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PIPING ELEMENTS

P. B. HIRAVE



The piping system is the inter-connected

piping subject to the same set of designconditions. The piping system involves not

only pipes but also the fittings, valves and other

specialties. These items are known as piping

components. Code specifies the pipingcomponents as mechanical elements suitable

for joining or assembly into pressure-tight fluid-

containing piping systems.



Components include …

1. Pipes

2. Fittings

3. Flanges

4. Gaskets

5. Bolting

6. Valves

7. Specialties



Piping element is defined as any material or workrequired to plan and install the piping system.

Elements of piping include design specifications,

materials, components, supports, fabrication,

inspection and testing.

Piping specification is a document specifying each

of the components. Different material

specifications are segregated in different “Piping

Class”. Identification of the “Piping Classes”

depends on each Designer.



The selection of piping material requires

knowledge of corrosion properties, strength and

engineering characteristics, relative cost andavailability.

The Piping Designer selects/designs the pipingcomponents based on the mechanical properties

such as the following.

a. Yield strengthb. Ultimate strength

c. Percentage elongation

d. Impact strength

e. Creep-rupture strengthf. Fatigue endurance strength



Metallic

Ferrous Materials Non-Ferrous Materials

Copper Aluminium Nickel Lead

+ + +

Copper Aluminium Nickel

Alloys Alloys Alloys

Cast Carbon Alloy Stainless Special PVC CPVC PP HDPE UHMW-HDPE FRP PTFE LDPE LLDPE Glass Ceramic CementIron Steel Carbon Steel Alloys

Steel

LinedNon-Metallic

MSGL MSRL MS MS MS MS MS MS FRP

PTFE PP PVDF Cement Lead Ceramic PP

Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined

FIGURE 1.1

PIPING ELEMENTS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION



Cast Carbon Alloy Stainless Special

Iron Steel Carbon Steel Alloys

Steel

Ferrous Materials Non-Ferrous Materials

Copper Aluminium Nickel Lead

+ + +Copper Aluminium Nickel

Alloys Alloys Alloys

Metallic



Non-Metallic

PVC CPVC PP HDPE UHMW-HDPE FRP PTFE LDPE LLDPE Glass Ceramic Cement



MSGL MSRL MS MS MS MS MS MS FRP

PTFE PP PVDF Cement Lead Ceramic PPLined Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined

Lined



CODE

A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication,

installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by

legal jurisdiction and made into law.

STANDARDS

Documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are

believed to be good and proper engineering practice and which contain mandatory

requirements.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

Documents prepared by professional group or committee indicating good

engineering practices but which are optional.

Companies also develop Guides in order to have consistency in the

documentation. These cover various engineering methods which are considered

good practices, without specific recommendation or requirements.

Codes and standards as well as being regulations, might be consideredas

“design aids” since they provide guidance from experts.

Each country has its own Codes and Standards. On global basis,

American National Standards are undoubtedly the most widely used and

compliance with those requirements are accepted world over. In India, other than

American Standards, British Standards and Indian Standards are also used for the

design and selection of equipment

and piping systems.



MAJOR ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDS

Sr. No. Country Organization

Abbreviation

1. USA American National ANSI

Standards Institute

2. Canada Canadian Standard CSA

Association

3. France Francaise AFNOR

4. United British Standards BSI

Kingdom Institute

5. Europe European Community CEN

for Standardization

6. Germany Deutsches Institute DIN

fur Normung

7. Japan Japanese Industrial JIS

8. India Bureau of Indian BIS Standards



AMERICAN STANDARDS

1. American Petroleum Institute

2. American Iron and Steel Institute

3. American National Standard Institute

4. American Society of Mechanical Engineers

5. American Society of Testing Materials

6. American Welding Society

7. American Water Works Association

8. Manufacturers Standardization Society of

Valves and Fitting Industry – Standard Practices



The American National Standards Institute‟s

standards used in the design of the Piping System are

as listed. ASME B 31. Code for Pressure piping is at

present a non-mandatory code in USA, though they

are adopted as legal requirement.

1)ASME B 31.1 - Power Piping

2)ASME B 31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping

3)ASME B 31.3 - Process Piping4)ASME B 31.4 - Pipeline

Transportation

System for liquid

hydrocarbon and otherLiquids

5)ASME B 31.5 - Refrigeration Piping



6)ASME B 31.8 - Gas Transmission and

Distributor Piping

Systems.

7)ASME B 31.9 - Building Services

Piping

8)ASME B 31.11 - Slurry Transpiration

Piping Systems

9)ASME B 31.G - Manual for

determining

the remaining strength

of corroded piping -Asupplement to ASME

B31.

Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME

B31.3. Refineries and chemical plants are designedbased on the same. All power plants are designed as

per ASME B31.1.



AMERICAN STANDARD ASSOCIATIONS-

CODE FOR PROCESS PIPING

On global basis ANSI is undoubtedly the most

widely used and accepted code and compliance

with requirements of the same can be consideredas demonstrating the requirements of any branch

of piping engineering .

The American Standard for piping has its origin from1915 to 1925. The American Standards initiated

project B31 in March 1926, at the request of the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers and with

that Societyas the sole administrative sponsor.



Because of the wide field involved, Sectional Committee

B31 was composed of representatives of some 40 different

engineering societies, industries, government bureaus,institutes and trade associations. After several years

work, the first edition was published in 1935 as an

American Tentative Standard Code for Pressure Piping.

To keep the Code abreast of current developments in

piping design, stress computations, new dimensional and

material standards and specifications, and increases in

the severity of service conditions, revisions, supplements,and new editions of the Code were published as ASA

B31.1 from 1942 through 1955. Many sub sections were

formed to deal with different field of Piping design such

as subsection 1 to deal with Power Piping and Sub section

3 to deal with Refinery piping etc.



In 1952 a new section of the code was published to cover

gas transmission and distribution piping systems. In 1955a

decision was made to develop and publish other industrysections as separate Code Sections of the American

Standard Code for Pressure Piping. First separate

document published was B31.8 - 1955. The first edition of

Petroleum Refinery Piping was published as ASA B31.3,1959, superseding Section 3 of B 31.1 1955. Two

subsequent editions were publish as American Standards :

ASA B31.3 1962 and ASA B31.3 1966 .

During the period 1967-1969, the American StandardsAssociation was changed to the United Stated of American

Standards Institute. ASA Sectional Committees were

renamed American National Standards Committees and

the code became the American National Standard Code for

Pressure Piping .



A new edition of Petroleum Refinery Piping, designated

ANSI B31.3- 1973, was published and periodically

revised through 1975.In 1974, after many years in development, a Code

Section for chemical plant piping designated B 31.6, was

ready for approval. It was decided, rather than publish

two closely related Code Sections, to combine therequirements of B31.3 and B31.6 in a new edition of

b31.3, titled Chemical Plant and petroleum Refinery

Piping. The new edition was published as ANSI B31.3-

1976, and was revised by five approved addenda upthrough August 1980.

