cold war2
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The Cold
War 1945-1991
Kaelyn See, Samuel Leyva,
Melissa Orellana, Luigi Gatuslao
Beginning Tensions
Atlantic Charter: The Big Three created 8 common
principles in hope for a better future for the world.
Two Separate Visions 1. Americans favored removal of the military alliances and the
construction of relationships between nations based on
diplomatic means.
Great Britain
uneasy about the
implications of the self-
determination ideal for its
own enormous empire
VS. Russia wanted land to
secure protection for
future aggression
2.
Wartime Diplomacy • Soviet Union demanded a 2nd
front in Western Europe; U.S.
and Britain refused
• Teheran Conference with the Big
Three
o Stalin agreed to enter the
war in the Pacific when the
battles in Europe end
o Roosevelt promised a 2nd
front
• Conflict over Poland
o Roosevelt and Churchill
Pro-Annexation of
Poland by Soviet Union,
but against changing it
to a communist
government
Yalta Conference • Peace conference in February 1945
• Soviet Union enters war, Roosevelt
compensates by returning some of
their lost land
• The United Nations
o General Assembly
Every member would be
represented
o Security Council
Permanent
representatives of 5
major powers with power
to veto
Temporary delegates
from other nations
• Division of Germany and Berlin
between the United States, Britain,
France, and the Soviet Union
• "Lublin" Poles vs. "London" Poles
The Failure at Potsdam (July 17-August 2,
1945)
• Truman upset with Soviet violations of the Yalta accords.
• Truman expanding democracy in Poland = recognizing the Warsaw
government
• Potsdam Conference (Truman, Churchill and Stalin)
discussed border conflicts regarding communist ideals
• Stalin confirmed his adjustments of the Polish-German
border (divisions remained in Germany)
WESTERN ZONES
-anti-communist
-friendly with the U.S.
RUSSIAN ZONES
-communist
-Pro-Soviet
GERMANY STILL DIVIDED!
The China Problem
•
• The United States continued to support Chiang’s anti-
communist government
• Since there are many conflicts within China, the U.S.
restored their trust in Japan as an ally.
• The U.S. lifted all restrictions on industrial
development and encouraged rapid economic growth
in Japan.
Chiang Kai-Shek -Anti-communist
-unwilling to ally with U.S.
-Weak/unpopular
Mao Zedong -communist
-Stronger/popular VS.
The Containment Doctrine
• New containment American policy = THE
SOVIETS!!!
Stalin spreading
communism
throughout the
Mediterranean
• Doctrine Ideals taken from George F. Kennan
• Soviet pressure on Turkey was relieved and the Greek
governments defeated their communist efforts.
Truman’s doctrine of
increasing the arms
forces of Greece and
Turkey
- Proper way of dealing with Soviets is "a long term, patient but
firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."
• Gave Europe money to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.
• Conflicting views changed after coup in Czechoslovakia.
• Communist strength declined and opportunities for American trade revived.
Marshall Plan
Mobilization at Home
• The Atomic Energy Commission of
1946 oversaw all nuclear research.
• The National Security Act of 1947
expanded the President's powers to
pursue the nation's international goals.
• The Department of Defense oversaw
all branches of the armed services.
• A National Security Council would
oversee foreign and military policy.
• A Central Intelligence Agency would
be responsible for collecting
information through open and covert
methods.
The Road to NATO Parts of
Germany &
Berlin:
U.S
England
France
BIG POWER
AGAINST
SOVIETS!!!
Stalin imposed blockade
around Eastern Germany
(June 24, 1948)
Truman supplied
Western Germany
with food, fuel,
etc. for 10 months
Stalin lifted
blockade
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization) - April 4, 1949
- 12 Nations signed
- Communist
- attack on one nation = attack to all
Reevaluating Cold War Policy
•
• The National Security Council (1950)- U.S.
not depend on other nations to take the
initiative in resisting communism.
• The NSC-68 o strive to stop communism anywhere it occurred
o called for a major expansion of military power
o an increase of defense budget
• Americans scares of Soviet bomb testing
• The fall of the Chiang Kai-shek’s government +
America’s unwillingness to revitalize connections with
Japan = end of the American occupation in Asia by
1952.
Limited Mobilization
• Truman set up the Office of Defense Mobilization to
fight inflation by holding down prices and discouraging
high union wage demands. (FAILED)
• Truman was forced to relent.
• When the war went into a stalemate, it infuriated
Americans because it left 140,000 Americans dead.
Cause
Effect
1951- Truman seized the railroads after
railroad workers walked off on the job
1952- Truman seized steel mills after
wide steel strike
Workers ultimately got what they
demanded
The Supreme Court ruled that the
President had exceeded his authority
POSTWAR Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act of 1944
(GI Bill of Rights):
provided economic and
educational assistance to
veterans, increasing
spending even further.
