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COLDRA WOODS HOTEL BY CELTIC MANOR AND STARBUCKS DRIVE-THRU’ RESTAURANT

Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment

MARCH 2017

Coldra Woods Hotel by Celtic Manor and Starbucks Drive – Thru’ Restaurant - Desk-Based Assessment

Arcadis Consulting (UK) Limited is a private limited company registered in England & Wales (registered number 02212959). Registered Office at Manning

House, 22 Carlisle Place, London, SW1P 1JA, UK. Part of the Arcadis Group of Companies along with other entities in the UK.

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CONTACTS

EMILY PLUNKETT Assistant Archaeologist

dd + 44 (0)1453 423 103

m +44 (0)75 4570 1219

e [email protected]

Arcadis. The Mill Brimscombe Port Stroud GL5 2QG United Kingdom

http://www.arcadis.com/


Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment

Author Emily Plunkett, Alexandra Latham & Hannah Wynn

Checker James Gidman

Approver Jenny Wylie

Report No Click here to enter text.

Date MARCH 2017

VERSION CONTROL

Version Date Author Changes

001 10/03/2017 EP/HW/AL First Draft

002 21/03/2017 EP Second Draft

This report dated 27 July 2016 has been prepared for Broadhall (Coldra Woods) Ltd; Coldra Manor Resort and Idris

Davies Ltd. (the “Client”) in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment dated 19 May 2016(the

“Appointment”) between the Client and Arcadis Consulting (UK) Limited (“Arcadis”) for the purposes specified in the

Appointment. For avoidance of doubt, no other person(s) may use or rely upon this report or its contents, and Arcadis

accepts no responsibility for any such use or reliance thereon by any other third party.


CONTENTS VERSION CONTROL .......................................................................................................... 2

1 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 1

2 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2

2.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Site Location, Geology, Topography and Land Use ......................................................................... 2

2.3 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 2

3 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 2

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2

3.2 Study Area ............................................................................................................................................. 3

3.3 Site Walkover Survey ........................................................................................................................... 3

3.4 Assessment Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 3

3.5 Sources .................................................................................................................................................. 5

4 REGULATION AND POLICY .................................................................................... 6

4.1 Legislation ............................................................................................................................................. 6

4.1.1 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 .......................................................... 6

4.1.2 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 .................................................................. 6

4.1.3 Historic Environment (Wales) Bill 2016 .............................................................................................. 6

4.2 Policy ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.2.1 Planning Policy Wales: Chapter 6 Conserving the Historic Environment .......................................... 6

4.2.2 Circulars 61/96, Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation

Areas, and 60/96, Planning and the Historic Environment: Archaeology ........................................................... 7

4.2.3 The Hedgerow Regulations (1997) ..................................................................................................... 7

4.2.4 Local Planning Policy .......................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 Guidance................................................................................................................................................ 8

5 WALKOVER SURVEY .............................................................................................. 9

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9

5.2 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 9

6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL AND HISTORIC LANDSCAPE

BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 13

6.1 Designated Assets .............................................................................................................................. 13


6.2 General Prehistoric Period (30 000 BC – AD 43) ............................................................................. 13

6.3 Roman Period (AD 43 – 410) .............................................................................................................. 13

6.4 Early Medieval Period (AD 410 – 1066) ............................................................................................. 14

6.5 Medieval Period (AD 1066 – 1540) ..................................................................................................... 15

6.6 Post Medieval Period (AD 1540 – 1901) ............................................................................................ 15

6.7 Modern Period (AD 1901 – Present) .................................................................................................. 16

6.8 Unknown Date ..................................................................................................................................... 16

6.9 Historic Landscape ............................................................................................................................. 17

6.10 Archaeological Events ....................................................................................................................... 17

7 BUILT HERITAGE ................................................................................................... 19

7.1 Listed Buildings .................................................................................................................................. 19

7.1.1 Priory Farmhouse (LB1) ................................................................................................................... 19

7.1.2 The Barn at Priory Farm (LB2) ......................................................................................................... 19

7.1.3 Langstone Court Farmhouse (LB3) .................................................................................................. 19

7.1.4 Discussion......................................................................................................................................... 20

7.2 Non-designated Built Heritage assets .............................................................................................. 20

7.2.1 Post-medieval Period (AD 1540 to 1901) ......................................................................................... 20

7.2.2 Modern Period (AD 1901 to Present) ............................................................................................... 20

7.2.3 Unknown Date .................................................................................................................................. 21

7.3 Conservation Areas ............................................................................................................................ 21

8 CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 21

9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................... 23

10 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................ 23

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 24

Web Sources ................................................................................................................................................... 24

FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 26

..................................................................................................................... 27

Gazetteer of Heritage Assets ......................................................................................................................... 27

Scheduled Monuments ..................................................................................................................................... 27

Listed Buildings ................................................................................................................................................. 27

Non-designated Assets..................................................................................................................................... 27


HER Events data .............................................................................................................................................. 29

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1 Summary

In 2017 Arcadis Consulting (UK) Limited was commissioned to write a Cultural Heritage Desk Based

Assessment to provide information on the known heritage and archaeological potential for land at Coldra

Woods, Langstone and within a study area of 1km.

Cartographic analysis of the site and study area has shown that although the Site has experienced little to no

change since the 1840 Tithe Map the surrounding area has largely been developed. The land close to site

has experienced a large amount of redevelopment in the Modern period. This has resulted in the loss of

physical links between the site and the surrounding landscape and has resulted in an increase in visual

barriers between the site and heritage assets within the study area. However, the hedgerow which divides

the Site has lost its historic nature due to removal and reinstatement in the early 21st century. This hedgerow

still represents a historic land division but is no longer historic in and of itself.

The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Historic Environment Record records no designated or non-

designated assets within Site. Analysis of data from the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Historic

Environment Record concluded that there is a low potential for unknown archaeology for most periods and

no potential for unknown archaeology from the Modern period within the site. It was also considered that

there would be no negative impact on any non-designated assets within the study area, which are of local

significance.

There are three Scheduled Monuments (SM1, SM2, SM3) within the study area, all of which are of national

importance. These monuments offer evidential, historic and some aesthetic value. However, the settings of

these monuments have been much altered during the Modern period and this has had some impact on the

significance of the assets. Each of the assets has had its setting reduced by modern infrastructure and

development which also limits the intervisibility of the assets with the proposed Development site. This

assessment has determined that the proposed Development would have no negative impact on these

assets.

There are also three Listed Buildings (LB1, LB2, LB3) within the study area which offer evidential and

historic value as to the development of occupational patterns within the area. Two (LB1, LB2) are

considered as a group and their settings are linked to this group value, as well as their immediate agricultural

setting. The third (LB3) is linked to the Medieval settlement at Langstone, south of the M4, and its setting is

tied to this collection of assets. The heritage significance of these assets (LB1, LB2, LB3) are all linked to

their settings which have each been impacted by modern infrastructure and development in their immediate

vicinity. This modern intrusion also serves as a visual barrier between the Site and the assets. This

assessment has determined that the proposed Development would have no negative impact on these

assets.

A site visit was conducted in March 2017 to assess and identify unknown heritage assets within the Site and

to assess any impact the proposed Development would have on the setting and views to and from any

heritage assets within the study area. The site visit revealed that no earthworks or other assets were within

the Site and that any known heritage assets would be little effected by the proposed Development as the

Site is well screened by a well-established hedge and tree line and the remnants of the ancient Coldra

Wood.

The proposed Development would offer no negative impact to designated or non-designated assets within

the study area. In addition, there a low potential for unknown archaeology of all periods within the Site itself.

The conclusion of this report is that no further archaeological works are required at this time.

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2 Introduction

2.1 Background

A Cultural Heritage Desk Based Assessment (DBA) has been conducted to provide information on the

known heritage and archaeological potential for land at Coldra Woods, Langstone (centred at NGR

336132,189846). Hereafter referred to as the Site.

The approach to the DBA was set out in the Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) provided to Glamorgan-

Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT) (Arcadis 2017).

The proposed development comprises a hotel, drive-thru’ restaurant and associated infrastructure and

landscaping.

2.2 Site Location, Geology, Topography and Land Use

The Site lies within the boundaries of the City of Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales. The Site is located within

an area of mixed commercial, leisure, and transportation use and is currently in use as rough pasture. The

Site comprises two fields divided by a large hedge. There is also an area of woodland within the western part

of the Site which represents a section of the ancient Coldra Wood.

The Site lies at around 40m above Ordnance Datum (aOD). In the wider area, there is a large ridge to the

north of the Site, dividing it from the Usk valley, and to the south the land becomes more undulating as it falls

away to the Gwent levels. The nearest major watercourse in the River Usk, which lies 1.4km to the northwest

of the Site. However, a small spring rises 162m to the west of the Site within Coldra Woods and flows around

the northern boundary of the Site through a narrow channel illustrated on Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping.