In December 1978, American National Standard

Committee B31 was reorganized as the ASME code for

pressure Piping, B31Committee, under procedures

developed by the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers and accredited by ANSI.



Addenda and new editions since that data have been

designated as ANSI/ASME B31. A new edition,ANSI/ASME B31.3-1980, was compiled from the 1976

Edition and its addenda, and editorially reorganized to

place the distinctive requirements for nonmetals in a

separate Chapter VIII.

In 1981, after several years in development, a code

Section for cryogenic piping, designated B 31.10 was

ready for approval. Again it was decided, rather thanpublishing two Code Sections with partially overlapping

scopes, to combine the requirements of B31.10with those

of B31.3.Part of this work has been done in several of

the approved addenda to the 1980 Edition : These were

consolidated in the 1984 Edition.



The addenda to the 1984 Edition underwent significant

technical and editorial changes. Besides completing the

integration of cryogenic services, another separatechapter on high pressure piping was added. Additionally

Appendix A was reorganized to list the basic stress value

instead of SE (stress times joint efficiency) values. The

chapter on fabrication, examination and testing wereeditorially reorganized for uniformity among Code

Sections. These Addenda were consolidated in the

ANSI/ASME 31.3 1990 Edition.

The addenda to the 1987 Edition was mainly underwentsignificant technical and editorial change. Besides

completing the integration of piping was added.

Additionally Appendix A was reorganized to list the basic

stress value instead of SE (stress times joint efficiency)

values.



The chapter on fabrication, examination and testingwere editorially reorganized for uniformity among

Code Sections. These Addenda were consolidated in

the ANSI/ASME 31.3 1987 Edition.

The addenda to the 1987 Edition was mainly for

keeping the code updated. Appendices for design of

expansion bellows and procedure for submitting

inquires were added. These Addenda were compiled

with extensive editorial revision in the ASME 31.31990 edition. Addenda to subsequent editions were

served to keep the code up to date.



In a program to clarify the application of all

sections of the code for pressure piping, charges were made in

the Introduction & Scope statements of B 31.3 and its changed

to Process Piping in the 1996 edition.

Under directions of ASME Codes and Standards

management, metric units of measurements are being

emphasized. With certain exceptions, SI metric units are listed

first in 1996 edition and are designated as standard.Instructions for conversion are given where metric data are

not available. U S Customary Units are also given. By given

agreement, either system may be used.

New editors are published every three years and

addenda to the new editions every year. Revisions and addendaare not retroactive. Latest addenda issued six months prior to

original extract date shall govern, unless agreement is made

between extracting parties. Hence mandatory date is indicated

in code as exactly six months after the issue date.



The latest editions of code available as of now are

B31.1 2001B31.2 1968 (see note)

B31.3 2002

B31.4 1998

B31.5 2001B31.8 1999 20XX

B31.9 1996

B31.11 1989

Note : USAS B31.2-1968 was withdrawn as an American

National Standard on February 18, 1988.ASME will

continue to make available USAS 31.2 1968 as a historical

document for a period of time.



More of 31.3

The intent of the Code ASME B31.3 is to set forth

engineering requirements deemed necessary for

design and construction of piping installation.

The Code prescribe requirements for the materials,

design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination,

inspection and testing of piping systems subject topressure of vacuum.

1 1 API STANDARDS



1.1 API STANDARDS

The generally referred API standards by the Piping Engineers

are :

1) API 5L - Specification for Line Pipe

2) API 6D - Pipe line Valves, End closures,

Connectors and Swivels.

3) API 6F - Recommended Practice for Fire Test for valves.

4) API 593 - Ductile Iron Plug Valves – flanged

ends.

5) API 598 - Valve Inspection and Test.

6) API 600 - Steel Gate Valves

7) API 601 - Metallic Gasket for Refinery piping



8) API 602 - Compact Design carbon steel Gate.

9) API 604 - Ductile Iron Gate Valves – flanged

ends.

10) API 605 - Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges

11) API 607 - Fire test for soft-seated ball valves

12) API 609 - Butterfly valves

13) API 1104 - Standard for welding pipeline andfacilities.



1.2 AISI STANDARDS

The American Iron and Steel Institute Standards specifies thematerial by its chemical and physical properties. When specific

model of manufacture of the element is not to be specified, then the

material can be identified by the AISI standards. The most

commonly used AISI specifications are:

1) AISI 410 - 13% Chromium Alloy

Steel

2) AISI 304 - 18/8 Austenitic

Stainless Steel

3) AISI 316 - 18/8/3 Austenitic

Stainless Steel

1 3 ANSI STANDARDS



1.3 ANSI STANDARDS

The American National Standards Institute’s standards used

in the design of the Piping Systems are as listed. ASME B 31. Code

for Pressure piping is at present a non-mandatory code in USA,though they are adopted as legal requirement.

1) ASME B 31.1 - Power Piping

2) ASME B 31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping

3) ASME B 31.3 - Process Piping

4) ASME B 31.4 - Pipeline Transportation

System for liquid

hydrocarbon and other

Liquids

5) ASME B 31.5 - Refrigeration Piping



6) ASME B 31.8 - Gas Transmission and

Distributor Piping Systems.

7) ASME B 31.9 - Building Services Piping

8) ASME B 31.11 - Slurry Transpiration Piping

Systems9) ASME B 31.G - Manual for determining the

remaining strength of

corroded piping - supplement

to ASME B31.

Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B 31.3.

Refineries and chemical plants are designed based on the same. All

power plants are designed as per ASME B 31.1.



Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B 31.3.

Refineries and chemical plants are designed based on the same. All

power plants are designed as per ASME B 31.1.

Other major ASME standards referred for the piping elements are:

1) ANSI B 1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads

2) ASME B 1.20.1 - Pipe Threads general purpose – (Ex ANSI

B2.1)3) ASME B 16.1 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

4) ASME B 16.3 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings.

5) ASME B 16.4 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings

6) ASME B 16.5 - Steel Pipe flanges and Flanged Fittings



7) ASME B 16.9 - Steel Butt welding Fittings

8) ASME B 16.10 - Face to face and end to end dimensions

of Valves

9) ASME B 16.11 - Forged steel Socket welding and

Threaded fittings

10) ANSI B 16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for pipe flanges – ring

joint, spiral wound and jacketed flanges

11) ASME B 16.21 - Non Metallic Gasket for pipe flanges

12) ASME B 16.25 - Butt Welding Ends



13)ASME B 16.28 - Short Radius Elbows and Returns

14)ASME B 16.34 - Steel Valves, flanged and butt welding ends.

