colloquial indonesian - michael c. ewig

8/10/2019 Colloquial Indonesian - Michael C. Ewig

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AAcjtael C Ewirtg

I INTRODUCTION

IBclomesian 1s8 varllety of Ma1lay, a laflgllage spokem throughout Dluch of lnsular Bnd

peminsular Southeast Asia. Malay occurs in many indigemous varieties, as a llimgua francaand in creolized forns. The variety known as Imdonesian has developed frorn language

p1lanning work initiated by colomial scholars and Bdmnistrators under Butch ruIe. Thesescholars relmforced an rndlgenous dksf1Bct1lon betwveem lllgh and low fol tMs of the lam=

guage im an effort to valorize one Icartificiallly producedj mriety of High Malaiy for theircolonial purposes, in contrast to the nunMmus seemi~gly umwieldy varieties of Low

Malay fllourishimg throughout the archipelago. This language-plamning Bgemda has beencomt1mUecl 1m tle post=colon1all era, l3y Indoneslan Ilngulsts Bnd ectucBIiors wlth the goal of

tramsforming Indonesian into a stamdardIzed 'high' 1language deermed suitable for 8 mod=

ern, cultural1Iy and intellectuaIly forward-looking people, and slie1lded from the corrupt-ing influences of 'low' forms of the language(see Steinhauer, Chapter 3, this volun~e, for

1Dore discussion j.The spread of tlus standardized fonn of an IIIndonesian language through the development

Gf education and the nMdlla has kndeeI been ome of ttM great successes of tlle Indomes)an

nationalist agenda (Errington t998). Yet despite the efforts of the language phumers,speakers of Imdonesian still contimue to use a wide range of fluid Bnd constamtly inter=

acting codes, styles, and lects, >vhich are meitlher easily Hor approp6ately separated intomeatly dllst)mct varieties. All speakers of lmdonesian Mcognize 8 contrast betweem the

govermmemt=samctioned form of Indonesian Rnd more spontaneous varieties. 7he formerls kno%'mQAlclally as bQAQ$8 6PkP. standard language, charactenzed Bs 6PIhYEPp'4Mg

lraik dan beear 'Ianguage that is good mxl correct' and popularly referred to xvith such

descriptors as bahasa vesrai 'oNciat language', haltasafore)al 'formal language", or

baitasa 8)'D 'the language of the definitive spelling system'(see section 2). Other formsof Indomesian or Malay Used spomtaneously througlout the country nlllght l3e referred toby speakersas,for example, &aAasa 1isa~r'spokem lamguage'. 6aAasa pasaJ 'market lam-

guage, or EM'AQsitlM'IMPE-AQPE'everyIay Ilanguage . Indeed 1HsoDMthlng Qf 8 contllmua=

tiom of this divisiom, the presemt chapter on Colloquial Imdlonesiam cam be seem toconplement Prentllces 1990 sketch of standard Imdonesiam Bnd filll out some of the

GI3servationIs Blade tlMM about clalacteristics of col/Gqu)al lamguage. The history Gf

Indlomesian has been chMmicled Iln Alis)ahbana 1962, Amv(ar 1980, Emngton 1998,

HoIITman 1979, and Maier 1993.Although ColloquiaI Indomesian is often calIed bahasa 3isarr 'spoken Ianguage

a by

those who use it, these are mot equivalent terms. While probably the Ibest exemplar andmost frequently occurring germ of Collloquiall Indonesian is indeed casual conversation,saI.ient features of the comversatiomal exenpllar imclude mot omly that it is spoken, but alsothat it is interactive, umplamnede amd, crucially, emblematic of relaxed interpersomal rela-tioms. There are fomal genres of spoken 1language that lack these characteristcs, such as

!"# %&'()*+#',-+ .-+/&-/#' *0 %',- -+1 2-1-/-'3-) 4 5*&(6#1/# 789!5%:!;

"((>???@#A**B'(*)#@(-+10@3*@&B>C*)#,+0*@-'


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COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 229

which is closed with punctuation to indicate whether the tenniHal pitch contour hjas final,

continuing, or appeal intonation. Sce the list of transcription conventions at the end of the

chapter f61'these and other conventiOHS. Tll cQHversatloH81 data Mc 8Ugnented wlthexamples of natural1y Gccurring 1Hforrnal wl1tten 1angu8ge froDl thje 1ntel net. The %T1ttcH

dzta,of course, do Hot have prosody, and these examples are given as punctuated by theor1glnall %'r1ters.

IH the context of the data used for this description, the phonological system of spokenColloquial Indonesian is not strikingly dtfkrent from the standard. The basic phoneme

inventory of IndoHesian 1Hclludcs the sI.x vowells in Table 8.l and the twenty=two conso =

nants in Table 8.2.Thje orthjogfaphjy umd in this chapter folllGLvs StandMd Indonesian, Il.e. the I3eflnitive

Speiling System (Ej aae yang D/seetpet7ta/aa or E3'D, Moeliono e/a/ i983.). The ortho-graphic symbols of theFM correspond to the segmental symbols in Tables 8.1 and 3.2,with the following difkrenees: = /o/, = /e', = / 5/ , = I p / > ,

= /J/ = /j / +ng> = /ti ' = /x/, end = /7/ end /k/.There will be variation 1n the phonetic realizat1ons of sorne aspects of this system, dif-

ferjjHg botll by llndlvll


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236 TME AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

$QNM Col joquIa1l QmQ sBHlc', Stamdard SQJQ ColloquIal QJQJust, StaMlM'd $IIti&A-

CollIoqUiall udaA 'r Fv', Bmd Standard wemmg Colloquial emang 'indced'.

The salicnce of such features for speakers is seem im colloquial spelling, a fluid set ofinformal orthographic comventions difkrentially applied by eTIters to give the 'sound' Gf

famI.liBrity to the writtcn xvord. Some of tlhe phonologicBl variation discussed Bbovcappears in the colloquial spellimg used in the followiI>g 1limes taken from internet imterac-

tions. These includc the spelllings for kalau and for pahei, as v ell as

for kasiA and


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COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 23 I

the dcrllved vct'bai torm, lrlencCPliiQirntl 'to 'teii 8 story ln tbe second ilnc. HO%evcr, ltl (4)cer iIa is used as a verb wifh6uf benefit Gf derivatioBal morphGIGgy.

(3) N: kEI0 e: pNflp '8 ccPktQ,1 p H E s hav e stor yfPA4$ klI Q N M '8- celfIQ-/MH 4 ' ifeM w,-kNMR ILJifQ,

then I p Av=story =~ PI tG f r iend =rml i p'I1VChave a story, and then we tell (it) to our fricnds.'

(4) C: .. Ku' l nl l SQVn cerlri9 beg ia l ,i s st o r y lik e .this

'If I fcI1 a sfory 1l1ke fhlls.'

Example (5) iiiustrates the use of lnnkan, usuaHy 8 verb meaning 'to eat' but in thisconfexf cI98rly 8 HQB11BallICBH1lflg fQcKI.. The prescriptllveIiy appropriate deDved foI'Bl

%'QuM be tP'MkQ4ft/ food .

(5) C: Makan j agunggak bo l r 'h d i raroil -di s i tu .foad also w~EG 8116w Uv - pu t Loc ti, rED.ADv

'Food alls6 isn't allowed to be put there.'

Dcr1vat1Qnal morphology >s a m1ajor part 6f Ind6nesun grammar, >B both staBdajrd and

colloquial styles. CGI1loquial IndoBesian iBcludes a set 6f non-staBdmd forms as well astlhe f4Ill range Gf forms found in Standard Indonesian; alfhough standard forn1s may be

puf fo colloqmal usage as illustrated above. C61l1oquia1l derivatioB81l morpho/ogy maiBly

6ccurs with verbs and is Jiscussedl in section 5. There is Bo nomiBal derivational mor=

phology speciAc to colloqmal IndoBesian: speakers draw m1orph61ogicaily complexnovns from the general stock 6f vocabuIary com1m1on to Sfandard Indonesian andC61lloqluia1l Imdonesian. Sfandard derivational morpholegy is discussed fhlly in the gram-

mars of Standard indonesian eited above. Prentice (i990) points out that StandardIndoneslaB has a largel IlnveBtory of denvatllonal m6rphoiogy tllMB mosf Bon=staIldatdfQHM of MaIBp. But because speakers of colloquial IndonesiBH draw Qn standard, c61IG-

quial and regional liBguistic zesources, their 18Bguage displays am even richer range 6fmorpl1ology than is displayed by Standard Indonesian.

3.2 Bssic cllsesestnactmre

A c1813se cGHsists Gf 8 su13ject Rnd 8 pI'edllc&te or a PMdlcSfe 816ne. Tll p r cdllcafe Ils

frequemtly a verb, eitlher iBtransifive or traBsitive and either rnonoBMrphemic 6r withsQHM sort Qf H1OE'Ph616gllcBImarklng. C6BmlGH HGH=verball pMdlcafP. QT)es Ilnclude Houn

phrases, prepositional pI1rases, and some adverbs.

The subject al1d I11ost other coM argumemts of 8H ImdoIlesial1 clause Me gcmcrallyunB'lafked as Gpposed tG oblique BrgmlMnfs, which are usualIiy m1RI'ked w1th8 pMposi=

tioB. Tlhe subject is distirlguished from ether c6re argumeBts primariiy by the fact thatifs positioB rehtive to fhe predicate is somewhat variable while that of non-subject

coM argllllnellts is Mlatlvcly flxed (cxatrlpies CM glvell bclow). Ill addlltloll, tile subjcetargument may have one Qr more of tIM following features. It is generalIiy referentiai

and ideBtifiable; if is GAen higl1ly accessible in tlhe discourM contexf and so is oAenmof expressed explicitly. In, c1ause=coB>binimg cGHtexts where a single arguB1ent is

shBrcd thaf argument 15 usUlally tlhe subjecf of tI1e sub6rdllnate clause. IH ccrt81n trmls1tlve


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232 THE AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

ciauses, the subject can frigger voice morphology on the verb, which marks thesubject's role as actor or undergoer of the clause (see sections 3.2. t and 5). I'he juncturebettAeen subject and predicate is at> imporfant position for adveribial expressions amdfor dIscourse particies, '6'klllch Dlay be placed 1Mre, clause-Iln3tlaily oF ciause-flnallly,

but nof wifhin phrasal comsfitUents iI1 the ciause. This is illustrated iI1sectioI1 3.2.3.Finalllys piural subjecfs can be indicated ~vith the plural marker pada preceding thepredicate. Nonefheiess, Dot ali c1auses wili contain BI1 arguI1>enf that exhibits any Of thesefeafUres. This possibility, fogefher v ith the prevalence of Unexpressed BrguIlMnfs,frequemf lack of verbal DMrphollogy, and fllexibility in consfituenf order, cm. I1Man thatnot all naturally occurring ciauses in Colloquiall Indonesian v I.ll have a clear sUbjectargument.

3 ~ 2 f~eP&Q/pJPdJt.-Qi(eS

Transitive clauses have txvo core arguIlleI1ts, one nore agent-likee here callled fhe actor,and one more patient-liike, the undergoer. Either the actor or tlhe undergoer can serve asthe subject of tlle clRUM, %"lth any Gr Rll of fhe characterIstlcs nofed Bbove. Most fraMI-tA'e cllauMS In 6"4lch bof/1 core argUrnenfsBMexplllclfiy expressed have fhe coDsf1tucntorder SVX, avhere 8 is the subject, V tlhe verb, BI1dX flle second, non =subjecf core argu=

ment, as in the actor voice (Av) examplle (6) and 'the undergoer voice (L'v)exallilpte (7).

(6) S: Pi9tILRQZf JWQN 6'QNM 6fMA.Mr R azi v znt c arr y f r uI f'Mr Razi is going to brlng fruit.'

l3.PTcL 3s Uv-f o l l lolv-APP by 1nfel l e ge llce offiicesNQ way s11e was follov'ed by sonleone fronl hrteI.'

