cold war 1950-1963 unit 2 history tio wesley college

ColdCold War War19501950-1963-1963

Unit 2 HistoryUnit 2 History

TIOTIO

Wesley CollegeWesley College

Post-War AlliancesPost-War Alliances

NATONATO– Supposedly out of fear of Soviet Supposedly out of fear of Soviet

aggression, Western European States aggression, Western European States joined together to make a stronger force joined together to make a stronger force but still could not match USSR. but still could not match USSR.

– USA were initially reluctant but were USA were initially reluctant but were persuaded by the Berlin Blockadepersuaded by the Berlin Blockade

– Would only fight if attackedWould only fight if attacked

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact– In response to the NATO ‘aggressive In response to the NATO ‘aggressive

alliance’ the USSR set up this Pactalliance’ the USSR set up this Pact– A joint command structure was set up A joint command structure was set up

under the Soviet Supreme Commander under the Soviet Supreme Commander

The Korean War 1950-1953The Korean War 1950-1953 In 1945 when Japan surrendered to the allies, In 1945 when Japan surrendered to the allies,

Korea had been under Japanese occupation.Korea had been under Japanese occupation. USSR moved in to occupy the north and USA USSR moved in to occupy the north and USA

occupied the south – divided at the 38occupied the south – divided at the 38thth parallelparallel

UN decided to hold national elections in UN decided to hold national elections in Korea so a democratic government could be Korea so a democratic government could be instated.instated.

1948 the south set up a parliament that in 1948 the south set up a parliament that in turn set up the Republic of Korea with the turn set up the Republic of Korea with the capital at Seoulcapital at Seoul

The USSR set up the People’s Democratic The USSR set up the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea with the capital at Republic of Korea with the capital at PyongyangPyongyang

Each government then claimed to rule Each government then claimed to rule all of Koreaall of Korea

USA and USSR withdrew troops but USA and USSR withdrew troops but continued to support their respective continued to support their respective governments with money and weaponsgovernments with money and weapons

In the meantime (1949) the civil war in In the meantime (1949) the civil war in China ended with the establishment of China ended with the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China - the Peoples Republic of China - communistcommunist

Stalin and China encouraged the North Stalin and China encouraged the North Korean ruler, Kim Il Sung, to attack Korean ruler, Kim Il Sung, to attack South KoreaSouth Korea

The USSR provided aid and military The USSR provided aid and military equipment but never got involved equipment but never got involved directlydirectly

In June 1950, North Korea attacked the In June 1950, North Korea attacked the South and the Korean War beganSouth and the Korean War began

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/korean_w.gif

Korean WarKorean War The UN security council (USA, UK, USSR) The UN security council (USA, UK, USSR)

decided that North Korea had broken the decided that North Korea had broken the peace and demanded they retreat back peace and demanded they retreat back past the 38past the 38thth parallel parallel

North Koreans ignored this and so the UN North Koreans ignored this and so the UN asked the USA to take command of the UN asked the USA to take command of the UN operation against the North Koreansoperation against the North Koreans

The USSR was absent from the Security The USSR was absent from the Security Council in protest against China being Council in protest against China being represented in the UN by the Chinese represented in the UN by the Chinese Nationalist rather than Communist Nationalist rather than Communist government. Had it been present it would government. Had it been present it would have vetoed UN involvementhave vetoed UN involvement

American involvement in the American involvement in the Korean WarKorean War

The Americans were frightened of the The Americans were frightened of the spread of communism.spread of communism.