The underlying geology of the Site comprises mudstone of the Mercia Mudstone Group (British Geological

Survey Feb 2017), a sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 200 to 251 million years ago. There are no

superficial deposits recorded within the Site.

2.3 Aims and Objectives

The general aims of this assessment are to:

• establish the nature and extent of the non-designated heritage assets within a 1km radius;

• establish the nature of designated heritage assets within a 1km radius;

• assess the significance of the heritage assets within the Site which might be affected by the proposed

development;

• assess any potential impact on heritage assets within a 1km radius of the Site; and

• assess the need and scope of any further archaeological investigation or mitigation.

3 Methodology

3.1 Introduction

A range of sources have been used in order to assess the Site’s potential in line with best practice guidance

as outlined by Cadw, and relevant legislation and guidance provided by the Chartered Institute for

Archaeologists (CIfA). The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT) Historic Environment Record

(HER) was consulted for entries within the 1km study area. A search for designated and non-designated

assets was made utilising a range of sources to identify World Heritage Sites (WHS), Scheduled Monuments

(SMs), Listed Buildings (LBs), Registered Parks and Gardens (RPGs), Registered Battlefields (RBs),

Conservation Areas (CA) and Locally Listed Buildings (LLBs) within the study area. The morphology of the

Site was assessed through historic map regression, looking to identify past land-use, potential historic

impacts to the Site such as previous development or quarrying and other contributing factors.

The results of this research are presented chronologically by period followed by the results of map

regression and detail on built heritage (Section 7). This is followed by assessment of potential, value and

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significance- as determined by Conservation Principles, for the Sustainable Management of the Historic

Environment in Wales (Cadw 2011)

3.2 Study Area

The study area comprises the Site and a 1km radius around the Site. Within the 1km study area all

designated and non-designated heritage assets (including Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings,

Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas) recorded in the GGAT HER

and any assets discovered during the site visit were given consideration.

Consultee Date of

Response

Consultation Response Project Response

GGAT Planning Officer 31st

February

2017

Would like a Written Scheme

of Investigation (WSI) to

accompany the DBA when

submitted.

A WSI has been produced

outlining the methods and

approach for the writing of the

DBA.

3.3 Site Walkover Survey

A site visit was undertaken on 8th March 2017. The objectives of the site visit were to:

• Assess and describe the current ground conditions within the Site;

• Identify evidence and / or potential for the survival of buried archaeological remains within the Site;

• Confirm the presence, location and condition of known above ground remains;

• Identify any unknown above ground heritage assets not recorded elsewhere;

• Identify any areas where previous modern activities may already have impacted upon known and/or

potential heritage assets; and

• Consider the potential impact of the proposed Development upon built and buried heritage assets within

the study area.

3.4 Assessment Criteria

Assessment of the Site and its archaeological potential looks to identify how particular parts of a place and

different periods in its evolution contribute to, or detract from, identified heritage values associated with the

Site. This approach considers the present character of the Site based on the chronological sequence of

events that produced it, and allows management strategies to be developed that sustain and enhance the

significance of heritage assets.

Significance (for heritage policy) is defined in Conservation Principles (Cadw 2011) as:

‘The significance of an historic asset embraces all of the cultural heritage values that people associate with

it, or which prompt them to respond to it. These values tend to grow in strength and complexity over time, as

understanding deepens and people’s perceptions evolve.’ (pp.10)

Current Welsh guidance for the assessment of the significance of heritage assets is provided by Cadw in the

document Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales

(Cadw 2011, pp.16-17) in which significance (see below) is weighed by consideration of the potential for the

asset to demonstrate the following value criteria:

• Evidential value. This derives from those elements of an historic asset that can provide evidence about

past human activity, including its physical remains or historic fabric. These may be visible and relatively

easy to assess, or they may be buried below ground, under water or be hidden by later fabric. These

remains provide the primary evidence for when and how an historic asset was made or built, what it was

4

used for and how it has changed over time. The unrecorded loss of historic fabric represents the

destruction of the primary evidence.

Additional evidential values can be gained from documentary sources, pictorial records and

archaeological archives or museum collections. To assess the significance of this aspect of an asset, all

this evidence needs to be gathered in a systematic way and any gaps in the evidence identified.

• Historical value. An historic asset might illustrate a particular aspect of past life or it might be associated

with a notable family, person, event or movement. These illustrative or associative values of an historic

asset may be less tangible than its evidential value but will often connect past people, events and aspects

of life with the present. Of course the functions of an historic asset are likely to change over time and so

the full range of changing historical values might not become clear until all the evidential values have

been gathered together. Historical values are not so easily diminished by change as evidential values and

are harmed only to the extent that adaptation has obliterated them or concealed them.

• Aesthetic value. This derives from the way in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from

an historic asset. This might include the form of an historic asset, its external appearance and how it lies

within its setting. It can be the result of conscious design or it might be a seemingly fortuitous outcome of

the way in which an historic asset has evolved and been used over time, or it may be a combination of

both.

The form of an asset normally changes over time. Sometimes earlier pictorial records and written

descriptions will be more powerful in many people’s minds than what survives today. Some important

viewpoints may be lost or screened, or access to them may be temporarily denied. To assess this aspect

of an asset, again the evidence of the present and past form must be gathered systematically. This needs

to be complemented by a thorough appreciation on site of the external appearance of an asset in its

setting.

Inevitably understanding the aesthetic value of an historic asset will be more subjective than the study of

its evidential and historical values. Much of it will involve trying to express the aesthetic qualities or the

relative value of different parts of its form or design. It is important to seek the views of others with a

knowledge and appreciation of the historic asset on what they consider to be the significant aesthetic

values.

• Communal value. This derives from the meanings that an historic asset has for the people who relate to

it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. It is closely linked to historical and

aesthetic values but tends to have additional or specific aspects. Communal value might be

commemorative or symbolic. For example, people might draw part of their identity or collective memory

from an historic asset, or have emotional links to it. Such values often change over time and they may be

important for remembering both positive and uncomfortable events, attitudes or periods in Wales’s

history. Historic assets can also have social value, acting as a source of social interaction, distinctiveness

or coherence; economic value, providing a valuable source of income or employment; or they may have

spiritual value, emanating from religious beliefs or modern perceptions of the spirit of a place.

Table 1 - Table of Significance

Significance Factors Determining Significance

International

World Heritage Sites

Assets of recognised international importance

Assets that contribute to international research objectives

National

Scheduled Monuments

Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings

Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens

Non-designated Assets of the quality and importance to be designated

5

Assets that contribute to national research agendas

Regional

Grade II Listed Buildings

Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens

Assets that contribute to regional research objectives

Local

Locally Listed Buildings

Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual associations

Assets with importance to local interest groups

Assets that contribute to local research objectives

Negligible Assets with little or no archaeological/historical interest

Unknown The importance of the asset has not been ascertained from available evidence

3.5 Sources

A variety of sources were consulted during the preparation of this Report:

• The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT) Historic Environment Record (HER), was consulted

for details on non-designated archaeological assets and archaeological events;

• The Gwent Archives service was consulted for pre-Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping and additional

information

• Historic Wales website (accessed February 2017) was also consulted for additional information on assets

within the study area and the wider area;

• Landmark Information Group® website (accessed February 2017), for historic Ordnance Survey (OS)

mapping;

• The British Geological Survey website (accessed February 2017), for information on the prevailing

geological conditions within the vicinity of the Site;

• A research framework for the archaeology of Wales (Regional Research Frameworks Wales: South East

accessed February 2017) was consulted for detail on the known archaeological resource of the area and

approaches to this resource;

• The Newport City Council website (accessed February 2017) was consulted for updated information on

planning policy; and

• The Archaeological Data Service (ADS) website (accessed February 2017) was consulted for information

on the National Mapping Program (NMP), Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) Data and

archaeological reports.

All identified assets have been numbered sequentially and are referenced in bold type within the text. All

identified assets are presented in gazetteers within Appendix A, and displayed on Figures 2 to 11.

Designated Assets – Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings – are prefixed by SM and LB respectively.

Non-designated heritage assets are not prefixed except where they are listed as Locally Listed Buildings or

events in the GGAT HER whereupon they are prefixed by LLB for Locally Listed Buildings and EV for

events. Reports listed in the GGAT HER are prefixed with R.

A full list of sources referenced in the text is given in the Bibliography.

6

4 Regulation and Policy

This assessment has been undertaken in accordance with current legislation, national and local plans and

policies. Relevant legislation, policy and guidance are outlined below.

4.1 Legislation

The relevant parliamentary act which provides the legislation framework for development and archaeology is

the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. This assessment has also taken into account the Planning (Listed

Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979

and Historic Environment (Wales) Bill 2016.

National policy relating to the archaeological resource is outlined in Planning Policy Wales Chapter 6

Conserving the Historic Environment (2015), and local policy is outlined in the Adopted Newport Local

Development Plan (2015).