(7) M : M i9$n dlrr rIE: IkNt Ea - -Selc Eatdl,

There are in facf two difFcreHf c(N15trucfions %hich Bre l39fh classllfied as UV. IH fhefirsf, exemplified in (7), the verb is prefixed v ith dE'= and fhe actor argmnent iis option=

aiiy nlarked by a preposiition, either coiloquiai samu~ama or sfandard OIeh 'by'. If theactor Is nof marked avith a preposifion. the xvord order Is SVX and no intervening mate-rial can cone between the verb and tlhe aeter. If the actor is nmrked xvith a preposifioI1,that preposifional phkrase is less restricted in iifs order relative to other elements in theciause. Dk-form L>v construcfions have been prescriptively associafed %vifh fhjrd personactors in siandard IIldonesiBH, buf Iln nloderI1 collloquial Indones1IBn they can Blso be usedfor first and second person actors. as in exampie (3).

(8) XAf8)'8 co'io Eifw k'A pffff8l' pifMPlkata-nya cwvok IfU t eh pInfa r pIsa mSay-DEF guy Dls7 l3. PTCL Smarf v eryJ'Qpf kdf/0 ZEIM 'WM'I $ QN 'a M ')M'

tapi ka laU di -l ihat-lihat sama sa vabut 1 f' Uv- se e -RDp by 1$,

COMU l 'Pl f iI'Cili lJflg / iPh IA'4f-PPM' QgP/t, P Heh , P'AVI'g Ago&P'OI.cowok 1AI I feh fl ngka h 1lRkU=nya BgBk an eh j RFBng n gobro lguy this D.PTcL behavior-DEF ratlher sfnnge rarely A v :talk'Tkey say that guy is very smarf, buf If I take 8 look at (11IIDII, that guy s acfions arerather strange; ()xe) tarely taiks.'


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COLLGQUIAL INDONESIAN 233

TlM words Iek Rnd pE$QPIin this exaIYlple are fronl stl3ndanese. As sundanese uses R

cognate k = constnlction for first person agent Uv clauses, this is a likely source for this

usage in Colloquial IIIdonesiana at least in the case of this particular writer.In the second Uv constrmction, the ver5 is unafI'ixed; the actor is expressed Rs R

pronolninal fornl (or name, kinship term, or title used protlotninallv) alld precedes theverb so that the order is SXV, as in exanlple (9).

(9) D: D / a J i iga sayu Iindung,

a lso 1 s Invl t eI invited hllrn too.

A specialIzed proHounfak 1s> fr6Bl JavaIIese, Is used bv solHM speakels to 1ndllcate t1Mflrst persotl actor of 8 Uv constructloII, as In exan'1ple(10).

IeJ'TkS

fleXt

tak1s

Then

PU'JVg M A.II P P) lI'MIL SP)' 8.

RHL Q n e fo r 1s

p/kif/' g/ fM.think like.thaf

that one is for I11e, that's xvhat I thought.'

Often in Colloquial Indonesian, as it is prescriptively in the standard language, thepr666Blllnal Rctor is clitll.cized to the verb such tllat Qothing can intewrene between thern;

aspect and negatiion particles all occur before the actor-verb conlplex, as in exanlple(11).

(11) c a d a dtiu Aa / yung ntati sav u /ra s ii l taiIIIEXIST tN to nla t ter REL FUT 1S g lv e kHGW

SQNM QEMQ-PHdA' pM'7

to 2s- Ro r yes'There are tNOthings I want to tell you all.'

H6wever. it is also con1mon in C01lloquial IndonesiaI> for this cliticization to be loosenedso that pre-predieate particles occur behveen the pronominall actor and, the urlafHxed verb,as IB tlle relatlve clallse IB (12)(bllt Bote tllat the core constltllel lt o l'del' lls shll SXV ).

(12) D: Fang kaya gi l a yang s uyu ntatl c a r i .

REL li k e like . tlbat REL 1 s FUT look . for'That kmd is ehat I v ant to I.ook for.'

The L~v construction xvith proc/itic actor has bem. prescriptively associated v ith firstand second person actors in Standard Indonesians but it is alls6 used ~vith third personactors in nmclern Col1loqulal Ind,onesian.

(13) dan dia bi n gung apa yang itu n is d ia la k akan Imt t ikdan dia bingung apa yang harm dia laku-kan untuk

and 3S c o nfused v hat REI. mus t 3s do=API forHgeA4pQE8 NKfRtQAPl)'8 / iM

nge-lupa-Ia. m antsan-nva >tu

Av =forget-Apl f o r me r-DEF D I sT

'And 11e s confllsed ab6ut 'hvhat he has t6 do to f6+ Pt hll.s ex.C'M%"A'gudeg net islAoflsulltasL' Ilten1'28-2443 4tnlW

PragBlatlcaHQ Hlal'ked suiiljlect-fllla l consf imei lt or der (vxs or xvs) can be 'Llsed%4Mn the referent 6f the suBJlect ks hIghly accesMblle, Qet stllI. explK1tly expressed, as Inexamplle (Il4).


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Sf'NfQA $QVQ PHQkPJ'l ff4A,

Slldah sa)'a makan tuih

I ve already eatcH It. Klattp:A"o'iA'%'.gan'IltaMlalagazlllae.colal'server-DQcsi'

galmaaamagazine/th j. '6'LPU3=

6 html>Hlghly accessiblIe RHdcontilluous refere11ts ln cliscourse,are oftcH not explicitlj ii

expressed. Tlhis might appIiy to either the actor, undcrgoer, or both of a traHsitive clause.Thus, a transitive clausc in llatural discourse naay consist of the vcrb plus olae expllIcitarguttzstu (15) or ths verb alone (16).

pFv 1s cat l3IST

W Makrh Aaerpu In'a>ng-s 88ppk,in.fact allmost Av:compete-APP father.2sIn fact (I)'m ahnost in competition witb you.

(16'j N Vvat iAv:search. for'(I) nl searclung for (tlmnt). Qr (I) tn searchtng.

In ths context of (16) ws understand that the speaker is talking about her search for news-paper clippings. Nowcver, this clajLIse, like Ilaany produccd iH natujral interactioH, does Hotprovide cHough gfawIlMtical clues fol us to cicternlllHc vi'hctlMr Ilt is trBHsitive or lnt lan -sitive. This indeterIaainacy is refllected in the altcrllatlve EIlglish tran$1latlons.

Intransitive clauses usually have the order SV, as in (I17). VS order is also possible andusually sigMls that the Mfel'cllt of tltac subjcc't Brgunlellt is highly Bccessiblle. In thlls

constituent ordera the subject iIs most comnaonly representcd by a personal prolloun ora reduced demonstrative, as in (lgj.

iI 1 7) M: Sl AEM JMgQ 66dttt A QA Aei| QJQl'.PN AtlI1 Rlso IMfoI'e D.PTcL INT R:stlJld)''You studied Beforc too, you know.'

only oHc fwo DMl l th PRx messy I psKVC'll only be lllla laless for onc ol two H ilonths.'

( 1 8) c : HigJ'g''6 sQf ll i AM ' AfAQN $HJ beIl 'kfiflk95 k l l Q .

express j.on.

In. colloquiaI IladonesiaH, asIll the staladard lallguage, the verb ada 'zxIsT' can be usedto introdUce a rcferent ilato the discourse, in whiclh case the umazarked coastituelat ordcris ada NP, that is VS. The referent is often colltextua1lized v ith 8 locative or temporal

( 19) 0: . . Judi ad a Ir a tr rpansap:i d ong so E x tsT bu ll chariot race D.PTn.

dif 5QRQ.

So there s kiwQpl7plMpE tlMM.LOC DIST.ADV

AdQ can also be used with 8 given or Melltlfllable subjcct, 1Bxvhicta caM the unnlarkcd,order is SV. This construction, cala be used in a copula=like Rllctiola to link the suhject

with a locatiive prepositional phrase as in exarnple (20).


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(20) C: .. Map A]tam=nl'a

dM QdQ (A IeFl'QP$ SJAS.

38 ExIsT Loc cUpboard PRx.ADv.

The black folders, they aM IHthls cupb6ard 1MM,

folder black = DEF

Ada can also be used to indicate possession as in (21), in which the order is alwayspossessor-ADA-possessed.

TI A Ee/H etl I iQE l Q dQ Mp edQ dh slfll

DIST f Flend l3. PTCL EXIST blcp'cle LOC PRX. ADV

Ie8)"QpVRHtshed

'You know my friendhad a bike here;(it) disappeared.'

3 2 2 Aon-ve> baI' pmdscaIes

AlthoUgh pMdllcates prGtGQplcalll) conslst of verbs esseHttalll) aH) phrase-formQge18DMHtcan be 8 predicate liH Ifldon88iBA, IHcludllflg rIGBlllHals,preposltllorIBll phrases, RQd

Gther Rdverbials. NofI-verbal predicates are juxtaposed xvith their subject, withoUt a

copulRGl Bftyother 1itlkllflgfnorphology. While at'i optiollRl copulB, 6'dQIQ'A, can be used%'Ith predlcate Donllflals 1HStRMIBrd IMlGIMslaH, thlls ls 8 fomlal rHarker and ts Hot used

in Colloquial IIldofIesiRH. As with intransitive verbal clauses, the uHnlarked constituentGrder iH most non-verbRl clRuses is s PRED, avlsile the fnarked PRED s order also occurs.

ccrfRIrI clBUse types, such Rs cleA coHstluct1Gns, hBve PRED 8 as 'tlM Illost frequcntorder. T1M subject argurnent aeed tlot be explicitly expressed.

Nolnlllai predllcates usuallly Alnctloll 'to c(ass1fyOI'ldent1fy 'the refereIIt of tile subject.

(22) W: S ay a IIh orsIIIg ba r I I ,I s DIST pers on ll w

I nl a new persons

TlM pMdicRte Hol1llina1l IRy IM used ITIetaphoricRlIIQ,HMtoIlyBlicajly, M' tH sonM other %',Ry

such that tlhe relationship tlhat holds behveen it arld t4e su&ject fnust be inferred from the

context. In example(23) the illteractants have been discussing who will cook what dishesto brifIg to Bsocta1l gathering RIldNadar is the persofI to brtllg fried rIce.

(23) 0 : W k ~ Vadal IIasi gol erlg.t vtr Na dar r lc e f r y'Mr. Nadar is the fried rice [persoH].'

AH itmportRtlt type of predicate Hominall clause is the cleA constructioHs iH xvhich R

headless relative clause serves as the subject In the matrix clause ivhile a specif'lcIlominall refereHt acts Rs tlhe predicate. The unmarked order in clleIA: constructioHs is

(24) C: S ay a y a llg ambi/ BI I .

PRED S.

I s RE L tRke rHR'a m.

i IB tlle olm %4Mtook (lf), Bla aBI.


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Locative and temporal expressiorls (including prepositional phrases) are cornmon

predicates (25), as are demonstrative adverbs(26}.

(25) 0: Dr' a d a r i Jarva.

3s fr o m 38 va

'He"s from Java.'

(26) C: Kalkrriator aja kak Iregirrrca1cu lator j us t D.pTcL l ike.that'%"hy is it, evell a calculator is treatedill that wayl"

(28j 0:

Clauses can bc modiflled by adverbial expressions 'Lvhich caD occur at aDy majo1 juIlcture.

This means clausal Mlvcrbialls most frequently occur c1lausc= iDitially, betxveen the subject(if present) and the predicate, or clause-finally. They do not occur behveen the predicateand a non-subject argranent. Exanlples(27) through (29) illustrate the use of rrarrti 'later'ln thI'ee poslltloM.

(27j 0 : Nae t i Eaya b i I(;ie f ah .l ater I s make E MPH

l wlll make (some}.

$Q'pQ AQ'8(i cok '47 'l-.'aHg

1s lat c r try'I'll tq, somcthing fried.'

1 p ca D s e e lat er .

4if-goP& i1g

Uv =fry

(29) 0 : X~ h~ ri ar

'%'e'll look at it 1later.'

OtheI' tcIllporal expresslloDs, inc1udiD0; Mlvcrbs and prepositionall pltlrascs,CRI1occur 1Ilthese positioDS, as can adverbials iIldicatiIlg evidcntiality or speaker attitude toward the

truth or relcvance of xvhat is bciilg said. MaDy of these iIlclude dcrived adverbs, xvhichafe often OMrked wltll tlle eucll'tlc =rrjYF Tllese O.MYbe based on 11olnls as rn (30), or'

verbs as in (31).

(30) % Dar r rr rpa=rrya Bapak bisa ra e rrdayrrngeir ~

and appeafance DEF fathcr 2s caB r o ' A huhAnd appaMIltly )ou can ro((v, huh?

