colligative properties mr nelson - 2010. colligative properties colligative properties are...
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Colligative Properties
Mr Nelson - 2010
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Colligative Properties• Colligative properties are properties of
solutions that depend only on the number of solute particles present, not on the identity of the solute particles.
• Colligative properties include– Vapor pressure lowering – Boiling point elevation– Freezing point depression– Osmotic pressure
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Solutes
• Nonvolatile solute – a solute that has a low chance of becoming a gas
• Nonelectrolyte solute – a solute that will not form ions when dissolved. Example: sugar
• Electrolyte – solute that forms ions when dissolved
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Before You Continue
• A simple rule: – If you add solute to a solvent:
• It takes longer to boil, (higher boiling point)
• It takes longer to freeze, (lower boiling point)
• It has a lower vapor pressure (hence the higher boiling point)
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Vapor PressureThe solute-solvent intermolecular attraction, the more solute, the harder for solvent to escape to the vapor phase.
The vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent
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Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause solutions to have higher boiling points and lower freezing points than the pure solvent.
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Boiling Point Elevation
• The change in boiling point is proportional to the molality of the solution:
Tb = Kb m (Kb is a constant found in the chart above)
where Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant, a property of the solvent.
Tb is added to the normal boiling point of the solvent.
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Freezing Point Depression
• The change in freezing point can be found similarly:Tf = Kf m (Kf is a constant found in the chart above)
• Here Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent.
Tf is subtracted from the normal boiling point of the solvent.
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Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
Note that in both equations, T does not depend on what the solute is, but only on how many particles are dissolved.
Tb = Kb m
Tf = Kf m
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Bookwork Problems
• As a note, all of the bookwork problems that I chose involved nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solutes. So the molality does not need to be multiplied, because the solute just dissolves.