cohesion: signposting and punctuation references: bailey, s. 2011. academic writing: a handbook for...
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Cohesion:Signposting and punctuationReferences:
Bailey, S. 2011. Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students. Routledge: Oxon.
Swales, J. & Feak, C. 1994. Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.
Swan, M. 1995 Practical English Usage. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press: Oxford
Websites:www.uefap.comhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://sana.tkk.fi/awe’
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We’ve been talking about flow…
− Language of academic papers vocabulary shift− Organizing information in a paper paragraphs and sentences
− Now, to establish a clear connection of ideas…
− Use linking words and phrases as well as punctuation.
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Part 1: Linking words and phrases Can help maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas
Can be arranged according to their function and grammatical use.
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Also called a ’discourse marker’
Discourse means ’pieces of language longer than a sentence’. Some words and expressions are used to show how discourse is constructed. They can show the connection between what a speaker is saying and what has already been said or what is going to be said; they can indicate what speakers think about what they are saying or what others have said.
(Swan, 1995, p. 159)
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More commonly called signposts because they show you the way…
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EXPLANATIONS
Subordinators:
Sentence connectors:
Phrase linkers:
introduce a dependent clause. It must be joined to an independent clause to complete the sentence and to give the full meaning.
introduce a complete sentence (independent clause).
introduce a noun phrase, usually at the beginning of a sentence (but not always).
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EXAMPLE
Subordinator Sentence Coordinator
Phrase linker
Because he was handy, he was always asked to come and repair something.
Therefore, he was always asked to come and repair something
Because of his handiness, he was always asked to come and repair something
Independent clause: He was handy.
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What they are and what they doFormal, academic style
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Addition
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
-- Furthermore,In addition,Moreover,Also Additionally, Another thing to note isWhat is more,
In addition to…As well as…
Informal: So, Another thing is, In any case, Besides,…= not acceptable
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Adversativity: opposition (emphatic contrast)
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
AlthoughEven though
However,Nevertheless,Nonetheless,
DespiteIn spite of
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Cause and effect
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
BecauseSinceInsofar as
Therefore,As a result,Consequently,Hence,Thus**,
Because ofDue toAs a result ofOwing to
Informal: So, Then, … = unacceptable
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Clarification
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
-- In other words,That is to say (i.e.)
--
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Contrast: difference
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
WhileWhereas
In contrast,However,On the other hand,Conversely,Meanwhile,
Unlike
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Generalization
Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase linkers
On the whole,In general,Broadly speaking,To a great extent,Overall,
Apart from,Except for,(exceptions to generalizations)
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Illustration
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase inside a sentence
-- For example,For instance,
especiallyspecificallyfor examplefor instancesuch as
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Intensification
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
-- On the contraryAs a matter of fact,In fact
--
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Parallelism/Comparing
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:Introduce a noun phrase
While Simultaneously,At the same time,Similarly,Likewise,Meanwhile,
--
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Referring
Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase linkers
As was previously mentioned,As has been noted,
With reference toRegarding Concerning
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Structuring
Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase linkers
First, Second, Third…Finally,..
Firstly, Secondly, …
First, then, after that, next, Finally, To begin with,To start with,To conclude,To summerize,
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Additional information
Using English for Academic Purposes (UEFAP)
Rhetorical functions: http://www.uefap.com/writing/writfram.htm
Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University
Writing transitions: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/574/01/
Transitional devices: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/574/02/
Academic Writing in English (AWE) website
Signposts: http://sana.tkk.fi/awe/cohesion/signposts/index.html
Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students
Part 2 (pgs. 101-149)
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Other linking words
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This (these)+ summary word
− ESL lecturers know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language. However, this understanding cannot usually be aquired quickly.
− This = demonstrative pronoun
− Refers to the previous phrase (givennew)
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Other pronoun possibilities…
− Basics – he, she, it, they, we− Posessive – his, her(s),its, their(s), our (not common in AW)− Objective – her, him, them, us (not common in AW)− Demonstrative – this, that, these, those− Other – the former, the latter, the aforementioned, the abovementioned,
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Homework
− Reading textbook− Chapters:
− 2.4: Comparisons− 2.9: Problems and solutions− 3.9: Punctuation
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Part 2: Punctuation
Sentence connectors raise the important issue of punctuation
You have to learn the proper use of punctuation in English and in your field
We only deal with some punctuation, namely comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) and dash(-)
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Semicolon
− Joins two (completely independent) clauses/phrases that are related or connected to each other.
− Works much like a full stop (period)− Air traffic delays due to high traffic volume have increased considerably
over the last decade; these delays have become a major public policy issue.
− Some argue that it’s stronger than comma and weaker than a period.
− Can be used with sentence connectors− Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion;
however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.
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Semicolon
− Can be used to separate rather long items in list :− Some of the solutions to the air traffic delay problem include increasing
the size of airports that routinely experiece flight delays; overhauling the air traffic control system so that more flights can be safely handled; and increasing landing fees.
− Is usually used if the information is grammatically complex.
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Colon and Comma
− Weaker stops− Comma (,) separates items in a list− Colon (:) introduces a list and explanations
− The meeting was postponed: the Dean was ill.
− Commas used with conjunctions (and, but, or) and subordinators (although, if, whereas)
− There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather, excessive volume, runway closures, and equipment outages.
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Dash
− Sometimes a dash is used to introduce a list− They are used to intrude additional information to a sentence, much like
brackets ().− There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather – such
as a snowstorm – may ground planes…
− Mostly, though, a dash is more often used in informal texts.