They believed in the ‘domino theory’They believed in the ‘domino theory’ Of the 16 countries that provided forces, Of the 16 countries that provided forces,

the USA provided the most: 50% of land the USA provided the most: 50% of land forces, 93% of air forces and 86% of naval forces, 93% of air forces and 86% of naval forcesforces

The UN gave the USA unlimited authority The UN gave the USA unlimited authority to direct military operationsto direct military operations

General MacArthur was Commander-in-General MacArthur was Commander-in-Chief of UN Forces Chief of UN Forces

HeadlinesHeadlines Daily Mail 26 JuneDaily Mail 26 June

– United Nations Order: Stop Korea WarUnited Nations Order: Stop Korea War 6/27/19506/27/1950

– Truman Orders U.S. Air, Navy Units Truman Orders U.S. Air, Navy Units To Fight In Aid Of Korea; U.N. To Fight In Aid Of Korea; U.N. Council Supports HimCouncil Supports Him

7/27/19537/27/1953

– Our Fliers In Action; Fleet Guards Our Fliers In Action; Fleet Guards Formosa Truce Is Signed, Ending The Formosa Truce Is Signed, Ending The Fighting In Korea; P.O.W. Exchange Fighting In Korea; P.O.W. Exchange Near; Rhee Gets U.S. Pledge; Near; Rhee Gets U.S. Pledge; Eisenhower Bids Free World Stay Eisenhower Bids Free World Stay Vigilant Vigilant

– Description:Description: Korean War armistice was Korean War armistice was signed at Panmunjom, ending three years of signed at Panmunjom, ending three years of fighting. fighting.

MacArthurMacArthur

Popular hero WWIIPopular hero WWII Removed as head of UN Force 10 April 1951Removed as head of UN Force 10 April 1951 Truman wanted to limit the war in Korea, Truman wanted to limit the war in Korea,

not fight the Chinesenot fight the Chinese MacArthur made tactical decisions against MacArthur made tactical decisions against

government authoritygovernment authority Truman announced decisions to public Truman announced decisions to public

without consulting MacArthurwithout consulting MacArthur Many believed he became ‘too big for his Many believed he became ‘too big for his

britches’britches’

Results Results 1.5 million South Koreans dead1.5 million South Koreans dead 3.5 million North Koreans de3.5 million North Koreans deadad Millions more left homeless Millions more left homeless and starvingand starving Korea remained dividedKorea remained divided Did stop North Korean aDid stop North Korean aggressionggression More than 33,000 Americans More than 33,000 Americans killedkilled The UN gained respect, as unlike its predecessor, The UN gained respect, as unlike its predecessor,

the League of Nations, it proved it will take firm the League of Nations, it proved it will take firm action against aggressionaction against aggression

Many felt the USA has used the UN against its Many felt the USA has used the UN against its battle against Communism (or was the UN in this battle against Communism (or was the UN in this too???)too???)

Results Results

The Cold War had now spread to Asia and The Cold War had now spread to Asia and involved Chinainvolved China

Mistrust increased between the USA and Mistrust increased between the USA and USSR, especially when they set up South USSR, especially when they set up South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) as East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) as a copy of NATO – designed to stop the a copy of NATO – designed to stop the spread of Communismspread of Communism

USA saw the Korean War as a success USA saw the Korean War as a success against Communism and subsequently against Communism and subsequently encouraged the Americans to become encouraged the Americans to become involved in Vietnaminvolved in Vietnam

Review QuestionsReview Questions

Why was Korea divided into north and Why was Korea divided into north and south after WWII?south after WWII?

What was the ‘domino theory’?What was the ‘domino theory’? Why was MacArthur sacked?Why was MacArthur sacked? HW: Summarise the main events of the HW: Summarise the main events of the

war (war (http://www.johndclare.net/EC6.htmhttp://www.johndclare.net/EC6.htm))

What effects did the war in Korea have What effects did the war in Korea have on: a. the people of Korea b. the Cold on: a. the people of Korea b. the Cold War?War?

