WELCOME

COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

THINKING

Thinking means changing and

reorganizing the information stored in

memory to create new information.

NATURE OF THINKING

It is essentially a cognitive activity.

It is always directed towards achieving some

purpose.

It is described as a problem-solving behaviour.

It is a symbolic activity.

TYPES OF THINKING

Perceptual or Concrete Thinking

It is based on perception.

Perception is the process of interpretation of

sensation according to one’s experience.

It is also called concrete thinking as it is carried

over the perception of actual or concrete & events.

Conceptual or Abstract Thinking

It does not require the perception of actual objects or

events.

It is also called abstract thinking as it makes the use of

concepts or abstract ideas.

It is superior to perceptual thinking's as it economizes

efforts in understanding & helps in discovery & invention

Language plays an important part in conceptual thinking.

Reflective Thinking

• Reflective thinking is thinking about one’s own thinking.

Creative Thinking

This type of thinking, as the name suggests, is associated with one’s ability to create or construct something new, novel, or unusual.

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined

process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,

applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating

information gathered from, or generated by,

observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or

communication, as a guide to belief and action.

Non–Directed or Associative Thinking

It is essentially a directed thinking which pertains to

reasoning and problem solving procedures aimed at

meeting specific goals.

However, there are times when we find ourselves

engaged in a unique type of thinking which is non-

directed and without goal .

Conceptual

Reflective

Creative

Critical

Non-Directed

Perceptual

GARRETT

Reasoning is a step- wise

thinking with a purpose or

goal in the mind.

STEPS

Identification of the goal

Search for the various possibilities.

Selection of the most appropriate possibility

or solution

Testing the validity of the selected possibility

or solution

Reasoning

Deductive

Conditioned

Categorical Linear

Inductive

III. PROBLEM SOLVING

SKINNER

“ Problem Solving is a process of

overcoming difficulties that appear to

interfere with the attainment of a goal. It

is a procedure of making adjustment in

spite of interferences.”

STEPS

Problem Awareness

Problem Understanding

Collection of the Relevant Information

Formulation of Hypothesis

Selection of the Correct Solution

Verification of the Concluded Solution or

Hypothesis

Metacognition is a form of cognition, a second

higher order thinking process which involves active

control over cognitive process.

It can be simply defined as thinking about thinking

or as a person’s cognition about cognition.

John Flavell

1975

METACOGNITIVE SKILLS

Taking conscious control of learning

Planning and selecting strategies

Monitoring the progress of learning

Correcting errors

Analyzing the effectiveness of learning strategies

Changing leaning behaviours and strategies

METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES

Connecting new information to former knowledge

Selecting thinking strategies

Planning, monitoring, and evaluating thinking

process

ADVANTAGES

Metacognition enhances and enriches the

learning experience

Metacognition provides self-monitoring

Metacognition develops higher learning and

problem solving skills

DISADVANTAGES

Poor self-esteem

Difficulty in problem solving

Poor language and communication skills