ENGLISHLANGUAGESERIES Gmeral EditorRmululpf,Quirk TJtk no: tNVES1IGATING:ENGliSHSTYLF DavtdCrystalandDcrckDavy THEMOVEMENTOFENGLISHPRO!:>E2 lanA.Gordon ENGLISHINADVIcRTISIXG- AliNGUISilC3 STUDYOf.ADVJ:.RllSINGJNGREAT BRITAIN GeoffrcyN.leech A GUIDETOEt\GLISU POETRY; GeoffreyN. Leech. THF.LANGUAGEINWESTAIRICA) Ediror : John THEt::NCL!SHLANGUAGBINAUSTRALIAf1 ANDNEWZEALAND G.W.Turner ANINTltODUCfiONIO7 Ml>DI:Ill"!c.NGliSHWORD-f.OilMAJION ValeneAdams 'PEF. CHINTILEENGLI!>H'-'OVJ:.l1:! NormanPage COH.CSlONIN.ENGU:OH0 M.A.K.HallidayandRL1qaiyaHasan AXINTRODUCTION10 tNGLlS.H10 TRANSFORI\111 llONAL!.YN fA X Rod ne)H uJdlcston Cohesion1nEnglish M. A. K. HALLIDAY Pr(lfessorof Lingt-tistrcs University Essex ll-11> r:u::::J r::J I:J(:Jc:J c=7 LONGMAN LONGMANGROUPLIMITEDLONDON Assoc.atcd comp3n!eslbranc11e.Santirepresentatives tbroughout the world Longman GroupLtd1976 Alll'ighrsNo pJn of lh).Meanings are realized (eoded)asforms,andforms are realizedin turn (recoded)asexpressions. To put this in ter-minology,meaningisputintowording.andwordingintosoundor writing: meaning '/writing (the semantic system) (the lexicogrammatical system, grammar and vocabulary) (thephonologicalandorthographic systems) The popular term 'wording' refers to lexicogrammatical form, the choice of wordsandgrammaticalstructures.Withinthisstratum,thereisno hard-and-fastdivisionbetweenvocabularyandgrammar;theguiding principlein languageisthatthemoregeneralmeaningsareexpressed through the grammar, and the more specific meaning.did I I hurt your 11'1!EUNGSH4 AI I didn't I MEAN I to // the second sentence having the rising-falling tone 4 For an explanation of the intonation system, see sectionS-4 and thereferences cited there. r .2Cohesion and linguistic structure 1.2.1Texture aru1 structure Atext, as we have said, is not astructural unit; and cohesion,in the sense in which we are using the term, is not a structural relation. Whatever rela-tion there isamong the parts of atext- theor paragraphs.or turns in a dialogue- it isnot the same asstructure in the usualsense. the relation which links the parts of a sentence or a clause. StructUre is,of course, a unifying relation.The parts ofa sentence or a clause obviously' cohere' with each other. by virtue ofthe structure. Hence they also display texture; the elements ofany structureby definition. an internalwllty which ensuresthat they allexpress part of atext.One I.2COHESIONANDLINGUISTICSTRt.TCTUJtB7 cannot changetext in mid-sentence,soto speak; or rather..if one does, there will always: be abreak in the structure. with something being inter-polated which is not structurally apart of the same s e n t e n c e ~as in Hamlet's [1: 7]Then I will come to my mother by and by-they foolmetothe topof my bent- Ivvillcome by andby. or, more conversationally, [I:8].. But what Iwant-to know is-yes. some ice,_ please- what this government think they're doing when they spend all that money on building new schools. What's wrong with the old ones? In general. any unit which is structured hangs together so asto form text. All grammaticalunits - sentences,clauses,groups. words - are internally cohesive simplybecausethey arestructured.The same appliestothe phonologicalunits,thetonegroup,footandsyllable.Structureisone meansof expressingtexture. If every text consisted of only one sentence, we should not needto go beyond the category of structure to explain the internal cohesiveneu of a text: this could be explained simply as a function of its structure. But texts are usually not limited to one sentence; on the contrary, texts consisting of one sentence only are faidyrare.They do exist;there are public notices, proverbs,advertisingslogansandthelike,where one sentenceby itself comprises. acomplete text,forexample [:r;g]a.No smoking. b.Wonden never cease! c.Read The Herald every day. But most texts