cognitive science 120: human computer interactionhci.ucsd.edu/120/120-week3.pdfgrading%assignmenti...

Cognitive Science 120: Human Computer Interaction"

Fall 2010"

Office Hour Change

Previously was: CSB 159 Wednesday, 9-‐10AM and by appointment.

Changing to: CSB 159 Thursday, 9-‐10AM and by appointment.

No change for Anne Marie, Reid, and Adi

Anne Marie -‐ Perks Coffee Shop Thursday 1:00PM -‐ 2:00PM Reid -‐ CSB 114 Wednesday 1:00PM -‐ 2:00PM Adi -‐ CSB 114 Monday 11:00AM -‐ 12:00PM

Exam I: Week from Today (10/21)

Exam I will cover chapters 1-‐6 and lectures week 1 through 3.

Exam will include short-‐answer, true-‐false, matching, and mulXple choice quesXons.

Example QuesXon

NominaXon for the Interface Hall of Fame or Hall of Shame (Due Thursday in Class)

ASSIGNMENT I: Choose an interface that you find parXcularly worthy of praise or blame in terms of

its usability. The interface can be for a PC applicaXon, a web-‐based applicaXon, or an interacXve device. It can also be a non-‐computer interface (e.g., a light switch, controls for an appliance, etc).

IdenXfy aspects of the chosen interface that exemplify why the interface should be inducted into the Hall of Fame or the Hall of Shame.

In a short paper (approximately 4-‐5 pages or more specifically 1200-‐1500 words) describe the interface and explain why you are nominaXng it. While the paper should give an overview of the interface (images and figures are useful), who the users are, and what the tasks are that the interface is designed to support, the focus should be on characterizing as clearly as you can the specific reasons the interface is parXcularly effecXve or ineffecXve and thus deserving of entry into the Hall of Fame or Hall of Shame.

Should not be unsupported opinion. Support your arguments and convince the reader. Provide a balanced substanXve assessment.

Turn in a hard copy version in class on 10/14. There is no requirement to add a version to your wiki page. Assignment I is 5% of grade.

Focus on Usability Factors Learning Visibility of system status Match between system and tasks Using exisXng knowledge Control and freedom Consistency with other interfaces

and standards Error prevenXon Errors: Recognize, diagnose, and

recover RecogniXon/recall Flexibility and efficiency of use AestheXc design …

Make use of the textbook (Chapters 1 – 4) and lectures

Provide a balanced assessment Think about and discuss the tradeoffs

involved Be careful about your choice.

Goal is for you to start thinking cri2cally about interfaces We will judge the arguments you

advance. Good to focus on an interface you know.

Should be a balanced presentaXon . Not only posiXve aspects for Hall of Fame or negaXve for Hall of Shame. Think about and discuss the tradeoffs involved.

Difficult to adequately discuss a complex interface in a short paper. Fine to focus on a part .

Grading Assignment I Overview of Interface (5 points possible)

Describe interface, users, and tasks interface supports Figures used if needed for clarity

Arguments for SelecXon (15 points possible) Provides and jusXfies reasons for nominaXon Makes use of material from textbook and lectures Fairly presents posiXve and negaXve aspects Arguments are balanced, substanXve, and compelling

Style (5 points possible) Structure of presentaXon Quality of wriXng Overall clarity

Academic Integrity Please read the UCSD Policy on Academic Integrity of Scholarship

hgp://senate.ucsd.edu/manual/appendices/app2.htm

Students are expected to complete the course in compliance with the instructor's standards. No student shall engage in any acXvity that involves agempXng to receive a grade by means other than honest effort; for example:

No student shall knowingly procure, provide, or accept any unauthorized material that contains quesXons or answers to any examinaXon or assignment to be given at a subsequent Xme.

No student shall complete, in part or in total, any examinaXon or assignment for another person.

No student shall knowingly allow any examinaXon or assignment to be completed, in part or in total, for himself or herself by another person.

No student shall plagiarize or copy the work of another person and submit it as his or her own work.