4.1.1 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990

The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 applies special protection to buildings and

areas of special architectural or historic interest.

Section 66 (1) of the act states that “In considering whether to grant planning permission for development

which affects a Listed Building or its setting, the local planning authority or, as the case may be, the

Secretary of State shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any

features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses”.

4.1.2 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 gives statutory protection to any structure,

building or work which is considered to be of particular historic or archaeological interest and regulates any

activities which may affect such areas. Under the Act any work that is carried out on a Scheduled Ancient

Monument must first obtain Scheduled Monument consent.

4.1.3 Historic Environment (Wales) Bill 2016

This Bill is intended to make improvements to existing legal provisions for the Welsh historic environment. The Bill “gives more effective protection to listed buildings and scheduled monuments, enhances existing mechanisms for the sustainable management of the historic environment, and introduces greater transparency and accountability into decisions taken on the historic environment”. This Bill makes amendments to the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (c. 46) and the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (c. 9).

4.2 Policy

4.2.1 Planning Policy Wales: Chapter 6 Conserving the Historic Environment

Chapter 6: Conserving the Historic Environment Planning sets out the Welsh Government’s objectives in this

field as;

• preserve or enhance the historic environment, recognising its contribution to economic vitality and

culture, civic pride and the quality of life, and its importance as a resource for future generations; and

specifically, to;

• protect archaeological remains, which are a finite and non-renewable resource, part of the historical

and cultural identity of Wales, and valuable both for their own sake and for their role in education,

leisure and the economy, particularly tourism;

• ensure that the character of historic buildings is safeguarded from alterations, extensions or

demolition that would compromise a building’s special architectural and historic interest; and to

7

• ensure that conservation areas are protected or enhanced, while at the same time remaining alive

and prosperous, avoiding unnecessarily detailed controls over businesses and householders.

4.2.2 Circulars 61/96, Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings

and Conservation Areas, and 60/96, Planning and the Historic Environment:

Archaeology

In addition to Planning Policy Wales Edition 9, planning policy is guided by Welsh Circulars 60/96 Planning

and the Historic Environment: Archaeology, and 61/96 Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic

Buildings and Conservation Areas.

Circular 60/96 makes clear that, where archaeological remains might exist, ‘the planning authority should

request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out before

any decision on the planning application is taken’ and that ‘Local planning authorities should expect

developers to provide the results of such…..evaluations as part of their applications……’

The circular goes on to make clear that ‘where remains of a lesser importance [less than national

importance] are involved ……. Development should proceed. Planning authorities will, in such cases, need

to satisfy themselves that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory arrangements for the

excavation and recording….of archaeological remains, and the publication of the results’. It suggests that it is

appropriate to secure such works through the imposition of a condition on any consent granted.

4.2.3 The Hedgerow Regulations (1997)

Under the Hedgerow Regulations (1997) a hedgerow is classified as ‘important’ if:

• it incorporates or falls within a Scheduled monument;

• it represents an historic parish or town boundary (in this case historic means existing before 1850);

• it marks the boundary of a pre-1600 AD estate or manor or visibly relates to any building or feature

related to such a manor; or

• is recorded as forming an integral part of a field system pre-dating the Enclosure Acts, or is part of,

or visibly relates to any building or other part of such a field system.

4.2.4 Local Planning Policy

Newport City Council Local Development Plan (Adopted Jan 2015)

The Plan states that ‘it is essential that Newport is allowed to thrive, develop and grow’ but that this ‘should

not be done at the expense of its heritage’.

The Plan also states that ‘there will be a presumption in favour of the retention, safeguarding, conservation

and enhancement of sites recognised as being of archaeological or historic interest including Listed

Buildings, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Conservation Areas, Locally Listed Buildings, Historic Parks &

Gardens, historic landscapes and the setting of such sites, buildings, and areas.’

The Newport Local Development Plan (January 2015) contains several policies relevant to the proposed

Development, these are summarised below:

As part of Policy CE5 (Locally Listed Buildings and Sites) The Plan notes that ‘justification will be required for

the loss or unsatisfactory alteration of such buildings or sites, and intervention will be sought to secure their

conservation and enhancement.’

Policy CE6 (Archaeology) also states that ‘where heritage assets with archaeological interest are, or are

potentially, affected by a development proposal, sufficient information will be required on the assets affected,

their significance, and the extent of the development impact on them, in order to enable the application to be

determined.’

8

4.3 Guidance

This Desk-Based Assessment was undertaken with regard to all relevant industry guidance, principally the ‘Code of Conduct’, ‘Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment’ and ‘Standard and guidance for commissioning work or providing consultancy advice on archaeology and the historic environment’ (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014) and Cadw’s ‘Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales’ (2011).

Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment (Forthcoming)

Technical Advice Note (TAN) 24 is currently in draft form and has not yet come into force. However, it has been used a guidance for this report as a basis for future decision making. The TAN will replace Welsh Office Circulars 60/96, 61/96, and 1/98; and should be read in conjunction with Planning Policy Wales: Chapter 6.

9

5 Walkover Survey

5.1 Introduction

A site visit was conducted on 8th March 2017 for the Site and its immediate vicinity. The results of this visit

are detailed below.

5.2 Results

The Site was accessed via a short track off the A48 Chepstow Road at the southwest corner of the Site. The

track was concreted as far as the access to the southern field (Plate1).

Plate 1: Looking north along the access track towards the southern field.

At the northern end of the access track, at the access point into the southern field, a large ditch has been

dug to prevent access into the Site. This ditch appears to be very recent and is around 0.5m deep and 0.5m

wide (Plate 2). A small bund lies to the north of the ditch.

10

Plate 2: Showing the ditch at the northern end of the access track.

The field which constitutes the southern half of the Site is currently in use as pasture which has become

rough in nature. The topography of the field is flat and there are no earthworks visible (Plate 3). The

boundaries of the southern field comprise large, poorly maintained hedges to the north and west, a post and

plank fence to the east, and a further rough hedge and brambles to the south and southwest. Beyond the

fence which forms the eastern boundary is a steep bank associated with the construction of the A48, the

bank is approximately 2m higher than the field and is covered with trees and scrub.

Plate 3: Looking north across the southern field.

Dividing the southern field from the northern is a large hedge which may have once had a central ditch within

it. This has now silted up but is very boggy. The hedge is mature but has not been managed and so appears

unkempt and ragged, with large gaps between the trees, as has the hedge to the north of the Site.

11

The northern field within the Site is bounded by mature but unkempt hedges to the north and east, scrubland

and the A449 to the west, and woodland to the south. This woodland is a remnant of the Ancient Coldra

Wood seen on the 1846 Christchurch Tithe Map (Figure 3). The Site is also bounded by a ditch to the west,

which may have silted up and was not visible during the site visit and a stream to the north which runs west

to east within the hedge line along the northern edge of the Site.

Plate 4: Looking north across the northern field.

The northern field is currently in use as pasture which has become rough. There are no earthworks visible

within the field and no heritage assets are visible from this area. The topography of the northern field also

differs from that of the southern field, as it rises gently towards the west (Plate 4).

Plate 5: Looking southwest towards Coldra Woods and the Scheduled Moated Site (SM3), not visible.

12

The Site is generally well screened from the surrounding area by trees and vegetation, the roads to the east

and west also provide a barrier to visibility into the Site. To the north and south of the Site two overhead

power lines run east west, and these provide the most obvious visual intrusion into the Site from the

surrounding area. There are no views of designated or non-designated assets from within the Site and it is

considered that no assets within the search area would be negatively affected by the proposed development

(Plate 5).

13

6 Archaeological, Historical and Historic Landscape Background

The following presents information about the known designated and non-designated heritage assets within

the study area. All heritage assets within the study area are listed in Appendix A and the assets discussed

are shown on Figures 2 and 3.

6.1 Designated Assets

There are no World Heritage Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, or Battlefields within the 1km study area.

There are three Scheduled Monuments (SM1, SM2, SM3) and three Listed Buildings (LB1, LB2, LB3) within

1km of the Site, the Listed Buildings and other Built heritage will be discussed in Section 7 of this report.

Langstone Motte and Bailey Castle (SM1) is located 850m southwest of the site and dates to the Medieval

period. The visible remains constitute a mound, which now measures 3m in height, and earthwork enclosure,

representing the bailey. The mound would once have been much larger with a structure on top of wood or

stone, and represents the Medieval defence and organisation of the landscape within this area. The

monument (SM1) lies to the south of the M4 and is surrounded by a small collection of houses and

agricultural land which fall away to the east and south. Views to the north and west are limited by modern

infrastructure and vegetation.