15)ASME B 16.42 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges & Flanged

Fittings – Class 150 and 300

16)ASME B 16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges – NPS 26-60

17)ASME B 18.2 1 & 2 - Square and hexagonal head Bolts and Nuts

– (in & mm)

18)ASME B 36.10 - Welded and seamless Wrought Steel Pipes

19)ASME B 36.19 - Welded and Seamless Austenitic Stainless

Steel Pipes.



1.4 ASTM STANDARDS

ASTM standards consist of 16 sections on definitions and

classifications of materials of construction and test methods. Most

of the ASTM standards are adapted by ASME and are specified in

ASME Section II. The Section II has four parts.

1.4.1 Part-A - Ferrous materials specifications

1.4.2 Part-B - Non-ferrous metals specification1.4.3 Part-C - Specification for welding materials

1.4.4 Part-D - Properties of materials.

In Part-II, the materials are listed in the Index based on the available

forms such as plates, castings, tubes, etc. and also on the numericalindex.

The selection of ASTM specification depends upon the

required manufacturer, form of material, its mechanical strength and

the corrosion properties.



The specification number is given on Alphabetical prefix, ‘A’ for

Ferrous materials and ‘B’ for Non-ferrous materials. ASTM also

specifies standard practice for numbering metal and alloys asUnified Numbering System.

Unified Numbering System (UNS) establishes 18 series

numbers of metals and alloys. Each UNS number consists of a

single letter prefix followed by five digits. In most cases thealphabet is suggestive of the family of the metal identified.

1. A00001 - A 99999 - Aluminium and Aluminium

alloys

2. C00001 - C 99999 - Copper and Copper alloys

3. E00001 - E 99999 - Rare earth and rare earth

like metals and alloys



4. L00001 - L 99999 - Low melting metals

and alloys

5. M00001 - M 99999 - Miscellaneousnonferrous metals and

alloys

6. N00001 - N 99999 - Nickel and Nickel

alloys

7. P00001 - P 99999 - Precious metals and

alloys

8. R00001 - R 99999 - Reactive and

Refractory metals and

alloys

9. Z00001 - Z 99999 - Zinc and Zinc alloys

10. D00001 - D 99999 - Specified mechanical



10. D00001 D 99999 Specified mechanical

properties of Steels

11. F00001 - F 99999 - Cast Iron and Cast Steels

12. G00001 - G 99999 - AISI and SAE Carbon and

Alloy steels

13. H00001 - H 99999 - AISI H Steels

14. J00001 - J 99999 - Cast Steels

15. K00001 - K 99999 - Miscellaneous Steels and

Ferrous alloys

16. S00001 - S 99999 - Stainless Steels

17. T00001 - T 99999 - Tool Steels

18. W00001 - W99999 - Welding Filler Metals andElectrodes



1.5 AWS STANDARDS

The American Welding Society (AWS) standards provide

information on welding fundamentals; weld design, welders’ training qualification, testing and inspection of welds and guidance

on the application and use of welds. Individual electrode

manufacturers have given their own brand names for the various

electrodes and are sold under these names.

1.6 AWWA STANDARDS



1.6 AWWA STANDARDS

The American Water Works Association (AWWA) standards

refer to the piping elements required for low-pressure water services.

These are less stringent than other standards. Valves, flanges, etc.required for large diameter water pipelines are covered under this

standard and are referred rarely by piping engineers here.

1) C-500 - Gate Valves for water & sewage system

2) C-510 - Cast Iron Sluice Gates

3) C-504 - Rubber Seated Butterfly Valves

4) C-507 - Ball valves 6” – 48”

5) C-508 - Swing Check Valves 2” – 24”

6) C-509 - Resilient Seated Gate Valves for water &sewage



1.7 MSS-SP STANDARDS

In addition to the above standards and material codes, there are standard

practices followed by manufacturers. These are published as advisorystandards and are widely followed. The most common MSS-SP

standards referred for piping are:

1) MSS-SP-6 - Standard Finishes for Contact Surface for

Flanges2) MSS-SP-25 - Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings

Flanges

3) MSS-SP-42 - Class 150 Corrosion Resistant Gate, Globe and

Check Valves.

4) MSS-SP-43 - Wrought Stainless Steel Buttweld Fittings5) MSS-SP-56 - Pipe Hanger Supports: Materials, Design and

Manufacture

6) MSS-SP-61 - Pressure testing of Valves

7) MSS-SP-67 - Butterfly Valves8) MSS-SP-68 - High Pressure Offseat Butterfly Valves

9) MSS-SP-69 - Pipe Hanger Supports:



) p g pp

Selection and application

10) MSS-SP-70 - Cast Iron Gate Valves

11) MSS-SP-71 - Cast Iron Check Valves

12) MSS-SP-72 - Ball Valves

13) MSS-SP-78 - Cast Iron Plug Valves

14) MSS-SP-80 - Bronze Gate, Globe and Check Valves

15) MSS-SP-81 - Stainless Steel Bonnetless Knife Gate

Valves

16) MSS-SP-83 - Pipe Unions

17) MSS-SP-85 - Cast Iron Globe Valves

18) MSS-SP-88 - Diaphragm Valves



19) MSS-SP-89 - Pipe Hangers and

Supports: Fabrication and

installation practices.

20) MSS-SP-90 - Pipe Hangers and

Supports: Guidelines on

terminology

21) MSS-SP-92 - MSS Valve user guide

22) MSS-SP-108 - Resilient Seated Eccentric

CI Plug Valves.

2 0 BRITISH STANDARDS



2.0 BRITISH STANDARDS

In many instances, it is possible to find a British Standard,

which may be substituted for American Standards. For example, BS

2080 – British Standard for Face to Face / End-to-End dimensions of

valves is identical to ASME B16.10. Similarly BS 3799 and ASME B

16.11 also compare.

There are certain British Standards referred by IndianManufacturers for the construction of piping elements such as valves.

The most commonly referred British standards in the Piping Industry

are:

1) BS 10 - Flanges (obsolescent)

2) BS 806 - Pipes and Fittings for boilers

3) BS 916 - Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws

(obsolescent)

4) BS 970 - Steel for forging, bars, rods, valve steel,



) g g

etc.

5) BS 1212 - Specification for float operated Valves

6) BS 1306 - Copper and Copper alloy pressure piping

system

7) BS 1414 - Gate Valves for petroleum industry

8) BS 1560 - Steel Pipe Flanges (class designated)

9) BS 1600 - Dimensions of Steel Pipes

10) BS 1640 - Butt Welding Fittings

11) BS 1740 - Wrought steel screwed pipe fittings

12) BS 1868 - Steel Check Valves for petroleumindustry

13) BS 1873 - Steel Globe & Check Valves for



petroleum industry

14) BS 1965 - Butt welding pipe fittings

15) BS 2080 - Face to Face / End to End dimensions

of Valves

16) BS 2598 - Glass Pipelines and Fittings

17) BS 2995 - SW and Screwed valves – 2” and

Smaller (withdrawn, superseded by

BS 5352)

18) BS 3059 - Boiler and Super Heater tubes

19) BS 3063 - Dimensions of Gaskets for pipe

flanges (obsolescent)

20) BS 3351 - Piping System for petroleum

refineries – (withdrawn)

21) BS 3381 - Metallic Spiral Wound Gaskets



22) BS 3600 - Dimensions of Welded and Seamless

Pipes &Tubes.