No student shall employ aids excluded by the instructor in undertaking course work or in compleXng any exam or assignment.

No student shall alter graded class assignments or examinaXons and then resubmit them for regrading.

No student shall submit substanXally the same material in more than one course without prior authorizaXon.

A Rapidly Evolving Technology Landscape Last week my goal was to convince you that HCI is becoming increasingly important and complex

For good and for ill, our professional, personal, and social acXviXes are increasingly dependent on and intertwined with digital computaXon and communicaXon faciliXes

Moore’s Law conXnues. Moving from serial to parallel compuXng (mulXcore, now quadcore, in lab 80 cores, soon hundreds)

CompuXng is moving off the desktop and into the world The monolithic computer is coming apart. The components are starXng to reemerge coalesced in a mulXtude of rapidly evolving forms

The boundaries between the private and public, home and work, local and remote, physical world and digital world are increasingly permeable

This week the goal is to provide a ligle history Ideas are like people in that the more we know about their history the beger we can appreciate them.

I will give a brief history of HCI, graphical direct manipulaXon interfaces, and the web

The Computer Reaches Out

Jonathan Grudin, The Computer Reaches Out: The historical con5nuity of interface design evolu5on and prac5ce in user interface engineering

Interface as life semng?

web

connected everywhere

life in the cloud

Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, Atlan2c Monthly July 1945

WW II coming to an end; Germany surrendered May 7, 1945, Allies turn agenXon to the Pacific. In August Truman orders the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders on August 14, 1945. 200,000 people killed in Hiroshima.

This has not been a scienXst's war; it has been a war in which all have had a part. The scienXsts, burying their old professional compeXXon in the demand of a common cause, have shared greatly and learned much. It has been exhilaraXng to work in effecXve partnership. Now, for many, this appears to be approaching an end. What are the scienXsts to do next?

As We May Think hgp://www.theatlanXc.com/doc/194507/bush

“As Director of the Office of Scien5fic Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the ac5vi5es of some six thousand leading American scien5sts in the applica5on of science to warfare.

In this significant ar5cle he holds up an incen5ve for scien5sts when the figh5ng has ceased. He urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task of making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge.

For years inven5ons have extended man's physical powers rather than the powers of his mind. Trip hammers that mul5ply the fists, microscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruc5on and detec5on are new results, but not the end results, of modern science. Now, says Dr. Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly developed, will give man access to and command over the inherited knowledge of the ages. The perfec5on of these pacific instruments should be the first objec5ve of our scien5sts as they emerge from their war work.

A Too Brief Early History of HCI:

The Memex The owner of the memex, let us say, is

interested in the origin and properXes of the bow and arrow... He has dozens of possibly perXnent books and arXcles in his memex. First he run through an encyclopedia, finds an interesXng but sketchy arXcle, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another perXnent item, and Xes the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trails to a parXcular item. When it becomes evident that the elasXc properXes of available materials had a great deal to do with the bow, he branches off on a side trail which take him through textbooks on elasXcity and tables of physical constants. he inserts a page of longhand analysis on his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.

A touch brings up the code book. Tapping a few keys projects the head of the trail. A lever runs through it at will, stopping at intersecXng items, going off on side excursions.... he sets a reproducer in acXon, photographs the whole trails out, and passes it to a friend for inserXon into his own memex, there to be linked into the more general trail. Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear ready-‐made with a mesh of associaXve trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified… ...there is a new profession of trail blazers, whose who find delight establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record

A Too Brief Early History of HCI: Paul Otlet He thought that books were an inadequate way to store informaXon, because the arrangement of

facts contained within them was an arbitrary decision on the part of the author's, making individual facts difficult to locate. A beger storage system, Otlet wrote in his essay, would be cards containing individual "chunks" of informaXon, that would allow "all the manipulaXons of classificaXon and conXnuous interfiling."

He started wriXng at length about the possibility of electronic media storage, culminaXng in a 1934 book, “Monde,” where he laid out his vision of a “mechanical, collecXve brain” that would house all the world’s informaXon, made readily accessible over a global telecommunicaXons network.

