Colonial AmericaColonial AmericaChapter 3

Early English Early English SettlementsSettlements

Chapter 3.1

England in AmericaEngland in AmericaThe Spanish Armada

◦Spain and England were close to war because of trading and religious rivalries Spain = Catholic (Philip II) England = Protestant (Queen Elizabeth)

◦Sir Frances Drake (England) attacked ships◦Philip sent the Spanish Armada to conquer

England, but failed Spain’s control of the seas disappeared

England in AmericaEngland in America

Lost Colony of Roanoke◦Sir Walter Raleigh granted right to settle land

for England◦Liked Roanoke Island, off North Carolina◦In 1587 a group led by John White settled and

met natives◦White left for more supplies in England◦Returned three years later to an empty island

Croatoan carved into a tree, but no attempt to reach Croatoan island

Settlers never seen again!

Jamestown SettlementJamestown SettlementYears after the Roanoke failure, several

groups sought charters from King James I◦Charter: document granting them right to

organize settlements in an area.◦Virginia Company:

A group landed in Chesapeake Bay in 1607 Named the river James and their settlement

Jamestown Searching for gold and establishing trade in fish

and furs

Jamestown SettlementJamestown SettlementThe Virginia Company was a joint-stock company

◦ Investors bought stock (part ownership) in the company◦ Investors would either make money or lose money based on

the results of the company◦ Similar to the stock market today

Supply and demand◦ Supply: amount of a good that you have◦ Demand: peoples’ desire for that good◦ As a business person you want high demand for your goods,

and not too large of a supply. Supply: the less supply of a good, the more rare it is…and more

people will pay for it Demand: the more demand there is, the more people will pay for it

Jamestown SettlementJamestown SettlementJamestown Survives…somehow

◦Conditions not good (malaria and hunger)◦People were not making money

◦Searching for gold◦Tried to set up trade with fur and fish

◦John Smith worked with local Natives and forced colonists to work in order to survive (Pocahontas stories not true) If you don’t work, you don’t eat! Jamestown struggles when he leaves (starving

time)

Jamestown SettlementJamestown SettlementColonists finally found a way to make

money…growing tobacco (thanks John Rolfe!). Things improved:◦Better relationship with natives◦More settlers (headright system)◦House of Burgesses makes local laws

Financial troubles led to cancelled charter◦Jamestown becomes first English colony in

1624

New England ColoniesNew England ColoniesChapter 3.2

Religious FreedomReligious Freedom

Unlike Jamestown settlers, many colonists came in search of religious freedom

King Henry VIII broke from Catholic Church in 1534

Two groups of Protestants emerge◦Puritans: wanted to reform the church◦Separatists: wanted to leave church and start their

ownSeparatists were persecuted against

◦Fled to Netherlands, but wanted an English lifestyle

Religious FreedomReligious FreedomThe Pilgrim’s Journey

◦Separatists considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religious purpose

The Mayflower Compact◦Settled in Plymouth due to weather

Led by William Bradford Outside of Virginia Company’s territory

◦Mayflower Compact created pledged loyalty to England agree to obey laws passed “for the general good

of the colony” first step in creating a representative government

Religious FreedomReligious FreedomHelp from the Native Americans

◦Nearly half of the Pilgrims died in the first winter from malnutrition, disease, and cold

◦Squanto and Samoset helped Pilgrims in the spring Showed them how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins Showed them where to hunt and fish Helped create peace with the Wampanoag people and

their leader, Massasoit Without their help, Pilgrims likely wouldn’t have

survived

New SettlementsNew SettlementsKing Charles takes the throne in 1625

◦Puritans wanted to leave England

Massachusetts Bay Company forms in 1629◦Charter to settle near Boston◦John Winthrop selected as Governor

New SettlementsNew SettlementsGrowth and Government

◦More than 15,000 Puritans went to Massachusetts during the 1630s (Great Migration)

◦Government Winthrop and assistants made laws at first Colonists demanded more of a role Elected assembly begins

◦Male church members voted for governor and town representatives

Little tolerance for other beliefs

New SettlementsNew SettlementsConnecticut and Rhode Island

◦Puritans lack of tolerance forced many to settle elsewhere

◦Connecticut settlers adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut First written Constitution discussing the

organization of a representative government◦Rhode Island established by Roger Williams

Believed in religious tolerance (religion out of government)

Believed it was wrong to take land from natives

New SettlementsNew SettlementsConflict with Native Americans

◦Many settlements were on Native American land, which led to conflict

◦King Philip’s War Metacomet, Chief of the Wampanoag, organized

rebellion against colonists Colonists were victorious, destroyed much of the

natives’ power in the area◦Colonists have the freedom to expand in new lands

Middle ColoniesMiddle ColoniesChapter 3.3

England and the ColoniesEngland and the ColoniesOliver Cromwell leads groups of Puritans

seeking more power in Parliament

Takes over the government in 1649

Wants new land for England between the colonies they already own

Middle colonies become the most ethnically diverse set of colonies

England and the ColoniesEngland and the ColoniesEngland Takes Over

◦New Amsterdam becomes a target for England Already owned by Dutch Great port and rivers for trade 1664: fleet of English ships take over New

Amsterdam◦Duke of York (Charles’ brother) given land and

complete control Colony thrives

England and the ColoniesEngland and the ColoniesNew Jersey

◦Duke of York gives southern portion of his colony to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret Name it New Jersey Proprietors of the land: complete control

◦To attract settlers they promised: Freedom of religion Trial by jury Representative assembly (in charge of taxes and

laws)◦No natural ports = no big profits

PennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaWilliam Penn given land as payment for a debtSaw Pennsylvania as a chance to spread Quaker

beliefs:◦ Everyone is equal◦ Pacifists◦ “inner light” to salvation

Philadelphia established on Native American land, but paid for

Quakers also known as Society of FriendsCharter of Liberties (1701) gave people the right

to elect representatives

Southern ColoniesSouthern ColoniesChapter 3.4

Maryland and VirginiaMaryland and VirginiaAs plantations grew, so did the need for

workersPeople sent over to work included:

◦Criminals: could earn a release after seven years

◦Slaves: African prisoners of war sold to European slave traders

◦Indentured servants: worked without pay for a set amount of time in order to get to colonies

Maryland and VirginiaMaryland and VirginiaEstablishing Maryland

◦Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) wanted to establish Maryland as a safe place for Catholics

◦Estates given to numerous people, population grew

◦Conflict with Penn over boundary led to the Mason Dixon Line

◦Protestants outnumber the Catholics and take control Catholics face the same restrictions they did in

England

Maryland and VirginiaMaryland and VirginiaBacon’s Rebellion

◦Virginia’s growth led to a deal with Native Americans (chunk of land given to colonists and colonists won’t expand west)

◦Nathaniel Bacon opposed the deal Leads rebellion against natives and Jamestown rulers Exiled William Berkeley, as leader, for a brief bit

◦Bacon’s sudden death stopped complete take over, and things returned to normal

◦Rebellion showed that colonists would not settle for staying along the coast

Carolinas and GeorgiaCarolinas and GeorgiaNorthern and Southern Carolina

◦Two colonies form after a split in philosophy◦Both colonies created for profit:

North: tobacco, timber, and tar (used Virginia harbor)

South: deerskin, lumber, and beef Two dominant crops for both:

◦Rice (which led to more slaves)◦ Indigo

Carolinas and GeorgiaCarolinas and GeorgiaGeorgia

◦James Oglethorpe given a charter to start a colony in the south for two purposes: Debtors get a fresh start Protection from Spain

◦Things did not go according to plan: Very poor people came in large amounts People hated Oglethorpe’s rules