Priory Wood Camp (SM2) lies 373m to the north of the Site. Priory Wood Camp is a later Prehistoric

earthwork enclosure which is situated on an area of high land overlooking both the Usk Valley, to the north

and west, and the coastal plains to the south. The remains survive as slight earthworks within the Celtic

Manor golf course. The monument forms part of the Prehistoric landscape of the area and demonstrates a

clear defensive location for the area and the historic views from the monument are mostly still appreciable

despite modern activity around the monument. The side of the ridge on which the camp stands is clad in

woodland which means that although views out from the monument are little altered, views into the

developed valley below are now limited. The views have also been altered by the development within the

valley around the M4, A449, and A48.

(SM3) is a Moated Site in Coldra Woods which lies 111m to the west of the Site beyond the A449. The

monument comprises the remains of a well-preserved Medieval moated homestead with a D-shaped moat

and is within an area of dense ancient woodland. The monument forms part of the Medieval occupation and

organisation of the landscape in this area. Due to the monuments’ location within Coldra Woods it is well

screened from the Site and other modern activity, such as the A449 which lies between the Site and the

monument.

All three of these monuments are of national importance and display a good level of survival despite the

assets being affected by large amounts of modern activity, either directly (SM2) or within their vicinity (SM1,

SM3). The assets have evidential, historic and some aesthetic value. However, due to screening by modern

activity in the form of roads, vegetation, and landform, inter-visibility between the Site and these assets is

limited. Therefore there would be no negative effect on Langstone Motte and Bailey Castle (SM1) and the

Moated Site in Coldra Woods (SM3). The effect on Priory Wood Camp (SM2) would be limited due to the

nature of the change and the nature of the area within the study area.

6.2 General Prehistoric Period (30 000 BC – AD 43)

There are no assets dating to the Prehistoric period recorded by the GGAT HER within the Site.

However, the presence of the camp in Prior Wood (SM2) indicates that there was activity within the area

during this period. The Welsh Research Framework (2011) states that within the region settlement has been

found on the Gwent Levels for the later Prehistoric period and that hillforts are also known within the region.

However, the area between the lower ground, or levels, and the upland areas has yielded little evidence as

to settlement or land use within the region during the Prehistoric period.

There is therefore a low potential for unknown archaeology of this period within the Site.

6.3 Roman Period (AD 43 – 410)

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The GGAT HER records no assets from the Roman period within the Site but records ten assets within the

study area. These comprise two Roman Roads (RR1/5 and 17), one pottery find (28), a trackway (35),

features identified from aerial photography (42), and four assets associated with the camp at Priory Wood

(25, 32, 33, 34).

Of the four assets (25, 32, 33, 34) associated with the camp at Priory Wood; two are features identified from

aerial photographs (25, 32), one is an earthwork bank (34), and one is part of the camp itself (33). These all

form part of the Roman camp and so are of comparable value, though they are not scheduled. These assets

have the potential to add to the understanding of the development of the camp as well as contributing to the

overall Roman resource within the region. The camp at Priory Wood was in use during the Prehistoric period

(SM2) and the continued use of this site into the Roman period shows the importance of this high ground for

the region. The site is a clear defensive location for the area and the historic views from the monument are

mostly still appreciable despite modern activity around the monument. These assets lie between 500m and

832m to the north of the Site. The sherd of Black Burnished ware (28) was also found in the area of the

camp at Priory Wood and is indicative of occupation from the Roman period within the area.

The first Roman Road (17) is identified as running through Coldra Wood approximately 260m to the west of

the Site and approximately 130m to the west of the Moated Site (SM3). The road is visible as two linear

banks and has also been interpreted as a hollow way serving the quarries and limekiln in Coldra Woods.

This interpretation makes it more likely that this feature is Medieval in date but it is possible that it has earlier

origins within the Roman period.

The second Roman Road (RR1) runs along the top of the ridge of high ground 900m to the north and

northwest of the Site following the route of Catsash Road for at least 680m. This asset is also identified by a

centre point (5) on the GGAT HER. Close to the clubhouse on the Celtic Manor golf course the road deviates

and begins to descend the northern slope of the ridge into the Usk Valley, towards Caerleon. Margary (1973)

describes the road as marked by ‘hedgerows and a track to the west of the present lane’ which then

descends by way of a ‘well-graded but damaged terrace way down the steep escarpment to the river’. The

GGAT HER describes the road (RR1/5) as being constructed of layers of metalling and slabs overlaying

crushed bedrock. The road is one of the major routeways from the east to Caerleon and would have also

served to link the camp at Priory Wood to the town in the valley below. It is likely that a settlement would also

have been present along the road.

The trackway (35) is a Post-Medieval track which is thought to have Roman origins and may form part of the

larger Roman Road (RR1/5). The asset is located 912m to the northwest of the Site. The trackway is visible

as earthwork remains and appears to have fallen out of use between 1758 and 1840.

Finally, a group of features (42) were identified by aerial photography as parch marks within an area of

arable land 960m to the southeast of the Site, close to Langstone Court Road. No further information is

known about these features but it is suspected they are of a Roman date. They are likely to represent

occupation within the area.

Within the region Roman activity is known to have existed both in the Usk valley at Caerleon and on the

Gwent Levels which were used as fertile farming land during the Roman period (Welsh Research Framework

2011). There is some continuation, particularly in upland areas, of earlier activity into the Roman period, as

evidenced by the camps at Priory Wood (SM2, 25, 32, 33, 34). However, the extent of Roman occupation in

the transitional zone in which the Site sits, between the upland areas and the levels, has yet to be fully

established as little evidence has been found in these areas (Welsh Research Framework 2011).

There is therefore a low potential for unknown Roman remains within the Site.

6.4 Early Medieval Period (AD 410 – 1066)

One asset is recorded by the GGAT HER within the study area dating to the Early Medieval period and no

assets are recoded within the Site.

This is a fragment of cross slab (9) which came from Great Bulmore, but does not have an exact location

recorded. The fragment was found c.1km from the Site and within the region there is little evidence of Early

Medieval activity or occupation (Welsh Research Framework 2011).

There is therefore a low potential for unknown archaeological remains from this period within the Site.

15

6.5 Medieval Period (AD 1066 – 1540)

Six assets are recorded by the GGAT HER within the study area as dating to the Medieval period. None of

the assets within the study area are recorded within the Site. The assets within the study area are;

Langstone Motte and Bailey Castle (2, SM1), a 14th century park (3), a Deserted Medieval Village (DMV) (8),

a moated site in Coldra Woods (11, SM3), a hollow way (20), and a linear feature within the Celtic Manor golf

course (30). Of these, two (2, 11) are HER duplications of Scheduled Monuments and are discussed in

Section 6.1 of this report.

The 14th century park (3) at Coed Golue, 500m southeast of the Site, is most likely associated with

Langstone Court Motte and Bailey which lies 430m to the east. This is also true of the DMV (8) which lies

63m to the north of the Scheduled Monument (SM1) and is directly adjacent to the westbound carriageway

of the M4. Some evidence of the DMV is discernible on aerial photography but it has been damaged by the

construction of the M4 in the 70’s. The settings of both these assets are linked to the Medieval landscape

surrounding Langstone Court (LB3) and Scheduled Motte and Bailey (SM1), and the setting is limited by the

M4 and surrounding vegetative screening.

To the northwest of the Site, 970m, a section of hollow way (20) runs from Catsash Road down the northern

slope of the ridge of high land into the Usk Valley. The hollow way is visible as a slight depression in the

hillside and is thought to have been in use from the Medieval period to the 18th century.

Finally, a linear feature (30) located c.1km to the north of the Site was identified by a GGAT assessment of

the Celtic Manor golf course and is visible as a small depression. The feature is of unknown use but is

thought to date to the Medieval period.

The Site may have sat within the Manor of Coldra/Bulmore which comprised the area around Coldra Wood.

The Manor of Coldra/Bulmore lies within the Hundred of Caldicot and within the parish of Christchurch.

Robert de Chandos held the Manor until 1113AD when he granted it to the Abbey at Goldcliffe. The Abbey

subsequently passed the Manor to Eton College who were the lords of the manor until recent times.

Assets dating to the Medieval period can be categorised as landscape and occupation features which

characterised the landscape of the Medieval period as a manorial landscape with wide spread agriculture

and some defensive features. None of the activity listed within the GGAT HER lies within the Site and the

nearest focus of activity lies around the moated site in Coldra Woods (SM3), 111m to the west of the Site. It

is possible that the Site formed part of the agricultural hinterland surrounding the manor.

The remnant field boundaries within the field, which are represented only by the central hedge and the

woodland to the south, are likely to have been extant since the Medieval period. However, Google Earth

images (Google Earth 2017) show that the central hedge has been removed in the southern half at least

once.

Although the Site is located within the manor of Coldra/Bulmore, it is likely that activity within the Site would

have been limited to that of an agricultural nature. However, there is no evidence of agricultural earthworks,

such as ridge and furrow, within the Site. Therefore, although the field patterns within the Site are likely

represent the Medieval landscape there is a low potential for unknown archaeology of this period within the

Site. The significance of this survival is also low due to the nature of the area which has isolated the Site

from the surrounding landscape and therefore its context.