In 1934, Otlet sketched out plans for a global network of computers (or “electric telescopes,” as he called them) that would allow people to search and browse through millions of interlinked documents, images, audio and video files. He described how people would use the devices to send messages to one another, share files and even congregate in online social networks. He called the whole thing a “réseau,” which might be translated as “network” — or arguably, “web.”

Otlet also saw the possibiliXes of social networks, of lemng users “parXcipate, applaud, give ovaXons, sing in the chorus.” While he very likely would have been flummoxed by the anything-‐goes environment of Facebook Otlet saw some of the more producXve aspects of social networking — the ability to trade messages, parXcipate in discussions and work together to collect and organize documents.


The Computer and InformaXon Theory 1947 The Transistor William Shockley, John Bardeen, and

Walter BraQain invent the "transfer resistance” device, later to be known as the transistor that will revoluXonize the computer and give it the reliability that could not achieved with vacuum tubes

1948 InformaXon Theory Claude E. Shannon provides a mathemaXcal descripXon of what a communicaXons channel can and cannot do. It yields measurements for the channel's efficiency and potenXal for error. Shannon also develops a maze-‐solving mechanical mouse to demonstrate new ways to use the logic powers of a computer for operaXons other than number calculaXon. Right, Shannon's original mechanical mouse.

1950, Alan Turing, Compu5ng Machinery and Intelligence


The Dartmouth Summer School

1956 Dartmouth Summer School McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon, Shannon ..

Had interacted earlier at InsXtute for Advanced Study with von Neumann 1956 Newell & Simon, The Logic Theorist

1956 Miller, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing InformaXon

My problem is that I have been persecuted by an integer. hgp://www.well.com/user/smalin/miller.html

1957 Newell & Simon, GPS

1958 McCarthy, Lisp

1959 MIT AI Lab, Minsky & McCarthy

October 1957, Sputnik


Another Visionary 1960 J. C. R. Licklider, Man-‐Computer Symbiosis

Let computers facilitate formulaXve thinking as they now facilitate the soluXon of formulated problems

Enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situaXons without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs

The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and compuXng machines will be coupled together very Xghtly, and that the resulXng partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the informaXon-‐handling machines we know today.

Among other things Lick started the CS program at Darpa (Berkeley, CMU, MIT, Stanford, Utah)

Licklider Died June 26, 1990

J.C.R. Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, The Computer as a CommunicaXon Device, 1968

"For the society the impact will be good or bad depending mainly on the quesXon: Will 'to be on line' be a privilege or a right?"

A Too Brief Early History of HCI: Another Amazing Visionary

Ivan Sutherland, Sketchpad: A Man-‐Machine Graphical CommunicaXon System, 1963


Another Amazing Visionary

1968 Doug Engelbart, A Research Center for AugmenXng Human Intellect

1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference, a demonstraXon that later became known as "The Mother of All Demos.”

1963, Mouse


Computer-‐Supported CooperaXve Work

Persons of the Week: Vannevar Bush, Ivan Sutherland, and Doug Engelbart

Bush

hgp://www.theatlanXc.com/doc/194507/bush

Sutherland

hgp://archive.computerhistory.org/lectures//research_and_fun.2005-‐10-‐19.102654015.wmv.wmv

Engelbart

hgp://www.pbs.org/cringely/nerdtv/shows/


An Amazing Machine and Place

Xerox Alto 808x606 screen first bitmapped display 6 mhz cpu 64-‐256K 16bit words 2.5 -‐ 10mb disk 3 mb ethernet

Xerox Parc personal computer, ethernet, laser prinXng, object-‐

oriented programming, icons and desktop metaphor, desktop publishing, vlsi, ... HCI, work pracXce, importance of ethnography

A Too Brief History of HCI:

An Amazing Machine and Place

1969 Peter McCullough, Xerox CEO Decides Xerox should become “the architect of informaXon” Among other things buys ScienXfic Data Systems (SDS) George Pake hired to establish new research lab

Decides to locate in Palo Alto: Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) Three Labs: General Science Lab, Computer Science Lab, System Science Lab

Bob Taylor recruited for CSL (Followed Licklider and Sutherland at ARPA) Recruits top folks: Lampson, Thacker, Kay, … Parc becomes the place to be. Create the future

by living in it. Kay, “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”

“We didn’t start talking about hardware and sozware unXl we talked about what we wanted to do personally with such a system.”

