college of engineering discovery with purpose august 23, 2011 introduction to wind energy james...
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College of Engineering
Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu
August 23, 2011
Introduction to Wind Energy
James McCalley ([email protected])ENGR 340,
Wind Energy, System Design and Delivery
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BookkeepingField trip:•Meet in alley just next (south side) to Coover Hall at 4:55 pm Tuesday. We will leave at 5:00 sharp so do not be late.
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Homework•Read chapters 1-2 of DOE20by2020 report (by today)•Read chapter 4 of DOE20by2020 report by Tuesday•Continue reading Wind Intro notes from course website (they have been updated).
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Overview• Preliminary energy concepts• Background on US wind
power growth• Policy issues for wind energy• Wind energy in context• Grand challenge questions
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Some preliminaries• Power: MW=1341HP.• Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (106btu); 1btu=1055joules• E=P×T• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs.• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs
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Power, P Time, T Energy, ECapacity, Prated
T
P(t)dtE0
Time, t
Power, P(t)1.5 MW
8760
8760
0
ratedP
P(t)dt
CF
• If P varies with t: • Capacity factor:
A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW).Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW).Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg. 1MW=106watts106w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW.Ames peak demand is about 126MW.The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity.
1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year (about 1.2kW×8760hrs).1 ton coal=6MWhrs.
Actual annual energy production as a percentage of annual energy production at Prated
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Background on Wind Energy in US
US Generation mix
Wind & renewables are 3.6% by energy.
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 5
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Background on Wind Energy in USU.S. Annual & CumulativeWind Power Capacity Growth
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 6
But what happened in 2010?
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Background on Wind Energy in US
2010 is different!
Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 7
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Background on Wind Energy in US
Percentage of New Capacity Additions.
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 8
N. GASWIND
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Background on Wind Energy in US
U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State
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Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report
10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation
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Background on Wind Energy in US
U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State
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Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report
10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation
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Background on Wind Energy in US
U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State
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Source: AWEA 2011 First Quarter Market Report
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Background on Wind Energy in US
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Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report
Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010
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Background on Wind Energy in US
Market share of total 2008 wind installations
Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 13
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Background on Wind Energy in US
Ownership by company and by regulated utility
Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 14
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Background on Wind Energy in US
Wind plant size
Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 15
College of EngineeringBackground on Wind Energy in US
29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible technologies/resources (all include wind)
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State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible *† Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
WA: 15% by 2020*
CA: 33% by 2020
☼ NV: 25% by 2025*
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
HI: 40% by 2030
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
UT: 20% by 2025*
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
MT: 15% by 2015
ND: 10% by 2015
SD: 10% by 2015
IA: 105 MW
MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
☼ MO: 15% by 2021
WI: Varies by utility;
10% by 2015 goal
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*
☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017
☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025☼ MA: 15% by
2020+ 1% annual increase(Class I Renewables)RI: 16% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ DC: 20% by 2020
VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by
2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
29 states & DC have an RPS
6 states have goals
KS: 20% by 2020
☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
☼ IL: 25% by 2025
WV: 25% by 2025*†
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Background on Wind Energy in US
Tax incentives
• Federal Incentives:• Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA• 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC)
• State incentives:• IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind• Various other including sales & property tax reductions
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Background on Wind Energy in USClimate bill
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Waxman-Markey Energy & Climate Bill (House, passed)
Kerry-Graham Climate Bill (Senate)
2012 renewables target 6% of electric energy renewableIn separate bill (Bingaman)
2020 renewables target 20%
2012 Emissions target Cuts by 3% (2005 baseline)
2013 Emissions target Cuts by 4.25% (2005 baseline)
2020 Emissions target Cuts by 17% (2005 baseline) Cuts by 20% (2005 baseline)
2030 Emissions target Cuts by 42% (2005 baseline) 42% (2005 baseline)
2050 Emissions target Cuts by 83% (2005 baseline) 83% (2005 baseline)
Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there was interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only.