• NO general
economic collapse
because the end of
the war came so
early... YAY! But
that wasn't the end of
it.
• increased consumer demand soon
compensated.
• serious inflation for more than two years (14
to 15 percent annually)
The Fair Deal
After Japan surrendered, Truman submitted the “Fair Deal”
which consisted of a twenty-one-point domestic program,
calling for: • expansion of Social Security benefits
• raising of the legal minimum wage from 40 to 65 cents an hour
• a program to ensure full employment through aggressive use of federal spending
and investment
• a permanent Fair Employment Practices Act
• public housing and slum clearance
• long-range environmental and public works planning
• government promotion of scientific research
Fair Deal • created by Harry S.
Truman
• designed to keep
US growing after
the war
• improved civil
rights legislation
• created federal
housing programs
New Deal • created by Franklin
D. Roosevelt
• designed to take
the US out of the
Great Depression.
• more New Deal
legislations than
Fair Deal
Legislation
The "Eat Less" Response • Inflation rapidly increased, and
Republican conservatives DIDN'T
help.
• Robert Taft, most influential
conservationist advised consumers
to "eat less."
• Taft-Hartley Act: most importantly,
made illegal the "closed shop"
o damaged weak unions
o made difficult the organizing of
workers who had never been
union members at all (esp.
women, minorities and South)
"We have got to break with the corrupting
idea that we can legislate prosperity,
legislate equality, legislate opportunity."
Election of 1948
States' Rights Party
(Dixiecrat Party)
Strom Thurmond
Popular Vote: 2.41%
Electoral Vote: 39
Progressive Party
Henry A. Wallace
Popular Vote: 2.37%
Electoral Vote: 0
Republican Party
Thomas E. Dewey
Popular Vote: 45.07%
Electoral Vote: 189
Democratic Party
Harry S. Truman
Popular Vote: 49.5%
Electoral Vote: 303
A Fair Deal Revived?
Social Security system: increased benefits
by 75 percent and extended to 10
million people
National Housing Act: authorized 810,000
units of low-income housing,
accompanied by long-term rent
subsidiaries
Minimum wage: increased to 75 cents
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948): the Supreme Court
ruled that courts could not be used to enforce
private “covenants” meant to bar blacks from
residential neighborhoods.
The Nuclear Age • The Americans feared the nuclear weapons
which was demonstrated in: o Film
film noir - a kind of filmmaking that had
originated in France and had been named for
the dark lighting that was characteristic of the
genre
Example: Twilight Zone
o Everyday Life
Air Raid drills
Fallout Shelters
The Divided Peninsula
North Korea • communist
• wanted to unite Korea
• supported by Soviet Union
South Korea • anti-communist (democratic)
• didn't want to unite Korea
• wasn't directly supported by
the U.S.
• Divided along the 38th parallel
• The U.S. got the UN to support South Korea and
General Douglas MacArthur
• American attack at Inchon sent North Koreans out
of S. K. lands.
• Truman gave permission to push communist
passed the 38th parallel
From Invasion to Stalemate • UN defeated North Korean pressures in their capital, Pyongyang
• 8 divisions of the Chinese army supported the North Koreans and
captured the South Korean capital, Seoul.
• UN gained their land + pushed N.K. north of the 38th = War fell into a
stalemate
• General MacArthur
o won public support of attacking China
o relieved of his command
o American public outraged = resentment towards Truman
• The stalemate of the Korean war continued; however, negotiations
between the opposing sides began in Panmunjom in July 1951 and the
war dragged on until 1953.
HUAC and Alger Hiss
• HUAC held widely publicized
investigations to prove that there was
communist subversion.
• Turned to movie industry, arguing that
communists had infiltrated Hollywood.
• "The Hollywood ten" refused to answer
questions about their political beliefs.
• Alger Hiss passed classified state
documents to the Soviet Union.
• Hiss sued Whittaker Chambers for
slander.
• Hiss was convicted of perjury and
served several years in prison.
McCarthyism
McCarthy Propaganda
The Federal Loyalty Program and
the Rosenberg Case
• McCarran Internal Security
Act (1950): requires all
communist organizations to
register with the government.
• Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
proved American conspiracy.
• Klaus Fuchs testified to
conspiracy.
• David Greenglass admitted to
channelling secret information
to the Soviet Union.
• The Rosenbergs were
convicted.
The Republican Revival
* Truman withdraws from running for president
* Eisenhower's running mate was Richard Nixon
Democrat
Adlai E. Stevenson
44% Popular Vote
89 Electoral Votes
Republican
Dwight D. Eisenhower
55% Popular Vote
442 Electoral Votes