People use their eyes A powerful display system; unXl then display at best had been

thought of as a peripheral ; Kay, “The display is the whole point.”


An Amazing Machine and Place 1972 Rolling Stone ArXcle by

Stewart Brand Whole Earth Catalog Founded the Well

Parc

Stanford AI Lab


The Altair and The Apple

1975 MITS Altair 8800 The price was $375, contained 256 bytes of memory (not 256k),but had no keyboard, no display, and no auxiliary storage device. Later, Bill Gates and Paul Allen first product was for the Altair -‐-‐ a BASIC compiler.

The Altair named azer planet on a "Star

Trek" episode.

1976 Apple I Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

1976 Apple I

1978 Apple II+

1981 IBM PC

1984 Macintosh

Direct ManipulaXon Interfaces

Sketchpad 60’s

Alto 70’s

Mac 80’s


Apple II mid 70’s Visicalc 1979 Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston

The Spreadsheet – Visicalc, 1979

Direct ManipulaXon Interfaces Personal Background

ThingLab Pinball ConstrucXon Kit Naive Physics Mental Models Steamer


Ben Shneiderman


Goal: A CogniXve Account of Direct ManipulaXon

  Promising but no explanaXon  What provides the feeling of “directness”  Why can they feel so natural? Why can they, at Xmes, seem so tedious?

  DM not a unitary concept   Our assumpXon: feeling of directness results from the commitment of fewer cogniXve resources

  Like all interfaces involves tradeoffs   Provide a framework that allows one to say what is being traded off against what

Direct Manipulation Interfaces, Edwin L. Hutchins, James D. Hollan, and Donald A. Norman. In Norman, D.A. and S. W. Draper, editors, User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction, 1986, 87-124. http://hci.ucsd.edu/hollan/direct-manip.pdf

Direct ManipulaXon Interfaces Two Metaphors: ConversaXon and Model-‐World

Two Aspects of Directness: Distance and Engagement Distance between one’s thoughts and the physical requirements of the system A short distance means that the translaXon is simple and straigh}orward Engagement is the feeling that one is directly manipulaXng the objects of interest

Two Gulfs: ExecuXon and EvaluaXon


Every Device Specifies An Interface Language Input Interface Language Output Interface Language

Two Forms of Distance: SemanXc and ArXculatory SemanXc Distance

Is it possible to say what one wants to say in this language? Can the things of interest be said concisely? SemanXc distance in the gulf of execuXon reflects how much of the required structure is provided by the system and how much is provided by the user. The more the user must provide the greater the distance to be bridged.

In the gulf of evaluaXon, semanXc distance is the amount of processing structure that is required for the user to determine if the goal has been achieved.

ArXculatory Distance

Direct ManipulaXon Interfaces Reducing distance

  Move the interface language toward the user

  User builds new mental structure to bridge the gulfs

  Higher-‐Level Languages   Make the Output Show SemanXc Concepts Directly (WYSIWYG, Spreadsheets)

  Tradeoffs : Generality and Power versus Specificity, Ease-‐of-‐Use, and Learnability

  Automated Behavior Does Not Reduce SemanXc Distance ▪  User Can Adapt to the System RepresentaXon ▪  Virtuosity ▪  Piano versus Violin


SemanXc Distance RelaXonship between intenXons and meanings of expressions

ArXculatory Distance RelaXonship between

the meanings of expressions and their physical form

DM Paper ReflecXons

SXll fairly happy with this old paper

Today   I would take a wider view of the overall cogniXve ecology

  I would also place greater emphasis on embodied interacXon

  Also interfaces are becoming more dynamic, reacXve, and interacXve

ComputaXon Enables Dynamic, ReacXve, and InteracXve RepresentaXons

Dynamic RepresentaXonal Medium

Exploits Our Perceptual and CogniXve Strengths   AbiliXes to recognize pagerns and conXngencies   RecogniXon memory