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Background on Wind Energy in US
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Solar, 0.09
Nuclear, 8.45
Hydro, 2.45
Wind, 0.51
Geothermal0.35
Natural Gas 23.84
Coal22.42
Biomass 3.88
Petroleum37.13
26.33
8.58
27.39
20.9
Unused Energy
(Losses)57.07
Electric Generation
39.97
12.68
Used Energy42.15
Residential
11.48
Commercial
8.58
Industrial23.94
Trans-portation
27.86
8.45
6.82
20.54
6.95
LightDuty: 17.12QFreight: 7.55QAviation: 3.19Q 20
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US ENERGY USE IS ABOUT 70% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION
US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS ABOUT 71% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION
GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM
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* Anthropogenic
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Solar, 1.0
Nuclear,15
Hydro, 2.95
Wind, 8.1
Geothermal 3.04
Natural Gas 23.84
Old Coal10.42
Biomass 3.88
Petroleum15.13
26.33
8.58
24.5
8.5
Unused Energy (Losse
s)43.0
Electric Generation
49.72
12.68
Used Energy42.15
Residential
11.48
Commercial
8.58
Industrial23.94
Trans-portation
15.5
15
6.82
20.54
6.95
INCREASE Non-GHG
12Q to 30Q
USE
11Q E
lectric for transportation
4.5Q
IGCC, 2.26
RE
DU
CE
CO
AL
22Q
TO
10Q
REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q LightDuty: 8.56QFreight: 3.75QAviation: 3.19Q
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Technolgy
ForecastedNERC, 2018
Hi Eff&RenewableUCS (NEMS),
2030
Hi IGCC/CCSNAE, 2035
Hi WindISU, 2035
∆GW Overnight cost
Trillion $
∆GW Overnight cost
Trillion $
∆GW Overnight cost
Trillion $
∆GW Overnight cost
Trillion $
Con Solar 20.4 0.102 238 1.195 - 0 65.5 0.329
PV solar - 0 174 1.051 - 0 58.9 0.356
Nuclear 14.8 0.049 4.4 0.015 100 0.332 60.9 0.202
Wind onshore
229 0.440 670 1.288 350 0.673 630 1.211
Wind offshore
- 0 62 0.239 - 0 80 0.307
Geothrml 0.4 .002 31.8 0.127 - 0 106 0.424
Coal convntnl
19 0.039 red 0 red 0 red 0
IGCC+seq - 0 7 0.024 400 1.400 29.5 0.103
NGCC 107 0.103 - 0 - 0 - 0
Biomass - 0 157 0.591 - 0 - 0
TOTALS 389 0.735 1344 4.516 850 2.405 1031 2.930
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Grand Challenge Question For Energy:
What investments should be made, how much, when, and where, at the national level, over the next 40 years, to achieve a sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy & transportation system?
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NUCLEAR
GEOTHERMALSOLAR
WindBIOMASS
CLEAN-FOSSIL
Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect?
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Grand Challenges For Wind:1. Move wind energy from
where it is harvested to where it can be used
2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.
3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues).
4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture.
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Wind vs. people
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How to address grand challenges
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#1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used.• Transmission
• Eastern interconnection Midwest to East coast• National Superhighways at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC
• Right of way (rail, interstate highwys, existing transmission)• Cost allocation• Organizational nightmare
• Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials
• Bulk storage
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How to address grand challenges
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How to address grand challenges
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#2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accom-modate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.• Variability:
• Increase gas turbines• Wind turbine control• Load control• Storage (pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels, batteries, others)• Increase geodiversity
• Uncertainty:• Decrease it: improve forecasting uncertainty• Handle it better: Develop UC decisions that are more robust to wind pwr uncertainty
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How to address grand challenges
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#3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment/maint costs, increase operating revenues).• Investment: Improve manufacturing/supply chain processes, construction, collection circuit layout, interconnection cost, land lease, and financing• Operating & maintenance:
• Improve monitoring/evaluation for health assessment/prediction/life-ext• Decrease maintenance costs (gearbox machines and direct-drive)
• Enhance energy extraction from wind per unit land area• Improved turbine siting• Inter-turbine and inter-farm control• Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters• Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades• Taller turbines
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Wind turbine down-time distribution
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How to address grand challenges
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#4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, visual/audible, impact on agriculture.• Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue for birds. Bat-kill is more frequent.•Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help!• Visual: a sociological issue
These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there are ~2600 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see, on average, one turbine every 144 acres.
College of Engineering1. What is a wind plant? Towers, Rotors, Gens, Blades
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Manu-facturer
Capacity Hub Height Rotor Diameter
Gen type Weight (s-tons)
Nacelle Rotor Tower
0.5 MW 50 m 40 m
Vestas 0.85 MW 44 m, 49 m, 55 m, 65 m, 74 m
52m DFIG/Asynch 22 10 45/50/60/75/95, wrt to hub hgt
GE (1.5sle) 1.5 MW 61-100 m 70.5-77 m DFIG 50 31
Vestas 1.65 MW 70,80 m 82 m Asynch water cooled 57(52) 47 (43) 138 (105/125)
Vestas 1.8-2.0 MW 80m, 95,105m 90m DFIG/ Asynch 68 38 150/200/225
Enercon 2.0 MW 82 m Synchronous 66 43 232
Gamesa (G90) 2.0 MW 67-100m 89.6m DFIG 65 48.9 153-286
Suzlon 2.1 MW 79m 88 m Asynch
Siemens (82-VS) 2.3 MW 70, 80 m 101 m Asynch 82 54 82-282
Clipper 2.5 MW 80m 89-100m 4xPMSG 113 209
GE (2.5xl) 2.5 MW 75-100m 100 m PMSG 85 52.4 241
Vestas 3.0 MW 80, 105m 90m DFIG/Asynch 70 41 160/285
Acciona 3.0 MW 100-120m 100-116m DFIG 118 66 850/1150
GE (3.6sl) 3.6 MW Site specific 104 m DFIG 185 83
Siemens (107-vs) 3.6 MW 80-90m 107m Asynch 125 95 255
Gamesa 4.5 MW 128 m
REpower (Suzlon) 5.0 MW 100–120 m Onshore90–100 m Offshore
126 m DFIG/Asynch 290 120
Enercon 6.0 MW 135 m 126 m Electrical excited SG 329 176 2500
Clipper 7.5 MW 120m 150m