23) BS 3601 - C.S. Pipes & Tubes for pressure purposes at room temperature

24) BS 3602 - C.S. Pipes & Tubes for pressure

purposes at high temperature

25) BS 3603 - C.S. and Alloy steel Pipes & Tubes

for pressure purposes at low

temperature.

26) BS 3604 - Alloy steel Pipes & Tubes for high

temperature

27) BS 3605 - S.S. Pipes & Tubes for pressure

purposes

28) BS 3799 - SW/Screwed Fittings29) BS 3974 - Pipe hangers, Slides & Roller type

Supports.

30) BS 4090 - CI Check Valves for general purpose



(withdrawn).

31) BS 4346 - PVC pressure Pipe – joints & Fittings

32) BS 4504 - Steel, CI & Copper alloy Flanges (PN

designated).

33) BS 5146 - Inspection and Testing of valves

(withdrawn, superseded by BS6755)

34) BS 5150 - CI Wedge and Double Disc Gate Valves

for general purposes

35) BS 5151 - CI Gate (parallel slide) valves for general

purposes

36) BS 5152 - CI Globe & Check valves for general

purposes.

37) BS 5153 CI Check valves for general purposes



37) BS 5153 - CI Check valves for general purposes.

38) BS 5154 - Copper alloy Gate, Globe, Check

valves

39) BS 5155 - CI and CS Butterfly valves for general

purposes

40) BS 5156 - Diaphragm valves for general purposes

41) BS 5157 - Steel Gate (parallel slide) valves for

general purposes

42) BS 5158 - CI and CS Plug valves for general

purposes

43) BS 5159 - CI and CS Ball valves for general

purposes

44) BS 5160 - Flanged steel Globe and



Check valves for general purposes

45) BS 5163 - Double flanged Cast Iron wedge gate

valves for water works purposes.

46) BS 5351 - Steel Ball Valves for petroleum

industries

47) BS 5352 - Steel Gate, Globe, Check Valves < 2” NB

48) BS 5353 - Specification for Plug Valves

49) BS 5222 - Aluminium Piping Systems (withdrawn)

50) BS 5391 - Specification for ABS Pressure Pipes

51) BS 5392 - Specification for ABS Fittings



52) BS 5433 - Specification for underground Stop Valves for water services

53) BS 5480 - Specification for GRP Pipes and Fittings

54) BS 6364 - Specification for Valves for cryogenic services

55) BS 6755 - Testing of valves

56) BS 6759 - Safety Valves



3.0 INDIAN STANDARDS

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have so far not developed

an Indian standard for the design of Piping Systems. Hence, ANSIstandards ANSI B 31.1/31.3 are widely referred for the design. These

standards also accept materials covered in other standards. Unlike

American Standards, Indian Standards cover dimensions and material

specifications under the same standard. There are also no groupings

done based on the series/branch of engineering as well. Some of themost commonly referred Indian Standards by the Piping Engineers are:

1) IS – 210 - Grey Iron Castings

2) IS – 226 - Structural Steel (superseded by IS 2062)

3) IS - 554 - Dimensions of Pipe Threads

4) IS – 778 - Specification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe andCheck Valves.



5) IS – 780 - Specification for Sluice Valves – 50 NB to 300 NB

6) IS 1239 - Specification for Mild Steel Tubes and Fittings.

Part I & II

7) IS 1363 - Hexagonal bolts, screws and nuts – Grade C

8) IS 1364 - Hexagonal bolts, screws and nuts – Grade A & B

9) IS 1367 - Technical supply conditions for threaded steel

fasteners

10)IS 1536 - Centrifugally Cast Iron Pipes

11)IS 1537 - Vertically Cast Iron Pipes

12)IS 1538 - Cast Iron Fittings



13) IS 1870 - Comparison of Indian and Overseas Standards

14) IS 1879 - Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings

15) IS 1978 - Line Pipe

16) IS 1979 - High Test Line Pipe

17) IS 2002 - Steel Plates

18) IS 2016 - Plain Washers

19) IS 2041 - Steel Plates for pressure vessel used at moderate

and low temperature

20) IS 2062 - Steel for general structural purposes

21) IS 2379 - Colour code for identification of pipelines



31) IS 4853 Radiographic e amination of b tt eld



31) IS 4853 - Radiographic examination of butt weld

joints in pipes.

32) IS 4864 to IS 4870 - Shell Flanges for vessels and equipment

33) IS 4984 - Specification for HDPE Pipes for water

supply

34) IS 4985 - Specification for PVC Pipes

35) IS 5312 - Specification for Swing Check Valves

36) IS 5572 - Classification of hazardous area for

electrical installation

37) IS 5822 - Code of practice for laying welded

steel pipes

38) IS 6157 - Valve Inspection and Test



39) IS 6286 - Seamless and Welded Pipe for subzero

temperature

40) IS 6392 - Steel Pipe Flanges

41) IS 6630 - Seamless Alloy Steel Pipes for high temperature

services

42) IS 6913 - Stainless steel tubes for food and beverageindustry

43) IS 7181 - Horizontally Cast iron pipes

44) IS 7240 - Code of practice for cold insulation

45) IS 7413 - Code of practice for hot insulation

46) IS 7719 - Metallic spiral wound gaskets

47) IS 7806 SS Castings



47) IS 7806 - SS Castings

48) IS 7899 - Alloy steel castings for pressure services

49) IS 8008 - Specification for moulded HDPE Fittings

50) IS 8360 - Specification for fabricated HDPE Fittings

51) IS 9890 - Ball Valves for general purposes

52) IS 10221 - Code of practice for coating and wrapping of

underground MS pipelines

53) IS 10592 - Eye wash and safety showers

54) IS 10605 - Steel Globe Valves for petroleum industries

55) IS 10611 - Steel Gate Valves for petroleum industries

56) IS 10711 - Size of drawing sheets

57) IS 10805 Foot Valves



57) IS 10805 - Foot Valves

58) IS 10989 - Cast/Forged Steel Check Valves for petroleum

industries

59) IS 10990 - Technical drawings – Simplified representation

of pipelines.

60) IS 11790 - Code of practice for preparation of Butt weldingends for valves, flanges and fittings.

61) IS 11791 - Diaphragm Valves for general purposes

62) IS 11792 - Steel Ball Valves for petroleum industries

63) IS 13049 - Specification for Diaphragm type flat operated

Valves.

64) IS 13095 - Butterfly Valves

65) IS 13257 Ring type joint Gasket and Grooves for



65) IS 13257 - Ring type joint Gasket and Grooves for

flanges.