(3 l) 0 : / rr r If>lasa=l l va pa l kadarrrr pepal."aDtsT usual =DEF usc Il ea f pa paya

That usually uscs papaya leavcss

'These adverbials are erstwhile noniiinais (see discussion of gerunds in section 3.3.2).Thus the structure of (30) might be represented by the alternative translation 'And theappearance Is that pou can ro'}rv, huh? . These foI'ms Mc, h6'A"ever, bcst ulldcrstood to be

fullctioraiDg as adverh}ials. This is cvideDccd by that fact that, Ilike other advcrbials, theycaD occur IbeteeeI1 the subject and predicate of the modificd clause as in (3 I j, iI1addition.'to occurrrng before or SAer the clsllse they nlodrfy.


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33 Noum phrases

3. 3. 1 AMfB p6A1$e sfAK'.ffo'e

Fulll noun phrases may consist of a single lexical noun or a lexical iten> xvith one or more

Ixm)ifiers. Nom1s tnay be monomorphetmic or rnay have deriivatioi1all morphology. A fewvnollns are nlarkel's of Informal style, fot' exaIIlple Collotlulal dlllt moltey (Standardrlatlg}. Generally the order in the noun phrase is head-modifiier. Modifiers which followthe head noun can include other nouns, stative verbs (Rnd sometimes eventive verbs),possessors, re}ative clauses, and demonstrative deterlniiners, usually in that order (32).guantiflers usually precede the head (33).

(3 I} B Gal i s ga lis -atara V aag s sd ahl ine RDP ey e REL ppv

'The erinkles of those old eyes are

in ofle o H ic e DI s T E x IST sy si em

ln that one oIIice there [shouldj be a systern.

ltM fQA 8PJRpPk s e fi QIJ.

o1dl DisT appear v e r yreally visible.'

(33) O' Iia i al ll s a fa / i aa iop ln/ ada stlsteBI

3 I 2 =RVa aiapiallg rieflllltelless passesslall aad gepliads

Sometimes callled a thIrd persois possessive, the enchtIC= EIVa fonctions more geiierallV

as a defllnite nMrker BHdis so glossed I.H exafnp1les. = PlfP serves to ind1cate tkat tlMreferent of the NP to xvhich it is cliticized is identifiable throitgh association xvith some

other identlf1able iefeleni IIn the discourse. This associatllon may be one of 0%'nefship asin lI34) or other relationship oAen expressed by possessii~e constructions such as faimilvor part-avholle rellationslups.

(34) M: TApE /YldEO=Pfi'6 It' iE-4'O'EV ILQRl3Ut radllo= lDEF P9T-nMet NEG.Q

Bllt (you) foulld. vonf Iadlo didII't yon7

II1 StandaI'd II1doneslalls lex1cal possessors are expresMd Bs noun phrases follo%'ing'the head no@t1 phrases Bnd 81is cons'trlllctio51 Bls9 occljrs lln Col lloqula l IM IGIMslBIi.

IIl CollloqUllall Indonesian, speakers allso Use B CGMtMctlon derived, frofD 3avaneM, i11wbich the enclitic =zya occurs together with the noun pllrase possessor, as in(35).

(35) I3: . . P e cel $ Ef) ,k.o.salad D.PTCL

gapHpQRg,easyb/.tt1g hk58 dE . . 4'. NIPQi= PJf8 BQ SEC EI.

can make Loc p l ace= DEF M s Sicil'Pece/ is easy, (we) can Inake (it} at lvls sicil's place.'

Returning to the associative nmaising of =nl;a, aIIother kind of Bssociation nota1%'ays considered possession cross-lllngullstllcally bUt regularly marked 'lA'ith =N vQ iHIndonesian is one of an evoked frame or scheme. This is illustrated in (36}, where thespeakers are talking aboijt hoav to operate a tape player.


12/42


0: RakERkCVni eaha gir>i,tinM I j p e tPf llkc. th isAQAE ke-dePlg@l'-85 SMQNf =Iff tl.Imn'led)Rte. PFv PDT-hear- PDT soUnd = DE F

ItVlMn 'A'e tltlled tltlIs %'Bp, onllp tlMn wvRs tlil

e souncl RUdlb1le.'

The referentofsaamava 'sound=oar' {the sound) ibas not been previously nxentioned. ltls Elarked as defiHite l38cRIjse it is Understood to be associBted %'lltl4 plagiQg the tRPCrecorder. Rlready established Rs a discoUrse referent.

As a definite marker, =nya is allso Used to contrast one referent from another previ-ously menfIoned refererlt. Tlhese can occur v,ith noUn phraMS that are inherently definitesuch as proper names (37) or pronouns(38).

(37) D: . . Bapak aja y ung d i sini

father.28 JUst RKL Loc I-'Rx.AI3vJ&R SPCkj= J'$$'Q dIR&k SEER

Ms s 1c1l=DEF sit MED.All3v

'VQUJMt [sit] here. Ms Sicllll [can] sllt tllere.

TOPl' HOEIEif.

but laterkQkBEJMAi f beco m eliB 8f P gadl p eM'1DIKT=DEF

beconle k .o . sa lladSQfHQ 1'0 7

same )'es[Comparing the procedUres for makirlg hvo ditfterent kinds of salad:) 'BUt ifit's goillg to be peeeI, yoU do the same thing right'?'

In addition to Hlarking defimteness RH4i posscssllon, =PlfQ is allso used to forIllgerunds by simply adding it to verbs {whiclh may be tnarked with voice and applicativeIllorphologv). 'GerUnds freqUeIltl'7 5L1nct1on as tlM' SUb)ect of a c lRUsc. In th l s wapthe infonnation focus shifts from the ershvhiile predication, ivhich is presented as

presupposed inforrnation, to some other e/erllent, such as Rrl adverb or prcpositionalphrase, wlsich nwv stands Rs the granlmatical pred'icateRIldthe inforIllation focus of theclause.

i39) Vf: Ag-gGP88g= 8JQ 888I E,Av'=fPf = DEF later'The frying {will bappent later.'

(40) U: Dff01larrl'dat rr dlt4 , P~rk.U x"-fast. foDvard-DEF f Ilrs t sk r'The fast-fovvarding [shoUld happen] first, sir.'

A number of gerundivc fornss xvith =nya have grmtlmaticized as clausal Rdverbials,IllentioIMd in section 3.2.3 above.


13/42


3.3.3 HcadI8$$ I'eIa|Ill~ecJaf4M$

Headlless PBlat1vc cllMses I 6 clal lses llfltroduccdby the rellatllw'e nlarker )YlP/g%1thout 8

prcccding head nQuH, are also 8 tp'pe Gf nominalization. Like=54'8 gerullds, thcy are

l3Rsed Qn a prcclicate, but tunllike gerunds, which refcr to tlM Bctio11 Qf the predicate, hcMl-

less re1atiive clauses refer to the subject of the predicate. Headless relative c1ausescontrlloniv fllBctloB as part of a cieft construchon (see sectloll 3 ..2 ), IB "bvillch tile IIBfol'-rnation focus shifts fi.on1 the predicate to the erstwhile subject.

As in mmy other western Austromesian Ilanguages, velatiive clause formation inCollloquiall Iadonesian is constraimed in tlhat tlhe head nouI1 in general must also be thesubject of the reIativc clause. Hov ever, as speakers Produce relative clauses in real-timeinteraction, somewhat more contptex struclnres can result, snch as(41).

( 4 t} 5 ' Vn s l ) iarlg lttllBPln - Pak X'Qdai

cooked.rllce aEL A v :prcpare-APFMr Nadar

'[As for] rice, tlhe one >vho'lll prepare [it] is Pak Nadar.'

Hele Nasl ricc is 8 t6pllcalized Bominal. jlIlxtaposcd to a commeDt %'hjich is a clleA con=

stnlctIon consIstIng of the subject yazg ayiapie and the predIcatcPak ~vadaI. '8"hat

makesthISexample unusual Is that botll argunlents of the verb Ifl the fc1atIve c18usc are

sharcd wlth the nlatrllx structure, GIICBs a jtopllc and t/M otltlt Bs predIcate Gf t4c cleA.FQE)g constnIctions caD also bc usccll to create refercnts from non-vetbal predicatcs.II1

(42), 'tlle speakels are sortlrlg oll'tvalllolls tasks the) wlii Undertake and these tasks areidentified v ith yang plus NP consfructioas.

(42) 0 : Ka Iaf4 BapaIt. )'aAg AQYBN,if fathe r.2s REL C I l ickeH

saya yangsayw'.ls REL vegetableIf you re [thc one coobng] chicken, I I tl~e [one cook ngj vege~~bles.

3.4 Aspeetaa)aed modal mirkers

Aspect markets occljir as auxiliarics directlly before the predicate. High=frequency collo=

quiai aspect markers inciude perfective udait (Standard stldaItt) and progressive lagi(Standard sedang). The continuous markermasi hand recent perfective bansare standardforms regularly used in informal interaction. The negative perfective auxiliary Itehws 'Ilot

yetais also Standard II1doncsiaI1; it Is conImonly used in Col1loquial hsdonesian but has

tlhe informal variant beJ'on. Example (43j il lustrates aspcct 'being nzamipulated interac=

tiona1ljy through the use Qf comtrasting rnarkers.

(43) M: Lu ndu h at r tadi ka BP2s PF v tba th e NE c .q'You'vc l3athed, haven't yolP;'

NEG.PFV

'Not yet.'


14/42

INTj

kQIQ =6f8 IQg k NlQMff IifM9.

Sap= DEF PRG bRHle CMlMI'.

'Hey, earlier (you) saiid (you) were bathing.'

These auxiliaries also occur with non-verbal predicates, as iin(44).

(44) 0: Ssd rrh k ot a adeiiaistnrtif yo? 'FFV city Bdnl inl ls tlMtllvc Yes.'(Batu) is already an incorporated city, isn't it: '

Modalig markers aIso occur as auxiliaries before the predicatc amd nxost arc con1rnonto Standard and Colloquiall styles. They inchde bisa 'abili ty', 'possibility', 60R'A 'per-

MlssloH, poMll3ll.llg', Bpproprlatcflcss,AQYRsh8$(lobllgatloA, Bccd,, O'It,QJ'J.' fllltUI'c,

nau 'vollition, future', ieg&>svollition s desire'. Piwgie andpdngie are collloquiall variaHfsof ingin. The standard Iidak vsaA 'hck of obligatioH, lack Of need' can be forIzed xvithany of'the colloquial negative particles (see Section 3.5), e.g. nggaIr usaIt. Examplesillustrsting nMdals with verbs include (5j and (6) above. Example (45) illustrates the useof nMdals xvitlh a prcpositioHal prcdicate. Note also the loublling up of ~o n1arkers ofoblig8tllon.

(45) N: n~esti=nva ItoIsts ke b i m pead i di lrrn a i h .must = DEF n1ust to bu rcms education P Rx

'l (l it . this one) should have [to go] to the IBureau of Education.'

Aspect Nld 11Mdal tDal'kers cRB co=occUll'. T/1ep can occUlr llo 811yordeI') dcpcHdlIlg onthe scopc of cach llHtltM pGI'ticular pI'QpositioI1 bPMlg prBMHted. Thc nlofc con1BMH ordcrin infortnal interaction is aspect followed by modal as in (46), but modal betore aspectalso occurs (47).

(46) 5: AkA 88Mg I QgrE l08 68lYAPE QJQ,

l s ind ce d FRG v, ant stmd j ust'Ia fact I vant to just stamd up.'

cuHM ka )"8= By8 sekalMBg h al MS s ud al3 b er hcnt1

onlv Ill ke :DEF now KAlJlst PF v INTR:stop'Only it seems now (we) should have already stopped.'

'allburn"koleksi.ktm>

(47) CMfQ It,Qf QkPfl'a SCkQHMg AOPf4$ SVXAA 4' 5'ACJ9tk

Negation is marked with a Hcgative particIe prcccding the predicate. Various imforn1aI.