6.6 Post Medieval Period (AD 1540 – 1901)

No assets are recorded within the Site but fifteen assets are listed in the GGAT HER as dating to the Post-

Medieval period (1, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 26, 43, 46). Six are built assets (6, 19, 21, 26, 46) or

repetitions of Listed Buildings (1/LB3) and are discussed in Section 7 below.

The Site lies 791m to the north of the site of a windmill (7) which lies in an area currently covered by Scotch

Wood. The windmill was extant in the 17th century but details on its current condition are unknown. This

asset is well screened from the Site by vegetation and modern infrastructure.

Two assets (10, 18) are limekilns which are located in Coldra Wood 250m to the west of the Site close to the

Scheduled moated site (SM3). These represent the industrial heritage of the region and indicate a history of

such activity within the ancient woodland area. The condition of these assets is described as well preserved

16

but at least one is no longer extant. Both assets are well screened within their woodland setting and would

not be affected by the proposed Development.

To the southwest of the Site, 954m, a small byre (12) is recorded by the GGAT HER. The byre dates to the

18th century and was associated with a later farmhouse which has now been destroyed. It is unclear if the

byre is extant or lost.

The site of Coldra Mill (13) is located 980m to the southwest of the Site. Few details are available for this

asset but it is thought to be 19th century in date and to have been brick built.

Quarrying (16) is recorded 390m to the northwest of the Site in Coldra Woods, which is thought to date to the

late-Medieval or early Post-Medieval. It is likely that this quarrying was associated with the limekilns (10, 18)

in Coldra woods 141m to the southeast. Further quarrying (43) from the Post-Medieval period is located

c.700m to the southwest of the Site, on the edge of Cwm Woods. There is little further detail available about

the quarrying in this location, although it is still visible as a slight depression. It is likely this was also

associated with the kilns (10, 18) in Coldra Woods.

Coldra House (6) was formerly the Lydia Beynon Hospital and dates to the late Victorian period in the 1890s;

Sir John Beynon, a coal magnate, commissioned the house which possesses 13 acres with outbuildings and

a caretaker's flat.

Coldra Farm (19) was a well-built Georgian-style farmhouse, with attractive window and door mouldings,

constructed in rendered sandstone. There was a plaque on the north-west gable-end which reads "Erected

1858 by Thos. Powell". Several late 19th century farm buildings were associated with the farmhouse. All of

the buildings, and the farmhouse, were demolished in 2012.

Celtic Manor Stables (46) were an L-shaped arrangement of buildings constructed in stone. They have been

demolished but were thought to be of a single phase of construction, and of late 19th century date. The west

range was thought to be a coach house with servant's quarters and the central block as a large coach house

with stalls for horses.

Activity from the Post-Medieval period within the study area primarily relates to industrial activity with some

sites of former built heritage assets. The industrial assets, such as limekilns (10, 18) and quarrying (16, 43)

are likely related to the growth of agriculture within the region during the Post-Medieval period (Welsh

Research Framework 2011). These assets demonstrate that the landscape continued to be used in much

the same way as during the Medieval period until Modern times. There is therefore a low potential for

unknown archaeology within the Site for the Post-Medieval period.

6.7 Modern Period (AD 1901 – Present)

There are five assets recorded by the GGAT HER within the study area for the modern period (15, 39, 44,

45, 48), two (39, 48) are classified as built heritage assets and are discussed in Section 7, below. There are

no assets recorded by the GGAT HER within the Site.

Three structures (15, 44, 45) were recoded dating from World War II, all of which were demolished in 1992

as part of the expansion of the Celtic Manor Hotel golf course and no above ground remains can be seen.

An anti-aircraft battery (15) stood to the west of Coldra Wood. It was described by the GGAT HER as being a

well-preserved gun emplacement which retained most of its features with the exception of the ammunition

stores, which lacked their blast shutters, and the brass gun fitments which could not be seen.

Three types of gun emplacements (44) were recorded associated with the World War II battery (15), there

were seven structures in all.

Several surviving foundations of Nissen huts (45) had been located to the west of the gun emplacements

(44). Three groups of huts were identified, one group comprised of six huts, another of fourteen and one

group of two huts.

Therefore, there is no potential for unknown archaeological remains from the modern period within the Site.

6.8 Unknown Date

17

A total of twelve assets are recorded as being of unknown date by the GGAT HER (4, 14, 22, 24, 31, 36, 37,

38, 40, 41, 47, 49) within the study area, none of these are located within the Site itself. Of these, three are

built heritage (31, 37, 49) and are discussed in Section 7, below.

Three of the assets (22, 24, 41) comprise crop or parch marks identified during desktop studies or from aerial

photography. Two are located within the Celtic Manor Hotel resort (22, 24), 857m to the west of the Site and

527m to the northwest of the Site. The third (41) is located 475m to the southeast of the Site beyond Coed

Rhedyn. All of the assets represent evidence of settlement patterns within the study area.

Four assets (4, 38, 40, 47) are earthworks and include two possible building platforms (38, 40), two lengths

of bank (47), and a rectangular enclosure (4). The rectangular enclosure (4) is a repetition of the Scheduled

Priory Wood Camp (SM2) and will not be discussed further.

Both the possible building platforms (38, 40) were identified from aerial photography and lie more than 1km

to the northwest of the Site. They are indicative of the type of occupation evidence which can be expected

within the region but little detail is available for the assets.

The lengths of bank (47) recorded in the GGAT HER are located 832m to the north of the Site within the

Coldra Woods golf course. These are described as having ‘no obvious relationship to the surrounding

landscape’ and possible represent a more extensive network of earthworks or a field system which has now

been lost.

A length of hollow way (14) is recorded c.1km to the north of the Site, close to Woodville Bungalow, which is

described as having a road run through part of its length but is otherwise visible as earthworks until it joins

the Catsash Road.

Finally, a cobbled area and box drain (36) is reported by the GGAT HER at Bulmore c.1km to the northwest

of the Site, on the far side of the ridge of high ground. These features are described as extant but in poor

condition.

These assets add to our general understanding of the heritage potential of the study area but offer little to

contribute to the potential within the Site.

6.9 Historic Landscape

The Site does not lie within any historic landscape areas except an area designated by Natural Resources

Wales (accessed February 2017) as the A48 communications corridor which is described as a recently

developed urban area.

6.10 Archaeological Events

Twenty-six archaeological events are recorded on the GGAT HER (EV1-24 and R01-02) within the study

area, none of which lie within the Site. These are listed below with some detail of the findings, where

relevant.

Events within the Celtic Manor resort:

• EV5, EV6, EV7 and EV8 – An Archaeological Evaluation, Desk Based Assessment, Watching Brief and

Excavation ahead of a proposed development for a golf course at Celtic Manor Golf Club, 750m to the

northwest of the Site. The Evaluation (EV5) investigated a suggested Roman settlement at Bulmore,

identified in a previous Desk Based Assessment and Survey (EV6). Two areas were inspected: a section

of road of possible Roman date and an area where Roman buildings had been suggested. No evidence

of Roman structures or features was found. Several sections of Roman road were uncovered, surviving in

good condition. A Romano-British pottery kiln, a cist burial, a possible Roman road, and a metalled path

of unknown date were uncovered during the watching brief (EV7) and the excavation (EV8) uncovered

eight Roman hobnails and several pieces of medieval ceramics and tile.

• EV12 – A Desk Based Assessment ahead of a proposed development for a golf course on land in Priory

Wood for Celtic Manor Golf Club. One feature was identified within the area, a Scheduled Ancient

Monument known as Priory Wood Camp. This was identified as a Roman marching camp and advice was

given concerning its protection.

18

• EV18 – A project from 1992 detailing an archaeological scheme of works for a proposed extension to the

Celtic Manor Hotel and development of a golf course at Coldra Wood, to the west of the Site. This

included a Desk Based Assessment, Field Evaluation, building recording and Watching Brief.

• EV19 – A Desk Based Assessment of Coldra Woods relating to EV18. The assessment identified an

important and complex Roman road network located within the site, indicating likely Roman activity in the

area. It identified evidence of quarrying and kilns in Coldra Wood following the post-medieval period. It

recommended that structures impacted by the development should be recorded including Coldra Farm, a

modern anti-aircraft battery, Sybbor Fach and Cock-y-North Farm.

• EV20 – Building survey and recording of several standing structures close to the Celtic Manor Hotel

before they were demolished. This event relates to EV18 at the Celtic Manor Hotel.