66) IS 14333 - HDPE pipes for sewerage purposes

There are certain other international standards also

referred in the piping industry. They are the DIN standards of

Germany and the JIS standards of Japan. DIN standards are more

popular and equivalent British and Indian standards are alsoavailable for certain piping elements.

Periodic review of the standards by the committee is held

and these are revised to incorporate the modified features based on

the results of research and feedback from the industry. Althoughsome technological lags are unavoidable, these are kept minimum

by those updations. Hence, it is necessary that the latest editions of

the codes and standards are referred for the design and year of

publication also to be indicated along with.

Th A i N i l S d d I i ’ d d d



The American National Standards Institute’s standards used

in the design of the Piping Systems are as listed. ASME B 31. Code

for Pressure piping is at present a non-mandatory code in USA,

though they are adopted as legal requirement.

1) ASME B 31.1 - Power Piping

2) ASME B 31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping

3) ASME B 31.3 - Process Piping

4) ASME B 31.4 - Pipeline Transportation System for liquid

hydrocarbon and other Liquids

5) ASME B 31.5 - Refrigeration Piping

6) ASME B 31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distributor Piping

Systems.



7) ASME B 31.9 - Building Services Piping

8) ASME B 31.11 - Slurry Transpiration Piping Systems

9) ASME B 31.G - Manual for determining the remaining

strength of corroded piping- A supplement

to ASME B31.

Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B

31.3. Refineries and chemical plants are designed based on the

same. All power plants are designed as per ASME B 31.1.

This Code prohibits designs and practices known to be



This Code prohibits designs and practices known to be

unsafe and contains warnings where caution, but not

prohibition, is warranted. The Code applies to piping

for all fluids, including

1. Raw, Intermediate, and finished chemicals

2. Petroleum products

3. Gas, steam, air and water

4. Fluidized solids and

5. Refrigerants Except;



a) Packaged equipment piping which may be to

B31.3 or B31.5 if it is refrigeration package.

b) Boiler external piping which is required to

conform to B31.1.

c) Tubes, tube headers, cross overs and

manifolds of fired heaters which are

internal to heater enclosures.

d) Internal piping of pressure vessels, heat

exchangers, pumps, compressors and

other fluid handling or process equipmentincluding connection for external piping.

e) Piping which has been set aside for pipe lines



e) Piping which has been set aside for pipe lines

conforming to B31.4, B31.8, B31.11 or applicable

government regulations but located in company

property.

f) Plumbing, sanitary sewers and storm water

sewers.

g) Fire hydrant system piping.

h) Piping system designed for internal Gauge

pressure at or above zero but less than 15 psig

provided the fluid handled is nonflammable, non

toxic and not damaging to human tissue and its

design temperature is from – 20 0F ( -290 C )

through 3660F (186 0C ).



Please note:

The Code is not a design hand book; it does not do awaywith the need for the design engineer or for competent

engineering judgement.

Computability of materials with the service and hazards

from the instability of contemned fluids are not with in

the scope of the Code. As a matter of published policy

ASME does not approve, certify rate or endorse any

item, construction, proprietary device or activity and

also does not act as a consultant on specific engineering

problems or understanding the code rules. Requests for

revision and interpretation of code shall be per

appendix Z.

SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS



SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS

ACCEPTED BY ASME B 31.3

1 ANSI - American National StandardInstitute

2 API - American Petroleum Institute

3 ASCE - American Society of Civil Engineers

4 ASME - American Society of Mechanical

Engineers

5 ASNT - American Society for Non

destructive Testing

6 ASTM - American Society for Testing

Materials

8 AWS A i W ldi S i t



8 AWS - American Welding Society

9 CDA - Copper Development Association

10 CGA - Compressed Gas Association

11 EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufactures

Association

12 ICBO - International Conference of Building

Officials Earlier Known as UBC –

Uniform Building Code

13 MSS - Manufacturers Standardization Society

of the Valve and fitting Industry

14 NACE - National Association of Corrosion

Engineers



15 NAFA - National Fire Protection Association

16 NIST - National Institute of Standards and

Technology Earlier known as NBS – National Bureau of Standards

17 PFI - Pipe Fabrication Institute

18 PPI - Plastic Pipe Institute

19 SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers

ASME BOLIER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE



ASME BOLIER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

Sections:

1. Power Boilers

2. Materials

Part A- Ferrous MaterialPart B- Now Ferrous Materials

Part C- Welding Electrodes & Filler Materials

Part D- Properties

3. Nuclear power plant components

4. Heating boilers

5. Non destructive examination

6. Recommended rules for care and operation of heating

boilers



7. Recommended guidelines for care of powerboilers mended

8. Pressure Vessels

Division – 1Division – 2 Alternative Rules

9. Welding and brazing qualifications

10. Fibre reinforced plastic pressure vessels

11. Rules for in service inspection of nuclear power

plant components

ASTM STANDARS



ASTM STANDARS

ASTM has 16 sections 71 Volumes

Section 0 - Index

Section 1 - Iron & Steel Product

- 7 Volumes - 736 Standards

Section 2 - Non Ferrous Metal & Products- 5 Volumes - 678 Standards

Section 3 - Metal Test Methods & Analytical Procedures

-6Vol - 651 standards

Section 4 - Construction-10 Volumes - 1601 standards

Section 5 - Petroleum Products Lubricants etc

- 5Volumes - 577 standards

Section 6 - Paints, Related Coatings & Aromatics

- 4 Volumes - 795 Standards

Section 7 - Textiles



-2 Vol - 325 Standards

Section 8 - Plastics

- 4 Vol - 556 Standards

Section 9 - Rubber


Section10 - Electric Insulation & Electronics


Section 11- Water & Environmental Technology- 2 Vol - 763 Standards

Section 12- Nuclear, Solar & Geothermal energy


Section 13- Medical Device & Services

- 1Vol.Section 14- General Methods & Instrumentation


Section 15- General Products, Chemical Specialties

& end use products


UNIFIED NUMBERING SYSTEM (UNS)



( )

Establishes 18 Series numbers of metals and alloys. Each

UNS number consists of a single letter prefix followed by five

digits. In most cases the alphabet is suggestive of the formulaof metal identified.

1. A00001 – A99999 – Aluminum & Al. Alloys.

2. C00001 – C99999 – Copper & Copper alloys.3. E00001 – E99999 – Rare earth & rare earth like

metal & Alloys.

4. L00001 – L99999 – Low methug metals & alloys

5. M00001 – M99999 – Miscellaneous non ferrous metal

&Alloys.

6. N00001 – N99999 - Nickel & nickel alloys

7. P00001 – P99999 - Precious Metals & alloys

8. R00001 – R99999 - Reactive & refractory metal &

alloys.