IMgativc parflclcs iIlcludePlggQk,Hd@k, gtQgQk,BHJgQk. alll coITcspoDdlng to thc standBIdI


15/42

COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 24I

$8AMggP SQ']'9 AQPWS JI 'gga'k $ 8 'k l dg PD JP:

schikgg8 saya h aru s k ggak s mk a dm.gak PDIPkIIti1l l s must NEG l ike v itl PDIPAkd norcover %"lhat s PDIP s cokkectIIorl with th9 BB czsc Mch tlat I have to

Ilot lik9 PDIP~' c ht tp:7,'9"o'w.kMBl1l=

rcIlve.coD'IltbIfhIltb.ac.IIIdl ~rksg07465.ltklw

NokMIlklal pMdicates are fMcp]lektlf Heg8ted wllth tlM forn AH'I(:QPf,as thev arc ik StaHd8rd

IkldoIcs1ak1:

(49) D: TQPEIlBIrer'l Pead lA fML . . Se t eBrPQ'r~but w E G res i defI t lloca 1l

kQl'l7

DIST AEG.q

'But (they) aren't IIocal residentsT lsn't that the point".

(56) D:

But negative forkzs assocIlated with kon-nominal predIIcates Ie.g. egguk, sukrk, kagak)also occur with kok>IIrIals iI Colloquia1l IkdoaesII8I:

6(cik kEIEPHQl,PMMgkXP) kQk f ff

ma)'be if

. kata: gi Iu.%"ord lllke.that

'maybe if (1't)s llot a sentence, (lt) s a 'hvortL llke tlla't.

NEG ser tekCP

As ikSt81dafd Ildoklcsiak. 6wkYMk cak kegate 8 QoIl-Doiikal ptcdicate wlek a coIltrast 1$

eitber stated or ilnplied, as in (5 l ).

8'kil'W 6HItDR Nle- tl fkNMif'-l SP AQ PQk.

NEG AX"=ek)OQ=APP Dl ST.ADV sr'[I wekt there but] lII) dMn't erkjoy goIlksg there. sir.'

ME5QI= P't1'8 k f ki M dQP$

CXakrkple= D EF i f ffok11

I(,a83J .. p/ k'P PffQs-kQB,lpe priority-AkP

U11IM CQK P f/ P g E A4,

seoIah-OI'aA,

as.if

eJ

3.6 Xuleu coastmctloms: eexadatlomls madltep1cs

The cokdItIlork8l p8rtkcle kakru 'yvek, if; vhm.' is rmportakt m both Standard aridcollloquiall IIkdokesiak akd is pervasive Ilks informal, irxteractiokal lakguage ksc. A.afauBlal'ks eltllel' bypotbetllcB( condltlons as lB (52)Qr reaI condlttons as ln (53). Krr/Qll ls alsQused in telnporal adverbial clauses indicating a future tinle frame(54).

(52) D: JQM aJava

PRX n1X l31$T


16/42


iI53j N:

eA,uh

PQk@l .. J4vI Q-k l if iQ it8)'tefJ/fif.

uM %"Ord-K3P CPFtaln

'For example if (we) were Javanese, we would prioritize, tdq nuxing liketlat, like using certaIn wards.'

KQ'kFR Pifaslk $8J'vlg-$8J'Mg

if st ijl often -RDI

gElQHa NMQ Pl Qk8 'l'f/I;

l46%" % "ant p rosperGUs

. RegQAV XM(6'MSM.

lcoAYPsif,

corruption

(54j C:

(55) N:

So

'KVhen theFe's still oAen lots of'Datllon Indonesla

pfosperoUs~t

Jadi,

. J47)"8 =HJQ,

like =DEF

j kNIPP, SAQA d J ge694P)g bQJVZ i f l f4,

If PFV LGC bui ld ing f le%' DIST

J4l'8 sfldaA fesJ'k kgff :5 ,

1 p p F~ must s t r I ict'So like ivhen ive're in the nnv buildIng, xve'll already have to be strIict.'

The general ncanlng of It@I@8 Bcloss ttMsc thFce cxB11ples Qs onc Qf 'glven as 1H'gkven stuBtQn X theflY holds, and Ils IMUtrBl as 'to tlM real or hypothetKBI nBture Gftl8 glven sltLIatIGD. 6'hether tl4e clausc ls I1nterpreted as reBlis Gr lrreall1s IIS a functI16H

of other elements in the utterance or context, not the PBrticle Imcvlau. Thus, the generIcconditional in (53) has no explicit time frame. Example (52) is also condtional but has

the added markers atLM/llvn 'for exanlpie' and seolizll-oli9jt 'as ilf' (together wllth tilkHo'apil'ledge slarcd 13y t/M speakers that spcaker D ll.s ln fact Dot Savancse) to indlcate B

hypotheticai condition. In contrast, (54) refers to a specific event,pianned to take placeIn 8 fewv dags.

A.aIrau can also mark a topicalIzed eleIent. Rather than introducIing a neNI referent,8 kaIQM constrnction is usua1lly contFasting an Ildefltlflable referent %rith some Qthcr entity.

In (55) the speakers have IMen drscusstng the rlstng cost of tut rvetstp tuttlon accordtng

to the years that d>fkrent BcqvBIDtances bcgan studyIng; th1s example g>ves 1IfornaitI.Gn

about one of those years.

KPIPM l ' ioHf,

if YoniBggiQtc: Pl)YN@P@J d fM JBit i9 .

'As for Yoni, (hs yeBr] didn'f reach hvo IIIllm. [rupialj.'

corrIjpf16l1, l0%" can Il1dGDesla becoI19

NEG Av:fe ac h hvo rnill 1 on

PreposltI1onal phrascs c8n also foFFDtlM 138sis Gf a kPIQflconstrUctIon's, and functI.oflto orient the propositfon expressed Iby the main clause In space or tIinc, us1lally

in colttFBst 'to sGDM GtlMr Qr1cntatlon. In tl l f o l llowvlng cxarnple the speBkcr was


17/42


18/42

244 THE AUSTROYESJAN LANGUAGES

conversational interactioH, wlMre tilRM relationships 8re nlGre Gften develGped icGl1icallvin sequeHce. If ten1pora1l seqUence lls m8I'ked Pxplllclltly, it %'illl GfteH be with 8 coordinat=

lng coHjunctllon sucRI. as tfv'M then, lMxt .It is very camn>OH iH inforn1all interaction for c1lauses to be juxtaposed xvith-

GUtany explicit conjunctions. The rellatiGnship betweeH them must be inferred basedGa. their re/evance tG each other withiH the coHtext in Nhich tlhey were uttered. This isIllIISt1'Rt8d BI RXRIIIp l8 (60) WIRRI'8 tll8 Sp88k8FS RM dtSCBSSIBg WllO Wtll bl'IBg

Fice to B party tlMy are PllanHIIHg. TIM rlletor1cal MlatloHsllllps Ilmpllled u'1 tI1lls ecGHom =

icall CQlllQqui81 IndGIMsiBH Utterance are preseHted explicitfy in tlhe rather IliberBl free'tl ansl8tl Qn.

F6fkPE J'i)Yf R6fRi fi

Bfraid = aEF laterJ'MSE ]Qgi,

rice BgalnIm86QR)"QkQA.too.muchgitrs.Ilike.tlhat8%'hat I'm afraid will happen is that mother personN ill also bring rice andtlMH '6'ewvilIl 118ve toG mucli. That s %'48t I n'l 8fraii3 %'ill happen.

4.1 Perseiial prerIemas

TIM CQHMDGlll)' USed. prGDGuHsof 'Colloqulal IHdGI1CSIBHInclude:

(61j 1s: saya, atbt, kita, gtta - gtld (p: kiia(1p8: itattti)2S: ktVnli'fl 18 elfi 2p: Ia.A'IEQ'83S: diQ 3p: NM'Peit:8'

These free fonms are not tzarked for case md cBH occur in any position where B lexical

noun cBH occur. II1additioH to the special Uv actor proclitic Iak '1s' H1entioHed iri 3.2.1above, txvo proHQn1ina1l ericllitics, = I-u '1sross' md =mv '2smss', are allso fouad iacolloqllia1l IDdoneslan afld are discussed iH sectloH 4.' belovi'. BesMes the proHouns listed,IB (61), 0'ti181' fOBIIS BIRQ I38 IISRd, 8Sp8818lllti far ft l 'St RBd SRCOBdpRI'SOII, RCCO1'dlltlg 'tO8speaker s sociolingllistic backgI'Qtlnd. In 'collloquiall IHdQIMsian the class of pN1ouns ls moMPQI'ous md acc8pts DELv men3beI's nMKe 8asifiy than a siIBill8I' closed class n1ight ln GtllerlBHgu8geS.

4.J.Z Filsf pe>son

ID the cGrpus used lmre, sQ'L'9 15 the most CGml)lon first persQI1 prGI1ounUMd, allthoughsonM speakels teHd to prefer QIt'iI. 3BvBHese Bls9 Ilas tke fGnll l Qkfttand soHM JavaIMM

speak@rs wlll Use QIm;8lD fheir colloqllllal. IHdGfMSIBH.Use of O'It i(1sHot linllted tG 38vaneMspeakers, however; Dor dG Bll savaiMM us6' If v(hen speaklng IHdonesiBH.KPIQ Bsa firstp81sott sIBgBJRI' pMBBIBI RBd gtla (gttd) 818 oARB RssocIRt8d BI sp88k81's mttlds wtth


19/42


3akartan usagc, ad ilM for l e f l s par ti cularly fami liar, even coarse to soe

peoplle. Another strategy iH wore intirnate relationships is to use nae, kinship ternil, orcobinatlon Gf k1lHsllip terBl and nae for first pefsGH reference. Assigning levels Gflnformahtp' and 1Elt181acp' to dlfFereBt pronouns and choosllng %'hlch to 1Llse iH a glveH con-

text is based on complex sociolinguistic factors and N ill vary from speaker to speaker.While ethnic background can suggest possible variatioH in the use o f Co lloquial

Indonesian, 1t lsno't a reliahie predictor, Kt least no't IIn ternls of sln'1ple franster (see torexample tllc dlscusskoH of avoldance Of Qkf by Javaese speakers of Indoneslan 1in

Erring(on t998).IH Collloqmal Indonesian the meaHing of kita is niot restricted to first person plural

1ncluslve as lt prescQptvelp' Ils ln Standard IndoBesllan but Ils gener'kllzed tG 1Hclude lboth

first persoH inclusive and exclusive meanings and is also used for first person singularand generic. Various possible referents of kita are exernplified below.

(62) l nclusive: the speaker is tnaking plans which include his interlocutor.

D: NggainokQAlH' J88$ dfM,

if hour tv o

. IL//8 6E58 &QM'Hg pPk1 p ca n tog ether sl r

'No, at t%'o G'clQck xve cMi go together, sir.'

(63) Exclusive: the speaker refers to himself and his colleagues at another institution

%'hele Hone Gf lkls lnterlocutors '5"ork.

O': JPd/ It'lfQ $ANPE- d i& lgQ:E3 .. P D P .

s o 1 p sha r e wi t h PDP'So we share [facilities] ~vith PDP.'

(64) Singular: 0 is asking what he bituself should bring to the party m contrast toGthers who are RtteBdlHg.

D: Ki ta nmu ~ryiap-~n Qp07

I s x vamt av :prepare=hpp xvhat

DQgl8g QAJM $8)%P7weat Qf veget ablle

'What slGuld I make, meat Gr vegetables7'

(65) Generic: speakig hypotheticalIiy about xvhat naight happen to anyone.

TQpJ 47IQM fiQI QM Eld Qk blM

but i f if NEc, caH yes

(H) .. klfQ HQN f&QA . . AQ' fHkQIt O EfgkM.

I p I Bcrease kBc reaM pa) 'met

sBut if jonej ca't trow], weli oe has to payore [to hre aH oarspersoH].'The previous examples were chosen 4ecause the context makes iIlterpretation relatively

clear. But as xvith s~'e in English, whichay be vague bettAeen inclusive or exclusiveeaH1gs. ttle actuaI nltent Gf a token Of J4tQ ln colloqu1la1l IIldQneslanap be aml3llgu=

Gus Gr evefl llfldeterrnate.


20/42

ENST REL

l3.PTCL


(66j C : . . N ah ,

Efv )YUfg

. 8A,

sapa 5M6fah NgoHloji'l'g-PJgoNMPilg PaRJQAg Ie66U,'I s rvv .~v : ta)k=v.Dr long 'Lvlde

d88gQN F PdP . SeJNPIQNJ,

'Lvith Yuda las t .Bight,

IQPI,

butkhIa b8I f4Nl' O'P kl lf4 SPI'eSS JRg It,e M P/ Q.