‘‘Un-American’ ActivitiesUn-American’ Activities

Un-American activities committee est. Un-American activities committee est. 19371937

Received support from Ku Klux Klan – Received support from Ku Klux Klan – credibility? Dies, the chairman was a fan of credibility? Dies, the chairman was a fan of the KKK so did not include them in initial the KKK so did not include them in initial investigations, despite calls to do so.investigations, despite calls to do so.– ""Every true American, and that includes every Every true American, and that includes every

Klansman, is behind you and your committee Klansman, is behind you and your committee in its effort to turn the country back to the in its effort to turn the country back to the honest, freedom-loving, God-fearing American honest, freedom-loving, God-fearing American to whom it belongs."to whom it belongs."


So their attention went to the So their attention went to the American Communist Party due to American Communist Party due to speculation they had infiltratedspeculation they had infiltrated– The Federal Writers ProjectThe Federal Writers Project

To combat depression through creativityTo combat depression through creativity

– New Deal ProjectsNew Deal Projects To combat depression, involved new To combat depression, involved new

projects that boosted employment etcprojects that boosted employment etc


UAC came under attack from those UAC came under attack from those who saw it as a way to block who saw it as a way to block progressive policiesprogressive policies

Alien Registration Act June 29 1940 Alien Registration Act June 29 1940 served to undermine American served to undermine American Communist Party and other left-wing Communist Party and other left-wing groups - Supported UAC aimgroups - Supported UAC aim

Then decided UAC was best vehicle Then decided UAC was best vehicle to discover if people were trying to to discover if people were trying to overthrow governmentoverthrow government

BlacklistingBlacklisting

In 1947 UAC investigated Hollywood In 1947 UAC investigated Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. Named 19 Motion Picture Industry. Named 19 people during interviews that they people during interviews that they accused of holding left-wing viewsaccused of holding left-wing views

Some gave evidence as the UAC Some gave evidence as the UAC insisted they answer all the insisted they answer all the questions but 10, who because questions but 10, who because known as The Hollywood Ten, known as The Hollywood Ten, refused citing the 1refused citing the 1stst ammendment ammendment


They went to jail They went to jail http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyism.htmmccarthyism.htm

Actors were named as they were all put Actors were named as they were all put under threat – impact on their life, despite under threat – impact on their life, despite they didn’t go to jailthey didn’t go to jail

June 1950 June 1950 Red ChannelsRed Channels was published was published listing 151 names of writers, directors and listing 151 names of writers, directors and performers who claimed had been performers who claimed had been members of subversive organisations members of subversive organisations before the Second World War but had not before the Second World War but had not so far been blacklisted. so far been blacklisted.


A free copy of A free copy of Red ChannelsRed Channels was sent to was sent to those involved in employing people in the those involved in employing people in the entertainment industry. All those people entertainment industry. All those people named in the pamphlet were blacklisted named in the pamphlet were blacklisted until they appeared in front of the UAC and until they appeared in front of the UAC and convinced its members they had convinced its members they had completely renounced their radical past. completely renounced their radical past.

Interrogations went on and even one of Interrogations went on and even one of the Hollywood Ten cracked, having huge the Hollywood Ten cracked, having huge ramifications for the others…ramifications for the others…


Dmytryk revealed how people such as Dmytryk revealed how people such as John Howard Lawson, Adrian Scott and John Howard Lawson, Adrian Scott and Albert Maltz had put him under Albert Maltz had put him under pressure to make sure his films pressure to make sure his films expressed the views of the Communist expressed the views of the Communist Party. This was damaging to those Party. This was damaging to those members of the original Hollywood Ten members of the original Hollywood Ten who were at that time involved in court who were at that time involved in court cases with their previous employers. cases with their previous employers.

BlacklistingBlacklisting It was now decided to use the Alien Registration It was now decided to use the Alien Registration

Act against the American Communist Party. Act against the American Communist Party. Leaders of the party were arrested and in Leaders of the party were arrested and in

October, 1949, after a nine month trial, eleven October, 1949, after a nine month trial, eleven members were convicted of violating the act. members were convicted of violating the act.

Over the next two years another 46 members Over the next two years another 46 members were arrested and charged with advocating the were arrested and charged with advocating the overthrow of the government. overthrow of the government.