9. Z - - Zinc & Zinc alloys

10. D - - Specified Mech. Properties of Steels.11. F - - Cast Iron & Cast Steels.

12. G - - AISI & SAE Carbon & alloys Steels.

13. H - - AISIH Steels.

14. J - - Cast Steels.15. K - - Misc steels & Ferrous alloys.

16. S - - Stainless Steels.

17. T - - Tool Steels.

18. W - - Welding Filler Metal &



The basic material or the generic material of construction is

specified by the Process Licenser for the process fluids. The

Piping Engineer is expected to detail out the same based on theCodes and Standards.

The Piping Design Criteria originates from the Line List

which specifies design conditions with respect to pressure andtemperature.



In absence of this data, the Piping Engineer considers the

following for strength calculations

Design Pressure as 10% higher than the maximum

anticipated operating pressure.

Design Temperature as 25° above the maximumanticipated operating temperature.

When operating temperature is 15°C and below, the

design temperature as the anticipated minimum

operating temperature.



The design should meet the requirements of the relevant code.

The material used shall be in accordance with latest revision

of standards.

If ASTM materials are used, then the materials adapted byASME/ANSI should be preferred.



The selection of materials in general shall follow the

norms below:

a) Carbon steel shall be used up to 800oF

(425oC).

b) Low temperature steel shall be used below -20oF (- 29oC)

c) Alloy carbon steel shall be used above 8000F

(425oC).

d) For corrosive fluids, recommendations from the

Process Licensor to be followed.



In American standard, the pipes are covered

under

a) ASME B 36.10 - Welded and Seamless

Wrought Steel Pipe

b) ASME B 36.19 - Stainless Steel Pipe



Pipe Size Eq. Metric Outside Outside

NB (Inch) Pipe Size Dia (inch) Dia (inch)

NB (mm)1/8 6 0.405 10.3

1/4 8 0.540 13.7

3/8 10 0.675 17.1

1/2 15 0.840 21.3

3/4 20 1.050 26.71 25 1.0315 33.4

*11/4 32 1.660 42.2

11/2 40 1.900 48.3

2 50 2.375 60.3

*21/2 65 2.875 73.0

3 80 3.500 88.9

*31/2 90 4.000 101.6

4 100 4.500 114.3



*5 125 5.563 141.3

6 150 6.625 168.38 200 8.625 219.1

10 250 10.750 273.0

12 300 12.250 323.9

14 350 14.000 355.6

16 400 16.000 406.4



Stainless steel pipes are available in schedule 5S, 10S,

40S and 80S whereas carbon steel pipes are available

in schedule 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160,

STD,XS, XXS.

The figures indicated in these standards are the nominalthickness and mill tolerance of 12.5% is applicable to

those values.



Generally the thickness specified by schedule numbers

of B36.10 covers pipe sizes upto 80 inch(2000 mm) NB

and B36.19 covers pipe sizes upto 24 inch(600 mm) NB

match except in the followings:

10" SCH80 / SCH80S

12" SCH40 / SCH40S

12" SCH80 / SCH80S

14" SCH10 / SCH10S16" SCH10 / SCH10S

18" SCH10 / SCH10S

20" SCH10 / SCH10S

22" SCH10 / SCH10S



Pipe Ends

Based on the material of construction and the pipe

to pipe joint, the ends of the pipes are specified as

follows.

Beveled ends

Plain ends

Screwed ends

Flanged ends

Spigot/Socket ends

Buttress ends

BUTT WELD PIPE JOINTS



Advantages

a) Most practical way of joining big bore pipingb) Reliable leak proof joint

c) Joint can be radiographed

Disadvantages

a) Weld intrusion will affect flowb) End preparation is necessary



SOCKET WELD PIPE JOINTS

a) Easier Alignment than butt welding

b) No weld metal intrusion into bore

Disadvantages

a) The 1/16"(1.5 mm) recess pockets liquid

b) Use not permitted by code if Severe Erosion

or Crevice Corrosion is anticipated.

Advantages

SCREWED PIPE JOINTS



SCREWED PIPE JOINTS

Advantages



a) Easily made at site

b) Can be used where welding is not permitted due

to fire hazard

Disadvantages

a) Joint may leak when not properly sealed

b) Use not permitted by code if severe erosion,

crevice corrosion,shock or vibration are

anticipated.

c) Strength of pipe is reduced as threads reduce

wall thicknessd) Seal welding may be required

e) Code specifies that seal welding shall not be

considered to contribute for strength of joint



FLANGED PIPE JOINTS



Advantages

a) Can be easily made at site

b) Can be used where welding is not permitted due to

material properties or fire hazard.

c) Dismantling is very easy

Disadvantages

a) It is a point of potential leakage

b) Cannot be used when piping is subjected to high

bending moment.



SPIGOT SOCKET PIPE JOINTS



Advantages

a) Can be easily made at site.

b) Can accept misalignment upto 10o at pipe joints.

Disadvantages

a) Suitable for low pressure application.

b) Special configuration at pipe ends required.

BUTTRESS END PIPE JOINTS



Used only for glass piping and not capable to hold highpressure.

Types Of Pipes



Based on the method of manufacture pipes could be

classified as;

Seamless

Welded

o Electric Resistance Welded (ERW)

o Electric Fusion Welded (EFW)

o Spiral Welded

o Furnace Butt weldedo Double Submerged Arc Welded

Forged and Bored

Pipe Materials



1. ASTM A53 : Welded and Seamless Steel

Pipe

Black and Galvanized2. ASTM A106 : Seamless CS Pipe for High

Temp. Services

3. ASTM A120 : Black and Hot Dipped Zinc

coated (Galvanized) weldedand seamless pipe for ordinary

use

4. ASTM A134 : Electric fusion welded steel

plate pipe (Sizes

16” NB)5. ASTM A135 : Electric resistance welded pipe

6. ASTM A155 : Electric fusion welded steel

pipe for high temperature

service

7. ASTM A312 : Seamless and welded

austenitic stainless steel pipes

8. ASTM A333 : Seamless and welded steel

pipe for low temperature



pipe for low temperature

service

9. ASTM A335 : Seamless ferric alloy steel


service

10. ASTM A358 : Electric fusion welded

austenitic chrome-nickel steel


service

11. ASTM A369 : Carbon and ferric alloy steel

forged and bored for high

temperature service12. ASTM A376 : Seamless austenitic steel pipe

for high temperature central

station service

13. ASTM A409 : Welded large diameter

austenitic steel pipe for



p p

corrosive or high temperature

service

14. ASTM A426 : Centrifugally cast ferric alloysteel pipe for high temperature

service

15. ASTM A430 : Austenitic steel forged and

bored pipe for hightemperature service

16. ASTM A451 : Centrifugally cast austenitic

steel pipe for high temperature

service17. ASTM A452 : Centrifugally cast austenitic

steel cold wrought pipe for high

temperature service

18. ASTM A524 : Seamless carbon steel pipe foratmospheric and low

temperature services

19. ASTM A587 : Electric welded low carbon steel

pipe for the chemical industry



20. ASTM A660 : Centrifugally cast carbon steel

pipe for high temperature service

21. ASTM A671 : Electric fusion welded steel pipefor atmospheric and low

temperature service

(Sizes 16” NB)