Ip NEG.P Fv t06 stM ss t o DlsT.A IDv

GK, tllat s w48t I spoke to YlKla about for aI long tlmc IRst n1ght tKlt %'chIaven't really stressed that B1uch yet.'

HES

The spe3ker and Yuda llave been cstabllIShed M 8 pair of referents wvllo have HMdc

pllans together. and kita iB the last line may refer to thc two of tlaem, exclusive Gfthe present auclience, who are felllow oA'ice workers zt a n1eeting. H6wcver, the issue athand has already been briefly rnentioned in the present mectIHg as well, and kta

may be inclusive of the audlencc. But in fact it is the speaker himself who hasdonc aln16st Rlll the talklng up 'to Bo%' afld 1M could well rnesn that }lc hfn1sclf 1MS HGt

yet, coveMd tlM lssuc 1B t60 fnuch detBlls and R fKst person sjngu/ar MMling Is also

possiblc. If wc asMmc that the spcaker hMI. a spec(fic refeMnt iI1 m1nd 1vhcn tllisutterancc Avas pMduccd, than we cRn sBY tiMt kkfa IIS RB113IIguous in t4IIs contcxt.However, another possibility i s t ha t m y o r a l ll of t h e i n tc rpfctations IlistedabGve could4ave been intended by the speaker md heard by his audience, such that

the 'real' identIty of the referent Gf kita in this context is B6tonly indetern1inafe, but

irrclevant.

The first person exclusiive pronoun kami can allso occur in colloquia1l Indonesian,Nrhcre its B1eaning is alv ays first person singular or first person plural exctusivc, but

Hcver p1lUlMl Inclluslve or gcncBc 'C-holce bettik'ecn kQ'0l/ and tIL/fQ' wltll the slngular or plu =

ral exclusive B1emings ivill vary by speaker and intcndcd levell of inforrnality. ExclusivekQN)E'evokes 8 B16re standard sg'Ilc tllMB It,lta, %'hllekQP8t'lvlth singular Mfi8rence is hllghlyGKiciIous and its usc in an othenvise inforfrfal context would produce a particularty jar-

ring (and potentialliy very eFective) jnxtaposition of styles.

4.2.2 SecwEaPBf 6l'JP%Pe'P59$

Man'tt' speakef's conslder.ANNlQ2s approprjIBte for addressllng 8np close frIend, or everIcausa( acqUalntsnces (H IIHfornlal jintcractlGB. while 6tl181'spcakers consider 4fPHPtoo

coarse for use v, ith equals mxl nxay Usc it only tG sma/1 children Gr anin18/s, if at all. Alsovery fantiliar is Itl(ela), associated with Jakartan indonesian and socioiinguistically corn-p/en1entary to first person gee mentioned above. Also in1portanit for second person ref-

elence is the use Gf HGMes, c1lBssif(catory kinsIlip terms, of' ll3oth, Gs Secn in Humc1'QLls

examples t11roughIout ths chapter, xvherc the Ifterall mcaf13ng m the glass lfne Is appended


21/42


'ljvith jthe a135revkation 2s to IfIdicate tIM iHtende J refcrent. Oihet secoHd 13ersol1 prGHGm=

ina1l fornzs are used, frorn time to time according to the iHteractioHal Heeds of speakers,including those that am very familiaf. e.g. engkau, rmore Ilmpefsonal. e.g. smdam andARda, or thst wotlld lropt7 speclshst kBowtedge, e.g.t'aa (Ettgllsh) ol' PrlfP.(froB1 Arshllc

YllsBetswl MR/Ry).Dia '3s' is typicalfiy resefvml for lhumaH referents, as iH (7). Hwvever, very topicBI non-hQnlan anlltllate or eveH )nafllmate ref@lMHts wlllI be MfelTed to wl tI' I 6AQ b)' soDle speak-

ers, as in (20Il. Mereka '3p' is Ilikewise usually reserved for ltmumaH referents, as in (67j.

(67} N: Jt Iel e7raceIRah palai Rtic3p lectU Ie use microphone'They lectufed using a mike.'

4.2 Passemive prenomas

The eHclitics =Ihs ' I.sposs' and =mn s2sposs' caH ocn>r in collloquiall IndGHesian BIvongtlhose speskers who Bse the correspoodiBg fBll( formsali~ RBdkama (68}. More coB11BOBit> the data used for the present study is the use of 5>ll profIomiHBI forms Jirectly folIow~-ltlg the heed tlolB1 fol' fl lrst ol' secolld persol l proBQBtllBRl possessors (69).

(68} H ip... Rgap alr l 8lffi(;I-2 SMtM1'MJQ ~P7PHe flg =apa= fn fHukul =nI.UkUl suBl'l l l)= Illllll,Hey Av-'L vkat-APP A v : h lt -RI3I' lmsbaHd=281'DssRHep,%'hat are pou cloing llitting Ihtrour husbBHcl7


22/42


(7 I ) A: FOI'0 $8E CQN if'Ek IIIO.

plhotQ PRx beautifull PARTThls photo is MRjlpnlce.

T JEEE. 8>~'r

PRX%iV, i'Is this 'A'iwi~'

DeDloiMtrat ive pfon68lAs Blso CQIomolAlp I'efiBl' tQ ref8rel1ts RjreGdp' established il1 dls=

comse, as in the last line of (72).

(72) C: CQJcBIQtoI'calculatorHo%r CQUld

. TQPE

butE)~Q vQ,

p'es peah

QJQ ILQI(; 6egE ffl,

jl llst PART l lke . that

just a calc1llator be thQIlglht that [in1portaI1t].'JQ%8-IiQWIItE gQe P/Ia|7)'-PEkifE'

lol1g=

R.De jls think=

RDI

EfV kQPl'

DIST NEG.Q

88t BAer R,

P'QUkIlow.

$8J'QRQ tI(;icvJQ.

faC1llty ' IArOt'kv;hille I was thinking, oh yeah, it is a part of our work equipI11eI>t,

DemoiMtrative prQI1ouM Bre cspeciallp commQn fQI' DQn-IR1111anrefereAts, %'ilic4 usuallY

are 11ot referred to xvitlh dEa '3s', but caI1 also refer to ImmaI1s Qf al1y person, as with the

use of aih for first person reference in (45). Demonstrative pronouns can also refer topropositional content, see the second line of'(77) below, and can be used non-referentiallyas discourse markers to introduce a proposition as in (73).

Iru mnfi bia) Mbak Vep e,PR.x lat er let .i t.be si ster V h ym

Jcltlg J'MVIfQ'-klN S JPP P .

REL AV: f l X- APP "5'4o

'SQ here, MbRk Yaym's going to be the one to say who ["ll do xvI1at].'

A CQmmol1 marker Qf CollQquial Indonesian Is the use of the red1lced dernonstrativepronounsttitt 'this' and tsh 'that'. These can stand alone as in exatnple (I4) or in combi-nation with the full-fornt equiva/ents, asittt ttth 'that that' in example (78). In general,reduced deI1MI1stratives do l1ot occm clause initia1lly, but otherwise can Qccur in al1y syn-tactllc poslltiol1 %'heM R Ml det11onstrative can QccUr. A discllssioD of tlM fiHncfional

differeI1ces betaveeI1 fhese forms awaits further research.

4.3.2 DVNfW'l'SifJQA'V8 deif8)'8$(RePS

DemQnstrative deterI1>iners have fhe same fQrnz as the den1QI>strative prQIMm1s, i11cIudil1gfUlll Bnd slhort fam1s, as welll as the combination of fulll Bnd short forl11s tagether. A I11ajor

fUnct1011 of demonstfatlve deterHmlers Ils to II11dlcate tl1at the refeEznt Qf the lAMlflpl1rase thev

modify is identifiable from the discourse context, as in the I'irst line of (71) wherefoto


23/42

in tlM dkscoufse cGfltext.


JPlJthis photo Ils a photogfaph physkca1lly Ln ffont of tlM speakcrs, or ttlaf kt is LdefltkfiabIeby havkng been pfcv1Mlslly cstablkshMI.1fkthe dkscokkrsc as LH(54) whcrc gddMJ'IgbQPtfItM'the nev bkkIldiflg a has already been nzekktioned iH the convcrsatioIL. In this fm>ctiGHdeMGflstratlve dctern1ijflefs cakk I3e seen to CGmplement =f l fQ, discussedabove, %hkch

indkcatcs a refefeILt v"hich is idefltif iablc by association v ith sokme other identifiabllerefefcllt, bllt '6"4lchIItself Heed Ikot llavP. bcen prevllouslv melktkoflcd ol' othefw1se present

Addlt16klallV, dckTkolkstat&'e dctern1ILMrs can als6 occul' tA'Ith noun pllfascs that are

Gthervvise marked as idcflttfiablcs either ik>hefeHtlly so, such as proper nan1es or prokkokms,as in (74), or in conjunction with =ayu, as in (75).

(74) Qtt lng /r s bE' Ptcl .sP/rn/t snPlQSnp'n './iYliwae snyn / ifB.Qraflg it u l3e I lc i sek al1I safna saya kafeILB say a ktu

person DlsT hate ver y l v it h l s bec ause 1s D l sT

'That persolk rcalIiy hates me because I'm not serious.'Khttp:j Av%'%'.pefspektkf.net&cta. teror/ adll09.htHI1%

Pldtlk Sei'E'tks.

tkdak serjkks

NEG serkous

(75) D: Aa i uu saya,if 1sIo'pf i= HgP IIfl,

Bllchovy= DEF DIST

66-g6M'Ng,

Uv =ffyAs fof me, tIII fry tl4e ancl4ovlcs.

4,3.3 0'8 NMtksflYEtEvc86fveP6$

The denzonstfative 'manflef' adverbs 68glNE 'llke tlhis' ancllbegI'lQ 'Ilike that' BHdthellfshort foI'Ms, gsNt Bkldgl'tIE respectivcly. Bre very kIBpoI'taHt Ln ColloqIIllal IIkdoflesiafk dks-

courM. UQllike trUC rnaxmef Bdvcrl35, t4ese Bdvefl35 can l3e used alkaphGI'kcallly to refef toa previously nmntloned proposition. In example (76) two interlocutors have agreed on atime akkd place to meet and D cGHclkkdes the discussiofl uslng begstu to refer back to thecircm11stances just agreed on.

(76) D:PFV

Udah,

I-ataIL begitu.

'lt's settled, if that's the case.'if like.that

The short foI'n1,g/ fM,Ls Gftelk Lksed to fefef back to 't4c prGpGsitiofl hvhllcl4I the speakcl' hasjust expressed; tl>is usaae usualIy occurs at Ae efld of a short cluster of ilktonation uflits8fld is an in1portamt fhetofical device to marked uflit boufldaries in Collloquial IHdonesiafl.

as in (60).As welll as referring to xvhole propositions, a dermoflstrative adverb caH refer to a

pfeviousIy establkshed predicate, xvhich then becomes the predicate Gf'a different refefent.In (77) the speaker first outlines a probletnatic situation involving oKice files. He then


24/42


25/42

COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 25 I

nonomorpIcmic in Standard IndonesiBn. But many commoH intransitive verbs that

Iight pI'escriptivcly tBkc the intransitIve prefllxcsbeP= or PM'A= lD StBndmd IHdoneslaH,for cxample 6ePPQP)l'8'ask', RHdNkefffQN)E 'slIHg'. regular1iy occur Bs nQnonloI*phcnllICforms in conversationai indonesian, i.e. tanya(79), and aliaayi (go).

(79) U: Elk7 h sl? t i???gs??l?g to?IVI? yi9.~I p c a n dlr ec t Bsk pes"A'e can ask directIiy, canst we~

GPAV-gQWHfO' tl'QAtQ JtfE FQN ) ' M 'kt M'CQP fPM

gRra-gafa= nya wGktu 1tu FM ll y sa kl t c ac ar. IteI'U 5I'eMlt = DEF t1H c DlST Fad ly s1ck sna l lp ox N E XT

HggQIt, 6ESQ Pfl'QEEP'J.

nggak Bisa nyaHyiNEG CBH Slng

AkA'EE'Jf4'6 >"ItifVifQEEg 'l 'QP)g g O Bl kEN.Akhlr = nya NBHMlg yang gantl-I ncnd = l3EF Na nBH g REL feplace-APP'Since Fadly had snalllpox at that tinc, Bnd he couldnst sing, iH the endl NaHaHg

replaced ltin.'