Other high profile spy cases involving Alger Hiss, Other high profile spy cases involving Alger Hiss, Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg, helped to Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg, helped to create a deep fear in the United States that a create a deep fear in the United States that a communist conspiracy was taking place.communist conspiracy was taking place.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyism.htmUSAmccarthyism.htm

McCarthyMcCarthy 9th February, 1950, Joseph McCarthy, a senator 9th February, 1950, Joseph McCarthy, a senator

from Wisconsin, made a speech claiming to have a from Wisconsin, made a speech claiming to have a list of 205 people in the State Department that were list of 205 people in the State Department that were known to be members of the American Communist known to be members of the American Communist Party (later he reduced this figure to 57). Party (later he reduced this figure to 57).

The list of names was not a secret and had been in The list of names was not a secret and had been in fact published by the Secretary of State in 1946. fact published by the Secretary of State in 1946.

These people had been identified during a These people had been identified during a preliminary screening of 3,000 federal employees. preliminary screening of 3,000 federal employees. Some had been communists but others had been Some had been communists but others had been fascists, alcoholics and sexual deviants. If screened, fascists, alcoholics and sexual deviants. If screened, McCarthy's own drink problems and sexual McCarthy's own drink problems and sexual preferences would have resulted in him being put preferences would have resulted in him being put on the list. on the list.

McCarthyMcCarthy

Received information from Hoover, Received information from Hoover, head of FBIhead of FBI

““[We] were the ones who made the [We] were the ones who made the McCarthy hearings possible. We fed McCarthy hearings possible. We fed McCarthy all the material he was McCarthy all the material he was using."using."

McCarthyismMcCarthyism War going badly in Korea War going badly in Korea Communist advances in Eastern Europe (see Communist advances in Eastern Europe (see

‘Salami handout’) and in China, the ‘Salami handout’) and in China, the American public were genuinely frightened American public were genuinely frightened about the possibilities of internal subversion. about the possibilities of internal subversion.

McCarthy, was made chairman of the McCarthy, was made chairman of the Government Committee on Operations of Government Committee on Operations of the Senatethe Senate, and this gave him the , and this gave him the opportunity to investigate the possibility of opportunity to investigate the possibility of communist subversion. communist subversion.

McCarthyismMcCarthyism For the next two years McCarthy's committee For the next two years McCarthy's committee

investigated various government departments and investigated various government departments and questioned a large number of people about their political questioned a large number of people about their political past. past.

Some lost their jobs after they admitted they had been Some lost their jobs after they admitted they had been members of the Communist Party. members of the Communist Party.

McCarthy made it clear to the witnesses that the only way McCarthy made it clear to the witnesses that the only way of showing that they had abandoned their left-wing views of showing that they had abandoned their left-wing views was by naming other members of the party – being an was by naming other members of the party – being an informer!informer!

This witch-hunt and anti-communist hysteria became This witch-hunt and anti-communist hysteria became known as McCarthyism. known as McCarthyism.

Some left-wing artists and intellectuals were unwilling to Some left-wing artists and intellectuals were unwilling to live in this type of society and people such as Joseph live in this type of society and people such as Joseph Losey, Richard Wright, Ollie Harrington, James Baldwin, Losey, Richard Wright, Ollie Harrington, James Baldwin, Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole and Chester Himes went to Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole and Chester Himes went to live and work in Europe. live and work in Europe.