22. ASTM A672 : Electric fusion welded steel pipefor high pressure service at

moderate temperature services

(Sizes 16"NB)

23. ASTM A691 : Carbon and alloy steel pipe,electric fusion welded for high

pressure service at high

temperatures (Sizes 16" NB)

24. ASTM A731 : Seamless and welded ferric

stainless steel pipe

25. ASTM A790 : Seamless and welded ferritic/

austenitic stainless steel pipe



austenitic stainless steel pipe

26. ASTM A813 : Single or double welded

austenitic stainless steel pipe27. ASTM A814 : Cold worked welded austenitic

stainless steel pipe

28. ASTM F1545 : Plastic Lined Ferrous Pipe

29. API 5L : Line pipe

30. IS 1239 : Steel pipes for general purposes

(Sizes 6" NB)

31. IS 1536 : Centrifugally cast iron pipe

32. IS 1537 : Vertically cast iron pipe

33. IS 1978 : Line pipe34. IS 1979 : High test line pipe

35. IS 3589 : Steel pipe for general services

36. IS 4984 : HDPE pipe

37. IS 4985 : PVC pipe

THICKNESS OF STRAIGHT PIPE UNDER

INTERNAL PRESSURE



INTERNAL PRESSURE

ASME B 31.3, the Process Piping Code, in clause304.1.1 gives minimum thickness as follows:

Tm = T + C

PD

Where, T =

2 (SE + PY)

Where,

P = Internal Design gauge pressure psig

(kg/mm2g)D = Outside Diameter of pipe

inch (mm)

S = Allowable Stress from

Appendix A – 1 psi (kg/cm2)E = Joint Quality factor from Table A – 1B



Y = Coefficient from 304.1.1

C = C1 + C2

C1 = Corrosion Allowance

= 1.6 mm in general for carbon steel= 0 for stainless steel

C2 = Depth of thread (used only upto 1½” NB)

The calculated thickness to be corrected

to consider the mill tolerance of - 12.5%as 8 PD

Tm = + C1 + C2

7 2(SE + PY)



The use of the above equation is best illustrated by means of

the following example.

Example:

A 12" (300 mm) NB pipe has an internal maximum

operating pressure of 500 psig (35kg / cm2g) and

temperature of 6750F. The material of construction o f the

pipe is seamless carbon steel to ASTM A106 Gr B. The

recommended corrosion allowance is 1/8" (3mm). Calculate

the thickness of pipe as per ASME B 31.3 and select the

proper schedule.PD

Tm = + C

2 (SE + PY)

P = 10% higher than the MWP

= 1 1 x 500 = 550 psig



= 1.1 x 500 = 550 psig

D = 12.75" (OD of 12" NB pipe)

Design temperature = 675 + 25 = 7000

FS = 16500 psi

(Refer ASME B 31.3 Appendix „A‟ Table A-1)

E = 1 (Joint Quality factor. Refer ASME B31.3,

Appendix „A‟ Table A-1B)Y = 0.4 (Refer Table 304.1.1)

C = 0.125" (Specified)

Hence, considering the mill tolerance of 12.5%, the

nominal thickness for a min. thickness of 0.335" will be

t =0.335

0.875= 0.383"

In practice we will specify SCH 40 pipe which has a nominal wall



thickness of 0.406" and minimum 0.355" (0.406x0.875).

1.7.3 THICKNESS OF BEND

ASME B31.3, in it the latest revision, has added the formula as

below for establishing the minimum thickness of bend.

The minimum thickness tm of a bend after bending, in its finished

form, shall be

Where at the intrados (inside bend radius)

PY I

SE

PDt

2

21

4

11

4

D

R

D

R

I



And at side wall the bend centre line radius I = 1. The thicknessapply at mid span /2.

Intrados R1

Extrados



ASME B 31.1 Power Piping Code in

clause 104.1.2 gives formula forminimum thickness as

tm = Pdo +A

2(SE +Py)

Where;

tm = Min. reqd. wall

thickness

P = Internal design Pr.

Do = Outside Dia. of Pipe

Se = Max. Allowable Stress

From Appendix „A‟.



Y = Coefficient From Table

104.1.2.(A)

A = Additional Thickness to compensate for

1) Mat. Removed for threading

2) Corrosion and erosion

PIPE BENDS- THICKNESS OF PIPE



As per CL 304.2.1 (102.4.5) The min. reqd. thickness of a

bend after bending shall be same as determined above.

Table 102.4.5 give min. recommended thickness

prior to bending as;

Radius of min. thk.

Bends Prior to bending

6D 1.06 tm.

5D 1.08 tm.

4D 1.14 tm.3D 1.25 tm.

31.3 Do not contain above table.



EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR PIPE THICKNESS

SCH. NO = 1000 PS/SS = 2000 t/d

PS = Internal working pressure psi

SS = Allowable stress psi

t = Wall thickness in inches

D = Nominal pipe size



THICKNESS OF STRAIGHT PIPE UNDER EXTERNAL

PRESSURE

The pipe with a large ratio of diameter to wall

thickness will collapse under an external pressure which is

only a small fraction of internal pressure which it is

capable of withstanding.

To determine the wall thickness under external

pressure, the procedure outlined in the BPV Code ASME

Section VIII Div. 1 UG-28 through UG-30 shall be

followed.

Example:



a p e:

A 6" (150 mm) NB pipe has an external Design

Pressure of 400 psig at 750

0

F. The material of construction of pipe is seamless austenitic stainless steel to

ASTM A 312 TP 304L. The corrosion allowance is nil.

Calculate thickness and select proper schedule.

Refer ASME Section VIII Div.1. UG 28

Assume value of „t‟ and determine ratios

L Do and

Do t

Do for 6" NB pipe = 6.625"

Assume SCH 5 S pipe

Nominal thickness = 0.109"

Minimum thickness considering negative mill tolerance



of 12.5%

t = 0.875 x 0.109 = 0.095"

Consider, L

= 50

Do

Since L is unspecified

Do 6.625

= = 69.7

t 0.095From Graph (Fig. G) in ASME Section II Part D

Factor A = 0.000225

From Graph (Fig. HA-3) in ASME Section II Part D

Factor B = 2750 For the above factor A and for 7500

F

Allowable pressure Pa

4 B



4 B

=

3 Do/ t

4 x 2750

= = 52.6 psig

3 x 69.7

This is less than the Design Pressure

Therefore, assume higher thickness.