The use of unafFixed 1Intransitive verbs is B sign of informal style. But by DG neans are

all iHtransitive verbs unaAixed iH the type Gf Colloquiall Indonesian descriBed herc. Noris it thc case that intransitivc BIIYixes are sinpfiy 'droppcd' at random in ColloquialIIIdanesian. It Is the nost frequent verbs 1IHdiscoursc that regutlBIly do not have aQixes.Lcss commoIlly used BHdm6re spcckallzed 'o'Qrds tcnd t6 sltQw Mly aftllxcd forms BIllcBn be analyzed as being drawH by spcakers fron the extcnsivc stock of Standardbldones?a?I vocabolarv, rathel' tilan tlle Inore ilm?ted (bllt pervaslve) stock of lnfoB11aivocabulary. Other factors that nay Dsotivate the usc Gf prefixation inck>de the folllowing.

In cBses 'bjvlMrc B contrast llHafflxatlon, bcms Bn Ilmportanf MmaHtllc contrast s the aNxeswill tend to bc retaIHed, Bs in behaja> 'study' and egujar 'teach' fron the baseajnI 'hw,=

lng to do wlth tile teachlng?tearnllng process . Gliter pMfixeli verbs have devetoped

specialized scmaH(ic functions in wvhich the prefix no longer nBIks a transitive iH(rans-

tiivc distinctioH Bnd tcnds to bc retained iH CollIoquiBl IHdonesiaH. The base tE'nggaI'depart, reside, remain' v ith the Standard IHdonesiBH pIefix n>e.V-, 0>eningga/, is Beuphemisn meaning 'to die' and iH this functioH nevcr occuIS without the standard pre-

fix, even I.H informal contexts.

5 2 V9icc

As v ith staHdard IndoI>esIan, colloquial IHdonesiaH cBH rHark a distinction BetweenActo?' Volce (Av) allci Ulldelgoer Volce {I?v) trans?tlve ciallse co?lstrnctlons (see sect?oll3.2 above). As 8 marlker of informal register, an ~v verb may either be Bnprefixed, as in(6) ol' ilave 'tlle Basssl pMflx ~V- aslIB(15). Alternat?vetv, Av verbs Blap have tile StalldardIIdoIMsian prefix me~V=. N represeHts either a velar nasal or a nasal homorgaHic witl theinitial coHsonant of the base as shmvn in TaBle 3.3. When X- is applied to base forms

with initiall voiced consoIants, there are tv o alternative reallzatioHs oHe coHsisting ofa homorgaHic nasaI alone, xvhict is similar to the cognate construction. in 3Bvancse; BId

Gflc cGHslstlng Gf 8ge =, whll.d is sIDZllar to the cogHatc constrllctll6n I,n SLH1dancsc. 86th


26/42


1TI-(y Clided) tttatiggi'I

1TI-, Gge- tN'bQ'tit, ti gebatiitM

D- (k Clided) ttetifMkr2H

D-, TlgC- tideti gat; tigedeagat

Dv- iIs cllldcdII tivebHtDV- CC ellded) twatiD- ~ AIC- ttjoNHh', ttgiP$604'ah'

Dg- (k CllKICd)' tigasfk

Dg-, Age- ttggattggn;ttgegattgguDgC- tige/M &tslti

Dge- tige~~"avvatit.-am

Dg-, ANC-ttgIedefc, ttgeledeitt0- ttJ'/itNQA'

Dg- Hgaptibll

TABE.E 83: NASAL PRKFIX ALLOMOlRPlHS

Initial phoDcAlc

p iIpattggil 'call ' )b (batttn 'lhelp')k (tenhtIati 'set' jd getigi9t' hCsITIj

s itsebttI 'call' )c (eati Iook fof )

j (j a>~u6 RAS%'CF)k (JtmiA 'give')

g (gattggu 'bothet' )ll (Ita&tSlti f1Alsb )

%' (wa~vaneam intCTVieW )

lliqllids (kdeI- 'ridicule')

MSRIS(ttifvnalIi Cl l)0'itt')

vowels(ambiI 'take')

orthogkapl>IC ~11 ~ l3rollounced as palatal nasal [JI]~~ This form is not conlmoD; a less IIlakked alkermtive wollld be tIo Ilse a Alore eolloquiail base mtholit

inittial h , pluS llg-, Jtga&istti.

Glen- I 'NeticaP!

Dlell- tNetig6P4

1TIeng- (k elided) tttetigasih

1TICAI',- ttietiggatiggH

1TICAg- ttletigIia&tslt!

QM- ttiefedek

1TIC- ttl'etttkHaift

1TICQI,- ttiettgatti&d

1TICIH- (p Cllded) tHettiatigg7/

lTICIH- PHettibatif 8

1TICQ- ( k CIMlCCll)'tilettetifvkatt1TICQ- ttieH6(etigaP

1TIcAY- (s clId&l) ioJ'etil'6"bwt

1TM- welf"0 NHtlt."QPQ

8lterkl8fkves Rre con1iBlQBly uMdl Ilk1Colloq iukal Indonesllak1i and kndkvidual speakers Blay

8lltcrklatc bcfwvcen them.Use of Av cllauses is gelMrailfiy associated with undefgQers that are indefiklite Qr non=

referekltia1l. ActQtskkkAv c1lauls tend t6 IM defknlte 8nd tQpical. TheM Ils 8lso 8.tendency

for speakers to prefer .~v clausesik1irreal.is cok1texts and whekk expressing backgroundkkkfOrmatlQB.

Ik1both types Qf Uv clauses those v ith a di-prefkxed verb as v ell as those wkth a pro-clitic actor (section 3.2 8bove), the undergoer subject tends tQ be referential Rnd definite.

IB all Uv cllauses with 8 procllitic actor, the actor is a/M referentkallMkddefknite. 5,I8k1y Uvclauses eith the dI= constructiork alsQ have referential aIkd dH'ik1ite actors. There is atekkdency for Uv clauses to be used kn realis contexts aind xvhen expresskng foregrQundedinformation. There is allso8 secQBd g7e Qf 4i-verb cQBstruction, the agentless Uv clause,

in which the Rctor is non=referek1tial or unirnportakkt and is usuallly umnek1tkoned or

QH.lyexpressed with a gek1enll terkM such as 0/YUlg 'persQB,sQmeQne, an)'olke . This 1ls

ex801P/ifkcd ik1(58) in Iivl1ich the actQr Qf dkMkQM be recorded ls unknQwlk aindinconsequekltia1l

This brief fm>ctiokm1l description Qf Av and Uv clauses okkIiy presents genera1I tenden=

ckes. speaker usage varies according to rnediukrk and geme, 8s xvelll as first-languagebackground 8nd socio-ecokkokmc status. The complexities of this system and its usage are

topics which cQk1tik1ue tQ Qccupy researchers.

IB CQl.loqukal. Ik1doneslaD the stand8rd appIkcativc suftlxes=tjm;QH Rnd=1' ai'e uMcl Ilk1adclkitkQk1

to the exclusively colloquial -irk. In Standard Indonesian, appllkcative suffixes gek1eralllyforn1i trans>tv e xerbs from tiransktv e or kntrainsktv e werb81 bases or from non-werbailbases. The su8lx =kQPkcak1 kndkcate cauMtkve (PeMQPMskQB tQ h6'at sQHMthkk1g up< patras 'bot' ), benefsctive (weetbeh kaa 'to buy for s'omeone' < Irtembeli 'to buy") or


27/42


cok1trol1led perceptiok1(merrdeegarkas>'listek1 to' vs ekewdengas 'hear' j. The sufFix -i canindicate directional (mendarangi 'come to' ( datang'colne') or iterative (merrIIILIIA 'hitrepeatedly' < rrremrl/crr/ 'lut'). In Standard Indonesian, senlantically related pairs of tran-sitive and ikktnnsitive verbs are oftek1 foun(IILLL1xvhich the intrak1sitive takes a prepositiok1al

cornpleknent, whi/e the transitiive has an applicative suffix mxl the ershvhille prepositionalBlgunlent Ils t/M' und@rgoer; for exakrlple beJ'&IcPJ 8 iteRAP/g "talk al&out ak1d N/etg-blca/QkQH dkscuss, AdA'k di skt on afMI. MVI)dBdflki occupy .

The co11loquial applicative sufFix =ie is a robust nmrker of informal style. Ii can oftenrepllace=kan or -i, retaik1ing the same meaning as the form with the standard sufFix, as in.(8I) where 'tlle stallclard folms wollld be dr /Ia/I-/c /can -Uv-retlllln-APPMd Inenp'e/Idr/cAv: LnvestIIgate-App .

(8 I) N : . . Ter ra d i / I aA 'L -in-

then Uv=retum =APP

.. Din piegie vyehdik-izrII,E'Ia,

3s xvak1t A v : investigate-Apv I s'Tilen (he) renrF11ed(lt) [my dlary]. IHe had wallted to llnvestlgate llle.

The forHl wkth-IH map cover 136th -i aIld -kflfJmeankngs for sorne verbs, Gk'Lnoil iML' casesthe -it8 fl3lkll has no StandRrd Indorneskal1 equkv81lents; for PXBITkple Colmoqukal BgeJJQJB

'beat np on' (physlcally or emotlonally), but Standard mengerja/lan 'enlploy' andIrrengergm '>vork on'. In Collloquial Indonesian, there may be Iko applIcatiive used when one wouldbe prescriptively requiredI e.g., the Co/loquial unsuftixed ngev'av'a~ream 'to interviexv' is

used Lnstead of tlle standard applicative fornl mew'aM;arrcami. ConverMIy applicative

fork11s nlay be used, xvhen no such form is accepted it> Standard Indonesian. This is I11us-trated in (82), xvhere the stak1dard form for 'help' woUM beeresnbantn without a suN'ix.

5 I: Aenapa RvIC; RT=eya BggQIt' Etg8-EPQP1'tM-IP),%'l1$' M r nek ghborhood.head=DEF NE G Av- l3 an tu=APP

M QII.If4 |IfM.

t inM DIS T

''INhy didn.'t the neighbourhood head help at that time'?'

wMe there Ils a pfefelMnce bv speakers to use the colloqukal N- rathek' than8M'N- Lf 8Iaasal prefix is used in conjuk1ction xvkth -in, forms xvhich juxtapose the fornlal prefix md

informal suffix do occur as in (83).

EEtQ NMfH'-6~'ifPkg-M

I s Av- Lrnage-APP

I LTLinlagining this >

(83) C:

There is not as strorkg a preferekice for avoiding X= ~vhen standard mpplicative sufFixes areused. Forkrks such as tfgMfQ'kQB8nd tlgddosPt 'GrraHIII,C' (K QdQ ExlsT) are both comMG11.I/Iar18tkon IH tl1e use Gf Rpplkcatkves Ls seen througho'Ut exGI11ples Ln thks chapter.

5.4 Statlve amd peteative verbs

In Standard Ikkdonesiak1 the prefkx/eP=,used on verbal roots io kn Jlcate poiekltia1 ok Bdvel =

sative passive, is often mplaced xvitlh iIifork11al ke= in Collloqukall Ikkdonesiaki: Standmrd


28/42


29/42


The Feduced deiciic forms ffdP,PPHi,gEPPf,GIKll gll'8 %'CM discMsed in 4.3 above i

tlMlFdeictic and infornatio fllolv flLmctioBs. Because tlese forns frcqllently occur at 68efld of 1ntonat1on 1lIMts, thep can sinM1ltafleousl$' functIon to nlark tiM eflds of di.scourseLlltS W/11le peffOrmlng thellr Othef SenantlC Or pl'agmatlC fLlDCtIOQS.GPIB lS CSpeClall'ttr

conI1on In lnformall rf1teractllon Gs a fFatrl1ng dev1ce n1ar'klng the end Gf a larger dls=

COllrSC uinIlt.

(86) W : .. K aJQ fP $5glPl PM'PP-daPat-4UP SeSfMff4,

i f ~vant A~=Feceive=,wr P somethingIkkf RH' dPI cl

endeavor f i rs t

gEJA PPIIR.

like.that sir'lf (yo lr ) want to get something, yon have to work [for it ] fi rst, that's how Itls, sir.