Other Events:

• EV1 and EV21 – A Desk Based Assessment of Coldra Farm, 750m to the south west of the Site. A Field

Evaluation (EV21) which excavated areas of archaeological interests revealed in a previous Desk Based

Assessment (EV1). These excavations were centred on an area suspected to be a Roman road and

Coldra Farm. Nine trenches were excavated in two areas. Area A was centred on a suspected Roman

road, although excavations concluded the archaeologically sensitive material was restricted to the road

itself. Area B was around Coldra Farm and concluded from revealed features that it was occupied from

the post-medieval period and is archaeologically sensitive. Other than a post-medieval field drain, Areas

C – J revealed no features. The Evaluation recommended that a Watching Brief was carried out on the

demolition of the Coldra Farm buildings.

• EV2 – A Desk Based Assessment of the Roman fortress of Caerleon and its environs undertaken by the

GGAT in 2004

• EV3 and EV4– An Environmental Statement (EV3) concerning land at Langstone in response to

development proposal from 1998. The statement found that the development would only have minor

impact on the remains of the Roman road. While it would have a high impact on post-medieval

earthworks, these were considered to be of little importance. Evaluation trenches, a Survey and a

Watching Brief were recommended. The evaluation (EV4) revealed two undated linear archaeological

features but were thought to be of no great antiquity.

• EV9 – A landscape assessment, landscape strategy and design guidelines for using the Countryside

Council for Wales LANDMAP. It provided a landscape framework including sustainable preferences for

area, its economic regeneration and environmental improvement. The historic landscape appraisal

identified sixteen aspect areas on the basis of establishing geographic areas with distinct or thematic

archaeological interests relevant to the study.

• EV10 – Field visit undertaken as part of the Prehistoric and Roman Scoping Project to assess the survival

and condition of the Coed Rhedin enclosure, 450m to the south east of the Site.

• EV11 – A Watching Brief which observed groundworks relating to the construction of four detached

dwellings in Ridgeside, Langstone. No features or structures of archaeological significance were found.

Recovered material was almost entirely modern, except for a small sherd from a buffware vessel dated to

the late 17th to mid-18th century.

• EV13 – A field visit to St David’s Church in Llandewi Fach which recovered un-stratified medieval ceramic

and tile sherds from soil created by pit excavations for a septic tank.

• EV14, EV15, EV16 and EV17 – A project overview started ahead of the proposed construction of a gas

pipeline, running from Coldra to Caerwent, 850m to the north of the Site. The project composed of a Desk

Based Assessment, several Evaluations and a Watching Brief.

• EV15 and EV16 – A Desk Based Assessment (EV15) and Archaeological Evaluation (EV16). Several trial

pits were dug across six parishes along the pipeline route. The evaluation concluded that the greater part

of the route contained little visible archaeological features.

• EV17 – A Watching Brief relating to EV14

19

• EV22 – An Archaeological Evaluation and monitoring report of an area of land for a proposed solar array

construction project, and subsequent Watching Brief. Five trenches revealed no archaeological features,

one fragment of medieval ridge tile and one fragment of a stone roof tile were recovered. No archaeology

was revealed during the Watching Brief.

• EV23 – A Watching Brief undertaken at Newport Southern Distributor Road, 240m from its closest point

to the Site. No material of archaeological significance was noted other than fragments of land drain from

the edge of Scotch Wood, the tract of hardwood on the higher ground to the east.

• EV24 – An Archaeological Evaluation carried out in 2005 at Langstone Court, 880m to the south east of

the Site and relating to a planning application to build an extension. Two trial excavations revealed a short

area of lime-mortared walling, partly lying over an earlier stone feature. Sherds of 17th century pottery

were also found in the broken stone deposits, possibly indicating post-medieval robber trenches.

However, the pottery assemblage identified from across the excavation mainly dated from the 12th and

17th centuries. A full excavation of the site was commissioned following this excavation.

• R01 and R02– A program of archaeological work (R01) for Vine Cottage, Bishton, Newport located 890m

to the east of the Site. The program of work excavated three trial trenches identifying the remains of a

known cottage demolished in the late 19th century. The deposits under the floor of the cottage, and

several shards of 17th century pottery, indicated the building was occupied from the late 12th to the 19th

century. All material found on the site was post medieval or later, except for a few sherds of Isca Grange

ware, probably dating to around AD 1200. A further Archaeological Evaluation (R02) of Vine Cottage,

Bishton, Newport, relating to R01 identified no significant finds or features.

The events listed above demonstrate that within the study area there has been little evidence of previously

unknown archaeological activity discovered through investigation. Of the archaeology which was recorded

during these events most is Medieval or later in date. Additionally, within the Celtic Manor resort there have

been some discoveries associated with the Roman camp (SM2) but these were limited and also distant from

the Site. Overall this collection of events indicates a low archaeological potential across the study area.

7 Built Heritage

The locations of the designated and non-designated built heritage assets discussed in the following section

are shown on Figure 2.

7.1 Listed Buildings

There are three Listed Buildings (LB1, LB2, LB3) within the 1km study area, all dating from the Post-

Medieval period, none lie within the Site. They are all Grade II listed and are farm buildings and no Locally

Listed Buildings were identified within the Site or the study area. All Listed Buildings are listed in Appendix

A.

7.1.1 Priory Farmhouse (LB1)

Priory Farmhouse (LB1) is Grade II listed and described as an early 17th century gable entry farmhouse. It is

constructed of roughly coursed local sandstone rubble, which is wholly rendered and with a Welsh slate roof.

It was altered in the early 19th century but remains wholly unaltered since. The wash-house and privy remain

separate buildings. The kitchen has kept its working range, flagstone floor and original sink with cold tap.

7.1.2 The Barn at Priory Farm (LB2)

The Barn at Priory Farm (LB2) is Grade II listed and stands about 50m south of Priory Farmhouse (LB1),

close to the embankment of the A449. It probably dates from the early 19th century, around the same time as

the refurbishment of Priory Farmhouse (LB1). It is constructed from lime-washed local sandstone rubble with

a Welsh slate roof. As an unaltered early 19th century barn, its relationship with Priory Farmhouse (LB1),

informs its value as part of a group of farm buildings.

7.1.3 Langstone Court Farmhouse (LB3)

20

Langstone Court Farmhouse (LB3) is Grade II listed two-and-a-half storey farmhouse dating from three

periods. It is located to the south of the M4 motorway, and lies next to Langstone Motte and Enclosure

(SM1). The earliest part of the house is the central range, dating from around the 15th century, the west two

storey range is 17th century and the east range is the most recent addition dating from the 19th century. It has

whitewash rendered elevations with steeply pitched slate roofs and four gable chimneys all in yellow bricks.

It has an original pegged and trussed “A” frame roof. Its interest lies in its late-medieval origins and surviving

17th century staircase which is described as being in good condition.

7.1.4 Discussion

The character of these assets is based on their historical value and relationship with the agricultural

landscape of the area. As farmsteads, the assets have historical and functional connections with the

surrounding fields and farmlands, which remained largely unchanged up until the mid-20th century.

The assets at Priory Farm (LB1, LB2) can be considered for their value as a group of farm buildings. The

relationship of each asset to the other contributes to their significance. The significance of the Barn at Priory

Farm (LB2) is directly linked to its proximity and shared history with Priory Farmhouse (LB1). The setting of

both assets (LB1, LB2) is also linked to their group value and their shared immediate agricultural

surroundings.

Langstone Court Farmhouse (LB3) contributes to the history of the landscape around Langstone, particularly

regarding the long use of the area for agricultural activity. The significance of this asset is also linked to the

Medieval settlement at Langstone (SM1, 8) which is now only partially extant due to later development and

modern infrastructure.

All the Listed Buildings are regionally significant. The settings of these buildings contribute to their

significance, but their settings do not extend as far as the Site and have been impacted by modern

development and infrastructure. Therefore, it is considered that the proposed Development would have no

adverse impact or effect on these assets.

7.2 Non-designated Built Heritage assets

7.2.1 Post-medieval Period (AD 1540 to 1901)

There are four non-designated built assets dating to the post-medieval period recorded by the GGAT HER

within the study area (21, 26, 27, 29). No assets are within the Site.

Skybbor Fach Farm (21) is a building complex which consists of an east-west residential block, the eastern

half of which has been rebuilt, with a raised roof line, and a north-south ancillary building of four bays. The

Royal Commission of Ancient and Historical Monuments surveyed the complex and suggested it dates from

the 18th century. Its interest lies in being a near intact example of a developing farm unit. The complex has

seen several phases of extensions and rebuilding.

Woodville (26), a building dating from between 1840 and 1881, originally called Woodville and now part of

Catsash House.

Two farms (27, 29) were identified by a GGAT during an assessment of a gas pipeline (EV14, 16, 17) in

1990. These assets lie 743m to the northwest of the Site (29) and 909m to the north of the Site (27). Both

are identified as being extant on the 1840 Tithe Map. Google Street View (June 2011) depicts 27 as being in

a sever state of disrepair but Google Earth (2017) shows that the farm buildings have been redeveloped.

