policies

◻ Purpose of Colonies in Mercantilist System?⬜ Raw Materials & Markets

◻ Navigation Acts (1650s)⬜ Enumerated Goods

■ Shipping- tar, pitch, molasses■ Staple Crops- rice, tobacco, sugar, indigo

◻ Manufacturing Restrictions⬜ Wool Act (1699) & Iron Act

(1750)◻ Salutary Neglect⬜ Why?⬜ Walpole⬜ Smuggling

Demographics

◻ Population rose rapidly◻ Women & Family Life◻ Class in the New World

vs. Old World◻ Ethnic Diversity⬜ Northern- Mostly English, few slaves, families⬜ Middle- VERY DIVERSE- English, German,

Swedes, Dutch, Irish, Scotch-Irish, Jews, some slaves, families

⬜ Southern & Chesapeake- English & some German; Huguenots in Carolinas; more men, some families, many indentured servants & slaves

Check out w

here the cities are located!

From Indentured Servitude to Slavery

◻ Indentured Servants- very common 17th century ⬜ Contracts of passage for labor→ 7

years service→”freedom dues”◻ Slavery- gradually replaced I.S. by 18th

century⬜ Source West Africa & West Indies⬜ Racial Prejudice & inability to use

Indians effectively⬜ Perpetual & Hereditary; Slave Codes⬜ “Peculiar Institution” sharpened distinction between N & S.⬜ Stono Rebellion – S.C. - 1739

Colonial Culture

◻ Religion & Community⬜ Northern vs

Southern◻ Education⬜ Harvard &

William & Mary◻ Newspapers⬜ Zenger

Essential Question #4

Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in Colonial America.⬜ After discussing your

‘rankings’ with your group, place the following groups on our “Class Continuum” on the front board! ■ 13 specific British

colonies (if appropriate, you may group some of them together)

■ French Colonies ■ Spanish Colonies

⬜ Be prepared to defend your placement of these groups when we examine our results!

Colonial Politics

◻ New England- town meetings; direct democracies◻ Middle colonies- assemblies reflected basic

democratic principles & rights of Englishmen. ◻ Southern colonies- wealthy planters played leading

roles in representative colonial legislatures.

◻ Development of Democracy: DISCUSSION OF ESSENTIAL QUESTION #3

Clashes with Colonial Authority

◻ Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

◻ Dominion of New England (1686)⬜ Governor Andros

◻ Glorious Revolution (1689)→ Leisler’s Rebellion (1689)

Relations with American Indians

◻ Crash Course Video #3: Natives & English◻ Pay Attention to…⬜ Interactions in VA versus with Puritans⬜ Pohatan, John Smith, Pocahontas, John Rolfe⬜ Pequot War & King Phillip’s War⬜ Why did relations deteriorate over time in each

case?⬜ What is the main idea of Video?