ThIls exallnpIe also i lllHstratcs ttM 38xtaposition of registers con11onlD IltMlonesi811 inter =

action. Here the speaker's proomcenent is presented In a standard style, includingthe llse of me.V-, -IaaP>,arxl the rather formal sesvatrs'something', yct is framed with theconversational gihv '1like that'.

D8>, siA, and znaA mark tlhe information status of ellcnents v, ithin a clause.SiA ardmaA are topic rnarkers, indicating given, often resurnptiive or contrastive, inforrnatio ia s'tatelnent; see fol' exanlpiesIII ln (35) Bhove, ol' IIIOII ln (87). DeA illgililghts lnfornIB-tioll focIIS ill a statenlent, as in (87), and is also nsed as a softener in commands. Qc!II andslII Bre Bssoclated wlth Jakartan ihldoneskan, wlllie IIIIIll ls fl'onl Sllnl[BIMse (see ftlrther

dI.scussion of regional particles belloxv).

(87) M: /WCf4fnnny D.PTCL

dM PPMA.

3s D.PTCL.

He s fllnny.

SIA Is Biso Usecl Bs B soABIIBr Bfter Bqllestlon word, as In (88).

(88) M : A p a sih luh ppa m a= pr ya.what D.PTcL DIsT Ianxe=DEF

Now v hat was lt called

siitifEYt HMrks a tralslltllon IMhveen scgIIMll'ts of dlscourse 1larger tkan 8 clause. For exRI1ple,

ln (66) the speaker uses PPah to itxlicate a sunD1ig up of what he lhas just been talkingabout. NaA can also be used to introduce a Hexv topic of conversation, or to drav a

hcarer s attcntlol1 to an itenl In thc discourse or etlvirollIMcl1t.As sccn wIt}1a fwv of tltM dlscollfse 8al'keFS dll.scUssecll above, speakers flequently

incorporate regional particles irto Colloquiall Indonesian. Some of these, such as sih, deAad kaIt; have bccone very common it) the colloquial IndoIIesian of iany speakers

regardless of first=languagc or regIonal background. Otlher regioal discourse markers,such as the SmdanesePPMA,orjY, a quotative or suirprisc tmarker conmon it some vari =

eties of Javanese, cspecially on the Nortlh Coast of tava, xvil1 normally occllr or1ly In theCo1lloq1lia1l IndoIMsian of speakers from that specific area, ald will not have gained v idercuiFrenc)' throughotjlf thc ar( hlpelago. Other elcDMDts eHblemafll c of Col lloqur Bl


30/42

256 TME AUSTROYESJAN LANGUAGES

Itxlonesiats speech that majy be associated v ith specific regioBal laBguages inctude, forexamplle, the variation, in allon>orphs of X- nMntioned in section 5.2.

When speakers use such regionall features. they need Bot necessariIy be regarded asspeaktBg a separate variety Of' CQI1loquial Indonesian. Rather, one of the hallmarks of

Collloqullall Indotlcslan lls that tts speakers dfa'o' on a broad atld varlled Mi of linguistllcresources in ordet to iBdicate an itsforrnal style of speech. OBe of the resomces availabIleto a1lI. speakers is the use of regionally identifiable linguistic elements and the option of

Using these to assert a sense of personal identity or social affiliation ~vlule speaking. Thatis, in the context of interpersonal interactioB, speakers of Colloquial IBdonesian regularlydepjo+ rnorphologllcal and + Btactlc resources froHil a4'arMQ'of sources as tlM)' coBveyBot only propos1tlIQBal and pragmattc 1nfojrnat1on but a strong sense of 1deBf1$" enll3ed-

ded in the socially atxl etmotionalIiy salijent coatext of informal interaction. This is exem=

plified by the jiustaposition of discomse markers frottt different regional sources in (87)and of ditTerent registers in(86), and is etnblematic of tbe vitality of informal interaction.

TIM fesulli ts the ltvely, pelsotlBII, and coBstajntl)' cvolvit1g langUage sfyIe that is modernCollloqull.all ItNfones1aA.

4CKNG'A'LKBG1MENTS

In addition to the hvo editors of'this volune, I xvould also like to thank Susanna CUBmning,Novt Djlenar, and Robert Englebretson (wlto also provtded exantp(es 21 and 70) for tiMtrhellpfull conltMents. Umar Muslim greatly assijstedDM LBthe colllectiotl and transcfiptllotl ofmuch of the data. Research for this project was partialIiy Anded by an Australian Researchcouncil smaIl Grat>t aBd I xvas supported as aB. Associate Felloxv at the InteraattonalInstitute for Asian Studtes, Leiden Universify turing the initial wrttiBg phase.

TRANSCRIFTION O'ON'tl"KNTIONS

APl.'e 6M'Qk

truncated intonafion unit

flna1l p1tch cjontour

conttButng pltchj contourappeal p1fch contiouf

separate line used for each compllete or truncated intotmtion unit

short pauseIong pauseIengfheB1ng of preceding segmeni

fnincated 'jjvord

speaker attributionovet.lapptng segfDenf of speech

tBhalation

A

L~3(H)

Alisjahbana, T.S.(1962) Xedortesia Lottgttage ond' Liremtwt.: 1ivoFssays,New Haven,Cotlti.: Yale UBtvetsllty Southeast Asta Sfudies.

Anderson, R.O'G. (1966) 'The Languages of jtndonesian politics', Indoaesia 1: 89 jj16.Anwar, K. (1980) Jtldoaestolt: rI Dcvelopeteat cad Usc of c !n or M/ LeagMoge,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjahj Mada University Press.


31/42

65 92.

NUSA.


Badudu, J.S. et al. (1984) tjorfologi Bahasa Indonesia (Lisan), Jakarta: DeparfcmenPendidikan dm Kebudayaan.

Cumtlllng, S. (2002) 011 tll-, papcl' prcsenfcd Rf 'tltc 9fl1 Infcrnattonal Confcrct1cc011AUstrollcsiM) Llnguistlcs, Can13crra.

Du Bois, J.W., Schucfzc-Cobum, S., Paolino, D., and Cunllning, S. (1992) DiscottrseTPitMscE'/pIEof/, santa BGII'IMlM: Un1vcrslty of csllfornla. sRIlta Barbara 13cpMtInent GfLinguistics.

EnglcblcfsoB) R. (20M) Searchlng for StPlcctto e: 'iAe Ptuhient of Comp!ententatlon tnCQIIQqMQI JM&M'skQB CQtJveE5'Qif'EOR,An1sterdatYL: Jo/1l'I Ben)GI11lns.

Errtngfon, J. ( 1998 }Shtjtln gLang'uages.' Intetrtctlon tllld Iden.tttt) lll Javanese Ittdonesta,Catllbridge: CaDlbridge UI1liversltv Press.

Ewtng, M.C. Rnd CutfulllBg,, S. (1998) Rclaflvc clallses tn lndottestau d1scourse; Facc foface and cyberspace interacfion', in s.L. chelliah and w J. dc Reuse(eds.)Papers ftrtntfAe Ftjtlt Annual lfIeettng of ihe, Sotttheast.4slan L!Ilgutstlcs Soclett)) 79 96, Tetl'1pe,ArizGI18: Arizol18 State University.

Gil, I3. I'2002a) 'Thc prefixes di- and N- ia Mahy.'IndGnesial1 dialects', in F. '6"G}LIkmd

M. Ross (eds.} The Histoty and 7(pology of Western Attstlrtnesiatt Voice Systeltts241 283, Canbcrra: Paciflc LlngUlstlcs.

(2002b) Rtatl Indolmstan -kltn lIBsytlchrony alld dlacllrony, papcl' prcsetlfcd af fhc9th Intenntiol181 conference Gn AUstronesim Liagllistics, Larlberra.

Grtjns, C.D. (1991) Jaharta 11)Ialay: A ttt)Ittltiditnensional Appt)oach to Spatial Vatiafion,Leidel1: KITLV Press.

Hain1an, J. (1978) 'conditiGI1als are topics', ImIyEage 54: 564 589.Hoffnlan, J. (1979) 'A forclg11 tnvcsnYlcnf: ltldlcs Malay 'fo 1901 ', IIIIIonesta 27:

HookeravM. (1995) 'Ne% otdcl lallgURge ln colltcxt', ln vM. Hooker I cd.) cfiAIAV PAd

Socieh' in Nev Onkr N loeesie, 272 293, Oxford: Oxford Un.iversity Press.Ikrancgara, K. (1980} Metatnt Beiawi Gtrltnntar, Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri

Kaswanti Purwo, B. (1984) Tottatrls a Description of Contentpotuly Indonesian:PE'eIENIEA~PEQ' 5IINffes, PPPtJI, Jakarta: IEIGdBn PenyelcrlggHra seri NUsA.

(1988) Towamts a Description of Contentporaty lndollesian: Pts'liminary t)tttdies,PaEt JK Jakarta: Badal1 Penyelenggara seri NUsA.

it)lacDonaid, R.R. and Dardjowidjojo, s. (1967) A sludettth' Refetsnce Glrtntntat ofModern Pw emI JEIdoIIesim>, Gcorgetown: Georgetown University Press.

Maier, H.M.J. (1993) 'IFrotn heferoglossia to polyg}ossia. The creation of Ivlalay andI3Utcl4 Ml 8M Illdlles, XEttdoflet}t'io 56:37&5.

Moeliollo, A.M. Rnd Dardjowidjojo, S. (cds.j (1988) Tata Baltasa BO41 BaliasaZEEdoMJIQ, Jakarta: l3epartcn1cll PendlldlkBl1 clan Kcl3UdRYMn.Moeliono, A.M. et al. (1988) Aamtts Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Balaii Pustaka.Muhad)llr (1981) Aforphologt) of Jakarta Dlaleci: A ffltxiatton attd RedttplIcat lort., Jakat"ta:

Badan PenyejenggMa Scri NUSA.Mtlsgl'avc, S1nlon (2001), Xon SBIIIect APgttnt-ents Itt Illdoneslall, PIID Dlsscrtafloll,

University of Me jboUrne.Prenficc, D.J.(1990) 'Malay (Indonesian Rnd Malaysian)', in B. Comrie (Cd.) The IVorldsMQJOPL.QNgBog8$913 935 LoMIGn RoUtledge

sncddon, J. (1996) Indonesian: 2 complehensive Gtuntmar, I.ondoll: Routledge.

prescntcd at the 9th Inte rnatioI1al confereI1ce on Austroneslan Linguistics,Cant)erl'a.TR11nel; N. (1967) Specch and socllefy RB'Iongtilc Itldoncslan clltc: A casc sntdV of a

nlUjtl1.lIlgUajl coDlHlUnlg", 28tI'Yj'I'opohogJciQIE,ttNglH$Acs 9: l 5MO.

Verhaar, J. (1984) Toufttris a Description of Corttempotfny IndolreSia: Prelimina>ySlmdiessPivr ( jt, Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA.

(2002) 'VariatloA ln llnfGrlM81l JGkartGn IndGHesiRIl: 8 qUafltitativc stud) t, pRpcr


32/42

ABBRKVIATIONS

AfFix boundarics arc indicatcd by a hyphcn (-). clltic boundariesby an cq11ah signII=').

Im.fixcs iI1 verI1acular wordsarc betwecn ang/edbrackets (),If nlorphcnle bouAdafics arc llot indicated ID the vcr11acllIar llnc, a. coloI11suMd 1A

betwcm. granllr1atlcal categorylabel and basemeaning iI1 thc gloss (e.g. Av:get). If one

formative representstve or nlore morphosyntactic categories, aperiod is used to sepa-

rate the categorics iI1 the gloss (e.g. RLs,vc). Similarly, multiword glossesfor single

lcxlcBlbascs Brc scparated by perlods (c.g. fatllcl;lll.laiw ).Glosscs for pronollns BIId pronominal cliticsand afFixcsare as follows:

1 s 1st persoD singular

2s 2nd pcrson Singular3s 3 rd person sineularl p l stperson plural

l pi l st perso11 plural iI1clusiveI pe 1stperson pluralexclusive

2p 2nd pcrson plural3p 3rd person plural

Thc letters d and P are uscd inarlalogous fashion to indicatc respectivelydual BIIdtrial

(c.g. Ide = first persondual exclusivc).