McCarthy’s influenceMcCarthy’s influence

Helped Eisenhower win election in Helped Eisenhower win election in 1952 as Truman was portrayed as a 1952 as Truman was portrayed as a dangerous liberal dangerous liberal

Hard to get him out Senate as Hard to get him out Senate as "Attacking him is this state is "Attacking him is this state is regarded as a certain method of regarded as a certain method of committing suicide." (Boston Post)committing suicide." (Boston Post)

Removed ‘anti-American’ books out Removed ‘anti-American’ books out of librariesof libraries

OppositionOpposition Main opposition came in the form of political Main opposition came in the form of political

candidates but they never won seats as the candidates but they never won seats as the hysteria was too wide spreadhysteria was too wide spread

There was speculation that McCarthy was There was speculation that McCarthy was homosexualhomosexual– "It is common talk among homosexuals in Milwaukee who "It is common talk among homosexuals in Milwaukee who

rendezvous in the White Horse Inn that Senator Joe rendezvous in the White Horse Inn that Senator Joe McCarthy has often engaged in homosexual activities."McCarthy has often engaged in homosexual activities."

– He considered a libel suit (against newsppaer article) but He considered a libel suit (against newsppaer article) but decided against it when he was told by his lawyers that if decided against it when he was told by his lawyers that if the case went ahead he would have to take the witness the case went ahead he would have to take the witness stand and answer questions about his sexuality. stand and answer questions about his sexuality.

– In an attempt to stop the rumours circulating, McCarthy In an attempt to stop the rumours circulating, McCarthy married his secretary, Jeannie Kerr. Later the couple married his secretary, Jeannie Kerr. Later the couple adopted a five-week old girl from the New York Foundling adopted a five-week old girl from the New York Foundling Home. Home.

OppositionOpposition 1953 investigations started on the 1953 investigations started on the

military. Eisenhower thought it was going military. Eisenhower thought it was going too far nowtoo far now

US army passed info on him to pressUS army passed info on him to press Eisenhower also instructed his vice Eisenhower also instructed his vice

president, Nixon, to attack McCarthy. On president, Nixon, to attack McCarthy. On 4th March, 1954, Nixon made a speech 4th March, 1954, Nixon made a speech where, although not mentioning McCarthy, where, although not mentioning McCarthy, made it clear who he was talking about: made it clear who he was talking about: – "Men who have in the past done effective work "Men who have in the past done effective work

exposing Communists in this country have, by exposing Communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the issue rather than the cause themselves the issue rather than the cause they believe in so deeply." they believe in so deeply."

End of McCarthyismEnd of McCarthyism The senate investigations into the US Army The senate investigations into the US Army

were televised and this helped to expose the were televised and this helped to expose the tactics of McCarthy. tactics of McCarthy.

One newspaper, the One newspaper, the Louisville Courier-Louisville Courier-JournalJournal, reported that: , reported that: "In this long, "In this long, degrading travesty of the democratic process degrading travesty of the democratic process McCarthy has shown himself to be evil and McCarthy has shown himself to be evil and unmatched in malice."unmatched in malice."

Leading politicians in both parties had been Leading politicians in both parties had been embarrassed by McCarthy's performance and embarrassed by McCarthy's performance and on 2nd December, 1954, a censure motion on 2nd December, 1954, a censure motion condemned his conduct by 67 votes to 22. condemned his conduct by 67 votes to 22.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmchttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyism.htmcarthyism.htm

End of McCarthyismEnd of McCarthyism McCarthy lost the chairmanship of the McCarthy lost the chairmanship of the

Government Committee on Operations of the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate. He was now without a power base Senate. He was now without a power base and the media lost interest in his claims of a and the media lost interest in his claims of a communist conspiracy. As one journalist, communist conspiracy. As one journalist, Willard Edwards, pointed out: Willard Edwards, pointed out: "Most reporters "Most reporters just refused to file McCarthy stories. And most just refused to file McCarthy stories. And most papers would not have printed them anyway."papers would not have printed them anyway."

Although some historians claim that this Although some historians claim that this marked the end of McCarthyism, others argue marked the end of McCarthyism, others argue that the anti-communist hysteria in the United that the anti-communist hysteria in the United States lasted until the end of the Cold War. States lasted until the end of the Cold War.

cold war 1950-1963 unit 2 history tio wesley college

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