The present condition of 29 is not known, Google Earth (2017) shows a building in the same location,

whether this is the original structure or a redevelopment remains unknown.

7.2.2 Modern Period (AD 1901 to Present)

There are two assets recorded by the GGAT HER within the study area for the modern period (39, 48) which

are classified as Built heritage assets, neither are within the Site.

Two concrete cisterns were constructed in 1999 to collect run-off water from Mount St Albans, Bulmore (39).

The current condition of these cisterns are unknown.

21

The Coldra (48) was the home of Major J W Beynon and in late 1918 it was proposed by the U.S.

Government as the site of an American Red Cross Naval Hospital, which would have become the chief U.S.

naval hospital in Europe. The armistice was signed before the plans came to fruition so the hospital was

never constructed. The Coldra now forms the historic core of the Celtic Manor Hotel.

7.2.3 Unknown Date

A total of three built heritage assets (31, 37, 49) are recorded as being of unknown date by the GGAT HER

within the study area.

A structure (31) is visible on the 2012 mapping of the Coldra area. Little information is provided on this

structure.

A dam (37) has been built across the stream which runs down from Catsash House past Little Bulmore

Farm. The dam is built from substantial pieces of shaped stone and measures 3m in width and 2m in height.

The area behind the dam is now completely silted up and water flows over the top.

Several damaged, or in poor condition, lime kilns (49) were recorded on the GGAT HER in Coldra Woods.

These can be seen on the 2017 OS Map and recorded as disused.

7.3 Conservation Areas

There are no Conservation Areas within 1km of the Site and the Site is not within a Conservation Area.

8 Cartographic Analysis

An assessment of the available mapping for the area was carried out at the Gwent Archives and using OS

mapping (Landmark 2017) as part of the data collection and analysis for this report. These maps are shown

on Figures 4-11.

The earliest available map which covers the Site is the 1840 Christchurch Tithe Map (Figure 4). This map

shows that the area surrounding the Site consists of agricultural land and woodland. There are few features

in the landscape other than several farmsteads and cottages, and a road running to the south of the Site. A

Roman road is marked 1km to the north of the Site. The Site itself is in use as agricultural land, small areas

of woodland to the east and west. Field boundaries run along the eastern and western edges of the Site, with

another boundary intersecting the Site from northeast to southwest.

The 1886 OS Map (Figure 5) shows that several buildings in the area around the Site have been labelled,

the closest being the farmstead of Coldra-coch 200m to the east. The Site continues to be used as

agricultural land, with small areas of woodland. A footpath is marked running through the north-eastern tip of

the Site.

The 1902 OS Map (Figure 6) shows an additional footpath running from the west to the northeast of the Site.

The woodland area to the west is now classified as marshland. Little change occurs to the surrounding area

other than the addition of several quarries to the southeast of the Site

The 1922 OS Map (Not illustrated) shows the woodland to the north of the Site is now classified as

agricultural land. The map shows no detail of the footpath shown on the 1902 OS Map, presumably the

footpath was no longer in use. The marshland to the south is now classified as woodland with brushwood.

The 1938-1954 OS Map (Figure 7) shows an increase in the number of buildings along the road to the south

of the Site, which appear to be residential in nature.

The 1947-1949 aerial photograph (Not illustrated) shows significant residential development to the area to

the southwest of the Site, forming part of the Coldra and Treberth housing estates. The 1964-1965 OS Map

(Figure 8) shows no change within the Site and no change in the surrounding area.

The 1971-1973 OS Map (Figure 9) shows the addition of the M4 motorway to the south and the A449 road

to the north of the Site. The footpath now only cuts through the northernmost corner of the Site. Two

electricity pylons have been built to the eastern and western edges of the Site, supporting two separate

overhead electrical transmission lines. There is also significant residential development to the southwest of

the Site, now labelled as Ringland, and further housing has been built north of the M4.

22

Few significant changes can be seen between the 1984 and 2000 OS Maps (Not illustrated), in relation to

the Site itself. However, the 1999 OS Map (Figure 10) details further development between the motorway

and A449, notably the addition of Langstone Business Park and hotel to the east. The land to the north of the

A449 is now used as a golf course, and the land to the south of the M4 contains a factory development. The

primary features within the Site remain the field boundary from northeast to southwest, and the small

woodland area to the immediate west.

The 2007 (Not illustrated) and 2017 OS Maps (Figure 11) show the Site as rough grassland but otherwise

details no changes.

The 2006 Google Earth image (accessed 2017) (Not illustrated) shows that the hedge which divides the two

fields on the Site was partially removed at the southern end between 2004 and 2006, but was reinstated

before 2009. The 2009 Google Earth image (accessed 2017) (Not illustrated) also shows some vehicle

disturbance within the Site which may relate to temporary occupation of the Site, this has now been

prevented through the excavation of a large ditch across the entrance to the Site.

The cartographic analysis shows the landscape around the Site has changed through time from open fields

and woodland to being much more highly developed, with a mixture of uses. Residential housing,

recreational land, commercial and business properties all surround the Site. Major roads surround the Site

on three sides of four, and dominate the immediate landscape. In contrast, the Site itself has changed very

little, predominately consisting of field land bounded by small areas of ancient woodland. However, it is clear

that the boundaries within and around the Site have been subject to alteration over time (Google Earth

2006). Therefore, whilst some of the boundaries do represent historic land divisions they are not historic in

nature due to removal and reinstatement in the Modern period.

23

9 Discussion and Conclusions

Cartographic analysis of the study area has shown that though the Site has experienced little to no change

since the 1840 Tithe Map the surrounding area has experienced a large amount of redevelopment in the

Modern period. This has resulted in the loss of physical links between the Site and the surrounding

landscape and has also resulted in an increase in visual barriers between the Site and assets within the

study area.

During the site visit no earthworks or other assets were noted. However, the hedge which forms the central

division within the Site was noted to be well established, though poorly managed. This hedge represents a

boundary which has been extant since before the 1840 Tithe Map but it is clear from Google Earth images

(Google Earth 2006) that the southern half of this boundary has been removed and later reinstated. All other

boundaries are considered to be modern and associated with either the building of the roads to the south

and west or the construction of the Celtic Manor Hotel to the north. The woodland to the south west of the

application site is a remnant of the ancient Coldra Wood. A stream runs along the north-eastern boundary of

the Site which has been extant since the earliest OS mapping in 1883.

There are no designated or known non-designated assets within the Site.

There are three Scheduled Monuments (SM1, SM2, SM3) within the study area, all of which are of national

importance. These monuments offer evidential, historic and some aesthetic value. However, the settings of

these monuments have been much altered during the Modern period and this has had some impact on the

significance of the assets. Each of the assets has had its setting reduced by modern infrastructure and

development which also limits the intervisibility of the assets with the proposed Development site. It is

considered that the proposed Development would have no negative impact on these assets.

There are also three Listed Buildings (LB1, LB2, LB3) within the study area which offer evidential and

historic value as to the development of occupational patterns within the area. Two (LB1, LB2) are

considered as a group and their significance is linked to this group value, as well as their immediate

agricultural setting. The third (LB3) is linked to the Medieval settlement at Langstone, south of the M4, and

its setting is tied to this collection of assets. The heritage significance of these assets (LB1, LB2, LB3) are all

linked to their settings which have each been impacted by modern infrastructure and development in their

immediate vicinity. This modern intrusion also serves as a visual barrier between the Site and the assets. It is

considered that the proposed Development would have no negative impact on these assets.

There is considered to be a low potential for unknown archaeology for most periods within the Site and no

potential for unknown archaeology from the Modern period within the Site.

In addition, archaeological events within the study area have generally yielded little information to add to the

understanding of the archaeological resource of the area. With the highest proportion of finds or discoveries

being located close to the Roman camp and road, to the north of the Site.

In conclusion, the proposed Development would offer no negative impact to designated or non-designated

assets within the study area. In addition, there is considered to generally be a low potential for unknown

archaeology of any period within the Site itself.

10 Recommendations

Due to the low potential for unknown archaeology on Site for all periods, no further archaeological works are

recommended within the Site at this time.

24

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Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014. Code of Conduct

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014. Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based

assessment

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014. Standard and guidance for commissioning work or providing

consultancy advice on archaeology and the historic environment

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014. Standard and guidance for an archaeological watching brief

Cadw 2011. Conservation Principles, for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales

Historic England 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of

the Historic Environment

Historic England 2015. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning 3: The Setting of Heritage

Assets

Margary, I.D. 1973. Roman Roads in Britain.