 Exploit knowledge of our bodies and experience with interacXng in the world and with others

Biological MoXon PercepXon

hgp://www.biomoXonlab.ca/Demos/BMLwalker.html

Ken Perlin’s Responsive Face Demo

World Wide Web

Sir Tim Berners-‐Lee

World Wide Web

Tim Berners-‐Lee Parents were mathemaXcians who worked on Mark I computer in 50’s Graduated from Oxford in 1976 with an undergraduate degree in physics

MenXons Influences From Vannevar Bush “As We May Think”, The AtlanXc Monthly, July 1945

Doug Engelbart, 1962 AugmenXng Human Intellect

Ted Nelson, Coined term hypertext

1965 Xanadu Hypertext Project

1974 Computer Lib 1981 Literary Machines

World Wide Web 1980 CERN, research center for parXcle physics

6 months as a contract programmer first version of Enquire

Enquire Within Upon Everything, a musty old book of Victorian advice, remembered as a portal to a world of informaXon: everything from how to remove clothing stains to Xps on invesXng money led to his vision for the web: anything being potenXally connected to anything reacXng to computers keeping everything in strict hierarchies wanted something more like human memory associaXons

Wrote Pascal program to provide a computer form of the way people linked people and equipment on paper; nodes with numbers at the bogom for links

1984 returned to CERN Rewrote Enquire on luggable Compaq and a VAX minicomputer Internet, although up and running in 70s, was sXll virtually invisible in Europe Tries to promote Enquire to CERN as DocumentaXon System 1989 sXll trying to sell the idea, buys a NeXT computer

Web’s First Home

NeXT Computer (October 1988)

InformaXon Management Proposal 1989

World Wide Web

1990 Agends European Hypertext Conference Owl hypertext program by Peter Brown of University of Southampton, much like he

envisioned a browser but inserted linked informaXon in place; tried to interest them in connecXng it to Internet; no interest

Dynatext, from Electronic Book Technology, Andy Van Dam from Brown University; coined term electronic book; though of as compiling a normal book into hypertext; no interest

Builds System on NeXT HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol URI (URL) Universal Resource IdenXfier (Locator) HTML Hypertext Markup Language Point and Click Browser he called the WorldWideWeb First web server (info.cern.ch) running at end of 1990; two NeXT machines can access SXll not official project; built demo using the CERN phonebook Port to Unix and released on in August 1991; message in newsgroup alt.hypertext 10-‐100 hits per day on cern server

1991 Hypertext Conference in San Antonio Demo using dialup connecXon through local university

World Wide Web

Mosaic Browser From NCSA (Larry Smarr) Available on net February 1992 1993 50 servers 1994 >200 servers

Netscape Mosaic CommunicaXons

(Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen), found Netscape in April 1994

Netscape Browser in October 1994

1994 First World Wide Web Conf World Wide Web

ConsorXum Formed www.w3.org

info.cern.ch

Adding Images: Mosaic (1993)

COGSCI.UCSD.EDU in 1996

CogniXve Consequences Of The Web

A decade ago few could have imagined the Web of today

Web changed things InformaXon explosion, changing access to informaXon, search engines Digital Divide: unequal access Free dialogues between people almost everywhere, naXonal boundaries less important, associaXons form spontaneously (shared hobbies, interests, ..), thousands of communiXes Changing nature of social interacXon, anonymity Reading to browsing CompeXng for agenXon

Everyone as Publisher ScienXfic PublicaXon EducaXon Electronic Commerce

Issues Currently fairly unregulated but lots of groups want more regulaXon Is technology running faster than our mores and ethical senses can catch up? Copyright, patents Viruses, being connected increases risk Cyber-‐terrorists Privacy, monitoring, check out lines, on-‐line, cookies, medical informaXon, webcams, speeding Xckets via a camera, Wireless and increased connecXvity Complex tradeoffs …

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