Tihe proI1onlinal glossesI11ay be cambim.cdavith the abbreviationsfor gramnlatical

functions listcd bclosv,for example, 3s.sll>, lpi.NGM,3d.Acc, lpe.poss, ctc.

ABS

ACC

ACL

ACT

aibsolutlvc

aiccusatlg'e

ccjdcnta

actor (pronoun), activei(vcrbail prcflx)aid)cctIQ'e Inarker

advcfb(1al)

adversative passive

agent. Bgentive

alleYlablc

aliatlve

anlnla itc

anaphorici(afof cnlcntIoned)

ANI3 andative (directioI1alpartlclc

or affix for mixovcment

to~vardsspcakert

3lltlpasslve

appllcatlvc

articlc

associative plural

attitudc(attitudillal (dclictic)

auxiliary

actor voicebcnefactivc

bcncfactlvc voice

causat1vc

c1rcumstaintlal

APASS

APPART

ASSPL

ATD

AUXAX

8EN8%'

CAU

CIRC


33/42


34/42

AB8lREW"IATIONS xxi

PGSSPGT

ppPRI3

possessive

potentive {Potelltial)

pf epos lllonal phrase

precllcatlve (pf GDoUA,

delctlc IIperfect{ive)pf GgIesslvc

prohibitivc

pf Gposltlve

pfesellt tellse

proxlrDail

past tense

partiele

patl cnt vol.ce

qUestlon (paf tlc Ie)*qUalify as, becomc'

c see BlQkjI

quotativerec,Ip f ocailI'ccent{ delctlc)

fcduplicaition

rccognit onal (deictic)

relative (particle.'affixIIren1ote (deictic)

rcsultatlvefcAexive

fcalls

fcpoftatlve

rcqQcstlvc

rcasoll, cause Icpfcposltlon )subject

SteIAl foHBlng fomlat lve

SIIlgUlaif

softcniBg particle

specific (article)subordillator

STSUBJ

TOP

TR

UGUVVEN

VIIS

VOC

SG

SGIF

SPECSR

QUOTRCP

R13P

RECOG

REILREM

RESRFL

RII S

RPRT

RQVRSNSBJ

CMCMP

EMP

IIM

Mkl

MknNJ

OJOM

PAn

PC

PDMIPMPMPP%'III'lP

SEA'NG

vcrlltlvc

LAAJGUAIGK, S11BGRolLtPAN9

PROTOLAWIGUAGE

ABBRK'AATI IONS

CEMP

statlve

subj Uxlctlvc

topic

transitive, traAsitisizer

UIAdefg GefUIAdefgoef Voice

v1slblc

vocatlvc

Central-East-Malayo-

Polwwesiarl

Classlcal MalayCcntral-tMaIIayo-Pollynesian

East-III lalayo-Polynesian

Ilndoncsiarl Malav

Moklen

MokellYew, javanese

Old JavallcseOld Mlalav

Proto-AUstronesian

Proto-ChaI111c

Pidgirl-Dexived MalayProto-MalayicProto-Malayo-Polyacsiall

Pfoto-%est-Malavo-

Polwwesiarl

SoUth lHalmahera-%est>le%' GlliI1e8.

'IjllI'est-Malayo-Polm.csialI.MI P


35/42

O F A S I A

A N D M A D A G A S C A R

Edited byAlexander Adelaar andNikolaus P. Himmelmann

RoutledgeTayhr L Francis Croup

lONOON AND NEW YORK


36/42

f t]st puhlf (Ai' Taui'! >J' O' Au!n! s (i ! i> :I)>

2(!05 Sclectton and cditorial nzattcr. Alcxandcr:Xdelaar and

Nikolau P. f[hnmelmann; individual chapters. thc contributors

( artography hi: ( handra Jayasuriya. Thc Unixcrsity of v[clhourne

T>'pect ul Tlnlc Nc%' Rornan hv

Ncvvu>cn [nlaLinj'. Systenls I P) Ltd. Chennai. [ndia

Printed and hound in (.>rcat 13ritain hy

MP(> f3ook Ltd. 130dmtn

.Xll rights rcscn cd. No part ot this book may b reprinted or rcproduced

or utilied in am: torrn or hy any elcetronic. nlechanical. or othcr rncans,noiv kno>vn or hcrcaftcr invented. includin > photocopx:in > and rccording.

or in any intorrnationtorap>c or retricval sytem. i>, ithout pcrnsission in

vvrlting [rc>rn thc publlher.

f9>((i.'h I.>hru~", (. 'a>'>IA>~a>>p!!; >!! A>h>'ii (,'! in I?a kr

.Xcataloguc record tor thi hook is available trorn thc 13ritish Libran:

I.'> PUl'1' i!> C >>tigl'I'55 6 C>"(I >'>g'/!" 'l ! A( 4 ' ( ' iJ A>>t i I?Cl>d

.'X catalc>g rccold fc>l th!s boc>k lta hccn rcquetcd

. E> 'v[adton b'e . Nc>v 3'ork. M [ ( ! 0 1(i

[ Sf35 0 , ( ! 0 , ] 2 w { 0


37/42

Z,lsf af 38ftsf)%'Aot)$E,isl' af eaniktcfanPApfQ'ceLisf af ubbrniatians

Tbe AmsfroneslaII langItages of Aslla aM Madagasesr:8 hL%torlCk1 pel'SpeCtlVe A Jexander Ark(aaj

hltroductlon

2 lmportant reference %'orks concertullg Austronesllallcomparative historical l inguistics

3 AVriting

4 PAnamdPMP linguistic history: some basic information5 The intemal classificationof Austronesian languages

6 TheAustronesian homeland and Austronesian migrations

7 Language contact

2 LaIIgIIage sblft and emdaIIgermeat Mer gam ( F(mev

3

,8

29

lntrodllctlon

2 Factors inassessing language endangermmt

3 Ethaolinguistic vitality of Aushenesian languages4 Reviev ing research priorities

3 IC.'o)omIamRistery amd IamgtIsge polltey ln IlIIsII(ar

SOutheaSt ASLS Blld M3dlagMeSI' Re iw SJ'eiejiawer

lntroducflon

2 )n Jonesla

Malays ja

4 Bru nei Darussalam5 EastTllmor

6 ThePhilippines

7 M8 4 4lgsscsf

8 L anguage policy in other Southeast Asian countries

9 Concludingremarks

4 $8tual Iangmages, speclal regIsters amd speeeh decoFItmlm AustroIteskan 4Itguages Ja~ves JFax

6566

6972

73

75

78

80

84

lntl oductlon

2 Rit ual languages among the Austronesians

3 Rltuall languagesas prmest, pl lestess aHB splHt regIsters


38/42

CONTENTS

91

94

95

96

98

99

IM

l02

4 RlltUSI languagcs aspraycr, oratlon poctry and Song

5 Forms ofparallel composition

6 Topogeny7 %6rd taboolng

8 SpeciaI pu.rpose registers for hunting. fishing, andother activitics

9 PmLesu:A special register among the youthof Jakarta

I 0 Spcechllcvelsand honorific registcrsI I Concllusioms

Tlhl Au$tromeS)all 13llguRg8S Of ASIa RIRd MStlaN,8$Caf:

Pyologlea) eharaeterh0es Nkoku~s P.Hie~meie~ann

I Somc prehminary divisionsand definitions2 Phonology and morphonollogy

3 Basllc morphosyntax

4 Maj or vcrbal BLltcrnationsClav.se linkage patterns and anaphora

6 A fmaI llook at@yologieal diversity vrithin~vstem '

AUstroncslaQIanguagcs

Old Malay IVams>a MaAd'i

I llntroduetion

2 Spe) ling amd. phonology3 Basicmorphosyntax

4 Major verbal alternations5 NGQMna11zatloTlsand,nomlnall mofplhology

Strtteturall dh'ersRy Im the Mslayle subgroup .CIexmd'er Ad'eIaar

I M a layic varieties: an introduction

2 PhonolOg1c@ chaf actcnstlcs3 Mo r phosyntactic featuresof Pidgin-l3crivcd Malay varietics

4 M o rphosyntactic features of Salako

5 Ker inci: nesv morphos>mtax throIjgh sound.change

Colloqslal Iludotleslao Mjchae j C Ewe>g

I llntro8Ijction

2 Phonology andorthography

3 Basicmorpho~mtax4 Pronounsand demonstratives

5 On the use ofverba) morphology6 l9lscoufsc p~clcs

IloII5

l26

I 65l7l

173

132

I84

l89

l96198

+i QIQ

2M2I2

2I7

TSolll EJIf: obp.JAZc'-spovpl

I llntroduetion

2 Phonology andorthography

3 Basic morpho~mtax

4 M ajor verbal alternations

259

260


39/42

CONTENKS vl l

29lISeerIllq Naami Tsw Aiia

lIrtrodrlctl&n

Phomo)ogy3 Basic morphosyntax

4 Major verbal morphologv5 Norninahzations and nominall rnorphology

Hake Cah' Rcrbivo

)mtroductiorr

2 Phorro)ogy3 Basic morphosyntax

Major verbal alterrrahons6 N ornirmlizations and n.ominall rnarphology

gR[Og ASA'6IO'LfSP J%PiiHPMPVF

JIlltrodllctlorr

Phomo)ogy arrd orthographv3 Basic morphosyntax4 Major verbal altcrrrations5 Nomirelizations arrd n.ominaIrnorphology

SSI8 (BRj8lII) A karuAre Aw

4 Dc lc t rGs

326

326

327

329335336345

377

lIrtrodrrctiorr

2 Phorro'logy md orthography3 Basic morphosyntax4 Majorverbal alterrrations5 Tcxt cxarnplc

397

397397

405415

llltrodllctlon

2 Phorrology arrd orthography

3 Basic morphosyntax4 VerbalaA)xation

SelmN Ad'rian Cf>mes

1 ltrtrodrIctlonPhorro/ogy

3 Basic morphosyntax4 Verbal rnorpho/ogy5 Language Ioss

M'8)8gR%$ JQW8RQSOA7SGti88'd CCP'J RtCblfW

IQtrodlletlorr

2 Phorro'loly3 Basic morphosyntax

456

459462


40/42

CONTENTS

4 l3eixisVerbal IIIorphollogy

6 Norainalizatioms

PhsE R8$g Cbaxll Gnr llarrr TIrrrrgeadI lllltro8Uetion

2 Phonology

3 Basicmorphos)mtax4 Comp)ex predieates an8 sentcrlces

Mokeo SEld MekleB Midrcre/ D. L.arish

I llatre8Uetion

2 Mokcn atrd Moklea phorro)ogy

3 Baslcmofpho5)'ntax4 Morphology Text

Kate Balrak Geog f/Sallams

I llatrotUetion

2 Phonology

3 Basicmorpho~mtax

4 M ajor verbal alternatiorls

Normnal AMrphology

I lllltroRUetion

2 Phonology aAdlorthographp'3 Basic morphos)mtax

4 l l3envational verbal n1orpho)ogy

Nonmnalizatiorls and rlolninall ITlorphology

Javsma&p 3(exarrder F. OgiokIia

I llntro8Uetion

2 Phonology, orthography and morphophonemics

3 Basie morphosyntax

4 Majof verbal derivatlotls

Nominalizatioll6 NotesoII OM Javanese and structural ehanges in the historyof Savarrese

BII.ol & ik Zoke)

I llntrolUetion

Phonology3 Basie morphosyntax

4 l 3eicties an.d kreet>orlals

Major ver'bal BLllternatlons

6 NoIIIknalderlvatlons

9092986IO6I4

6I

62

62629637

638

647


41/42

(X

4 De lx l s

%18RRSSRI .NN/AOPll.' JN/ieS

1 1Iltrodllctl&n

Phonology

3 Basic rnorphosyntax

4 Delct lcsSnd dlrectN)nals5 M ajor verbal alternations

Mml Buvtth DavidMead

1 lntrodection

Phonology

3 Basic rnorphosyntax

Ma~or verbal alterrmhons

6 N ofDIQalkzatlons and nMAinall Alorpllology

KSmbera M a r ia j KIawer

1 hltrodUctlon

2 Phonology and orthography3 Basic rnorphosyntax

4 D eict ics and direetionals

5 M ajor verbal alterrmtions

Tettjto Imtd Letll Aone vm Eege/enkavew and'Caiharkia


42/42

colloquial indonesian - michael c. ewig

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