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accessed March 2017]

Archaeological Data Service (ADS) [http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/, accessed February 2017]

British Geological Survey Map Viewer [http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/mapViewers/home.html, accessed

February 2017]

Cadw Conservation Principles 2011

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2017]

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March 2017]

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2.9207755,3a,60y,192.04h,89.4t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sQ82QzP35YDzAHbY1FDNz5g!2e0!7i13312!8i6656,


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government/partners/finder/index.html?historicalmaps, accessed February 2017]

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accessed March 2017)

Newport City Council Local Development Plan 2011-26 [January 2015

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2015.pdf, accessed March 2017]

Newport City Council Planning Policy [http://www.newport.gov.uk/en/Planning-Housing/Planning/Planning-

policy/Local-Development-Plan/Local-Development-Plan.aspx, Accessed February 2017]

http://www.newport.gov.uk/documents/Planning-Documents/LDP-2011-2026/LDP-Adopted-Plan-January-2015.pdf

http://www.newport.gov.uk/documents/Planning-Documents/LDP-2011-2026/LDP-Adopted-Plan-January-2015.pdf

25

Regional Research Frameworks Wales: South East [http://www.archaeoleg.org.uk/intro.html, accessed

February 2017]

Planning and the Historic Environment: Archaeology (60/96) 1196

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Planning (Listed buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990

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Planning Policy Wales: Chapter 6 – Conserving the Historic Environment (2015)

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[https://consultations.gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultation_doc_files/160711-draft-technical-advice-note-

24-en.pdf accessed March 2017]

26

Figures

Gazetteer of Heritage Assets

Scheduled Monuments

Project ID

NHLE No. / Unique ID Easting Northing Period Name

SM1 MM059 337215 189554 Medieval Langstone motte and enclosure

SM2 MM049 336083 190434 Prehistoric Priory Wood Camp

SM3 MM253 335940 189862 Medieval Moated Site in Coldra Wood

Listed Buildings

Project ID

NHLE No. / Unique ID Easting Northing Name Grade

LB1 26131 336524 190215 Priory Farmhouse II

LB2 26132 336566 190171 Barn at Priory Farm II

LB3 2920 337082 189545 Langstone Court Farmhouse II

Non-designated Assets

Project ID

HER Ref/ Unique ID Easting Northing Period

Monument Type Name

1 GGAT00248g 337080 189540 Post-Medieval House Langstone Court

2 GGAT00249g 337030 189530 Medieval Motte Langstone Motte and Bailey Castle

3 GGAT00288g 336600 189500 Medieval Park Park

4 GGAT00426g 336080 190430 Unknown Enclosure Priory Wood camp

5 GGAT01016.3w 336300 190900 Roman Road

ROMAN ROAD RR60 (Cat's Ash, Caerleon)

6 GGAT02367g 335620 189660 Post-Medieval House Coldra House

7 GGAT03103g 336000 189000 Post-Medieval Water mill Water Mill, Langstone

8 GGAT03291g 337100 189600 Medieval Deserted rural settlement

Deserted Medieval Village, Langstone

28

9 GGAT03723g 336000 191000 EARLY MEDIEVAL Cross

CROSS SLAB FROM GREAT BULMORE

10 GGAT03748g 335800 189900 Post-Medieval Lime Kiln Limekiln

11 GGAT03749g 335850 189900 Medieval Moat Moated Site in Coldra Wood

12 GGAT03947g 335120 189680 Post-Medieval Cow Shed YSGUBOR-FACH BYRE

13 GGAT04390g 335150 189450 Post-Medieval Mill COLDREA MILL

14 GGAT04901.0g 336500 190900 Unknown Hollow Way CATSASH

15 GGAT05314g 335300 189800 Modern Anti-aircraft Battery

Anti-aircraft battery, Coldra wood

16 GGAT05315g 335700 190000 Post-Medieval Quarry COLDRA WOOD

17 GGAT05316.0g 335800 190000 Roman Road Langstone Court

18 GGAT05317g 335800 189900 Post-Medieval Lime Kiln COLDRA WOOD

19 GGAT05318g 335600 190200 Post-Medieval Farm COLDRA FARM

20 GGAT05322.0g 335200 190300 Medieval Hollow Way

COCK-Y-NORTH HOLLOW WAY CW 2

21 GGAT05323g 335100 189700 Post-Medieval Farm SKYBBOR FACH FARM CW 13)

22 GGAT05324g 335200 189800 Unknown Cropmark Cropmark, COLDRA FARM

23 GGAT05325g 335400 189600 Unknown Event record

24 GGAT05326g 335800 190300 Unknown Site COLDRA FARM

25 GGAT05347g 336140 190740 Roman Fort PRIORY WOOD CAMP

26 GGAT05348g 335910 190870 Post-Medieval Building WOODVILLE

27 GGAT05349g 336340 190810 Post-Medieval Farm DREALLYWN FARM

28 GGAT05353g 336060 190580 Roman Sherd SITE NAME NOT KNOWN

29 GGAT05367g 335920 190640 Post-Medieval Building PEN-Y-LLAN

30 GGAT05647g 336500 190900 Medieval Hollow Way CMG5

31 GGAT06487m Unknown Structure, Coldra

32 GGAT07044g 335910 190510 Roman Marching Camp

Cropmarks Priory Wood

33 GGAT07045g 335970 190580 Roman Marching Camp

Marching Camp Priory Wood

34 GGAT07046g 336000 190000 Roman Bank (earthwork)

SITE NAME NOT KNOWN

29

35 GGAT07631g 335900 190810 Roman, Post-Medieval Trackway

TRACKWAY AT BULMORE

36 GGAT07633g 335610 190980 Unknown Feature COBBLED AREA AT BULMORE

37 GGAT07634g 335870 190940 Unknown Dam DAM ABOVE BULMORE

38 GGAT07635g 335890 190950 Unknown Platform PLATFORM AT CATSASH

39 GGAT07638g 335800 191000 Modern Cistern CISTERNS AT BULMORE

40 GGAT07650g 335540 190950 Unknown Platform

POSSIBLE BUILDING PLATFORM ABOVE BULMORE

41 GGAT07731g 336450 189400 Unknown Encolsure, Cropmark

COED RHEDYN ENCLOSURE

42 GGAT07732g 336950 189150 Unknown, Roman

Villa, Cropmark

Langstone AP Features

43 GGAT09619g 335400 189600 Post-Medieval Quarry Quarrying, Coldra Wood

44 GGAT09620g 335300 189800 Modern Gun Emplacement

Gun Emplacement

45 GGAT09622g 335211 189788 Modern Nissen Hut Nissen Huts, Coldra Wood.

46 GGAT09623g 335221 189694 Post-Medieval Stables Celtic Manor Stables.

47 GGAT10246g 336052 190755 Unknown 2 lengths of bank

48 GGAT10677g 335614 189651 Modern House The Coldra, Newport

49 GGAT10781g 335775 189828 Unknown Lime Kiln Limekiln

HER Events data

Project ID

HER Ref/ Unique ID Event Type Event Name

EV01 E001072 Desk Based Assessment Coldra Farm

EV02 E001411 Desk Based Assessment

The Roman fortress of Caerleon and its environs: A framework

EV03 E002184 Environmental Statement Proposed Development at Langstone

30

EV04 E002214 Evaluation Land at Langstone Newport EVAL

EV05 E002361 Evaluation Celtic Manor Golf Club Evaluation


Celtic Manor Golf Course No. 3, Near Caerleon, Gwent

EV07 E002375 Watching Brief Celtic Manor Golf Course, No. 3 WB

EV08 E002396 Excavation

Catash Road Roman Road Excavation, Monmouthshire

EV09 E002401

Management Plan Landscape/Desk Based Assessment/Survey

Newport Landscapes - Landscape Strategy DBA/SUR

EV10 E003047 Field Visit Field Visit, Coed Rhedin Enclosure

EV11 E003190 Watching Brief Ridgeside, Langstone, Newport

EV12 E003277 Desk Based Assessment Land at Priory Wood

EV13 E003282 Field Visit

Field Visit to St David’s Church, Llandewi Fach

EV14 E003669 Project Overview Coldra-Earlswood Gas Pipeline


Proposed Gas Pipeline from Coldra to Earlswood

EV16 E003671 Evaluation

Coldra-Caerleon, Gwent High Pressure Gas Pipeline Evaluation

EV17 E003673 Watching Brief

Coldra-Caerwent High-Pressure Gas Pipeline

EV18 E003713 Project

Summary of Archeological Resource CELTIC MANOR

EV19 E003714 Desk Based Assessment CELTIC MANOR, Coldra Wood, Gwent

EV20 E003715 Desk Based Assessment CELTIC MANOR

EV21 E003716 Field Evaluation Coldra Woods, Christchurch, Gwent

EV22 E004183 Evaluation

PROPOSED SOLAR ARRAY AT HAZEL FARM, LANGSTONE

EV23 E004757 Watching Brief

Watching brief of Newport Southern Distributor Road

EV24 E005107 Evaluation Langstone Court, Langstone, Newport

R01

2343 208/033 Excavation

A Program of Archaeological Work for Vine Cottage, Bishton, Newport

31

R02 1884 205/06 Evaluation Vine Cottage, Bishton Newport

32

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