Consider SCH 80 S pipe


Minimum thickness = 0.875 x 0.432



= 0.378"

Do 6.625

= = 17.5

t 0.378

Do

Factor A for the new value of is 0.0038

t

Corresponding factor B = 5500

Allowable Pressure, Pa

4 x 5500

= 419 psig

3 x 17.5


Minimum thickness = 0.875 x 0.432



= 0.378"

Do 6.625

= = 17.5

t 0.378

Do

Factor A for the new value of is 0.0038

t

Corresponding factor B = 5500

Allowable Pressure, Pa

4 x 5500

= 419 psig3 x 17.5

More than Design Pressure

Hence select SCH 80S pipe



PIPE FITTINGS

DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS



DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS

1. ASME B 16.1

- Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings2. ASME B 16.3

- Malleable-Iron Threaded Fittings

3. ASME B 16.4

- Grey Iron Threaded fittings4. ASME B 16.5

- Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

5. ASME B 16.9

- Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt welding

6. ASME B 16.11

- Forged Fittings, Socket welding and

Threaded

7. ASME B 16.28

- Wrought Steel Butt welding Short RadiusElbows and Returns



8. ASME B 16.42

- Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and FlangedFittings

9. BS 1640

- Butt weld Fittings

10. BS 3799

- Socket weld and Screwed end fittings

11. BS 2598

- Glass Pipelines and Fittings

12. IS 1239 Part-II

- M.S. Fittings13. IS 1538

- Cast Iron Fittings

14. MSS-SP-43

- Stainless Steel Fittings



PIPE FITTINGS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON END CONNECTIONS

SOCKET WELD/SCREWED FITTINGS

(DIMN STD ASME B16.11/BS 37 99)Classification based on the maximum cold non-shock

Working pressure.

a. 2000 # Class – only for SCRD fittings

b. 3000 # Class

c. 6000 # Class

d. 9000 # Class – only for SW fittings



Class Type of fitting Pipe used Rating

Designation based

of fitting SCH No Wall

Designation

2000 Threaded 80 XS3000 Threaded 160 --

6000 Threaded -- XXS

3000 Socket Welding 80 XS

6000 Socket Welding 160 --9000 Socket Welding -- XXS



For dimensional standard refer “ Codes and Standards”

B16.3 - Malleable-iron SCRD fittingsB16.4 - Grey iron the fittings

IS 1239 Pt II – MS Fittings.

SW/SCRD FITTING MATERIALS



1 ASTM A105 - Forged Carbon Steel

2 ASTM A181 - Forged Carbon Steel for General

Purposes

3 ASTM A182 - Forged Alloy Steel and Stainless

Steel

4 ASTM A234 - Wrought Carbon Steel and

Alloy Steel pipe fittings for

moderate and elevated

temperatures5 ASTM A350 - Forged Alloy Steel for Low

Temperature Services



BW FITTING MATERIALS

1. ASTM A 234 - Carbon Steel fittings

2. ASTM A 403 - Austenitic Stainless Steel fittings

3. ASTM A 420 - Alloy Steel for low temperature

Services

Beveled end fittings are covered under ASME B

16.9, B16-28 and BS 1640.

FLANGED END FITTING MATERIALS



1. ASTM A 216 - Carbon Steel Castings

2. ASTM A 351 - Stainless Steel Castings

3. ASTM A 352 - Alloy Steel Castings

4. ASTM F 1545 - Plastic Lined Fittings

5. IS 1538 - CI Fittings

These fittings are covered under ASME B 16.5 and

BS 1650 for carbon and alloy steel piping and ASME

B 16.1 for cast iron fittings.

SOCKETWELD SCREWED BUTTWELD FLANGED SPIGOT/SOCKET BUTTRESS

END CONNECTIONS



Type

ELBOWS 180o TEES CROSS CAPS REDUCERS STUBENDS COUPLINGS SWAGE NIPPLE UNIONS SPECIAL

RETURNS FITTINGS

45o 90o ELBOWS ELBOWS

SR. LR.EQUAL REDUCING

CROSS CROSS

LONG SHORT CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

STUBENDS STUBENDS

EQUAL REDUCING

TEES TEES

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

REDUCERS REDUCERS

FULL HALF REDUCINGCOUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS

WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET

FIGURE 2.1STANDARD PIPE FITTING

LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS



ELBOWS

45o 90o

ELBOWS ELBOWS

LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS



180o

RETURNS

SR. LR.



TEES

EQUAL REDUCING

TEES TEES



CROSS

EQUAL REDUCING

CROSS CROSS



REDUCERS

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

REDUCERS REDUCERS



STUBENDS

LONG SHORT

STUBENDS STUBENDS



COUPLINGS

FULL HALF REDUCING

COUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS



SPECIAL

FITTINGS

WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET



Fig. 2.2 : Short Radius Elbow(R=1D)



Fig. 2.4 : Elbows - 45o



Fig. 2.5 : Elbows – Socket weld



Fig. 2.6 : Mitre Bend 90o



Fig. 2.7 : Mitre Bend 45o



Fig. 2.8 : Long Radius Return



Fig. 2.9 : Tees – Butt weld



Fig. 2.10 : Tees – Socket weld



Fig. 2.11 : Cross



Fig. 2.12 : Concentric Reducer



Fig. 2.13 : Eccentric Reducer



Fig. 2.14 : Cap



Fig. 2.15 : Stub End – Class A



Fig. 2.16 : Stub End – Class B



Fig. 2.17 : Coupling



Fig. 2.19 : Concentric Swage Nipple



Fig. 2.20 : Eccentric Swage Nipple



Fig. 2.21 : Union



Fig. 2.22: Weldolet



Fig. 2.23:Sweepolet



Fig. 2.24: Sockolet



Fig. 2.25: Thredolet



Fig. 2.26 : Latrolet



Fig. 2.27 : Elbolet



Fig. 3.1 : Slip-on Raised Face Flange



Fig3.2:Socket Welded Raised Face Flange



Fig. 3.3 : Threaded Raised Face Flange



Fig. 3.4 : Lap Joint Flange with Stub End



Fig.3.5:Welding Neck Raised Face Flange



Fig.3.6 : Reducing Slip-on Flange



Based On Pressure-temperature Rating



The flanges are also classified by

the pressure temperature rating in ASME B 16.5

as below :

3.2.1 150 #

3.2.2 300 #3.2.3 400 #

3.2.4 600 #

3.2.5 900 #

3.2.6 1500 #3.2.7 2500 #

TABLE 2

PRESSURE – TEMPERATURE RATING FOR



GROUPS 1.1 THROUGH 3.16 MATERIALS

TABLE 2-1.1 RATINGS FOR GROUP 1.1 MATERIALS

Nominal Forgings Casting Plaster

DesignationC-Si A 105 (1) A 216 Gr.WCB (1) A 515 Gr. 70 (1)

C-Mn-Si A350 Gr. LF2 (1) A 516 Gr.70(1)

(2)

A 537 Cl, 1 (3)

Notes:



1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above

8000F, the carbide phase of steel may be converted to

graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for

prolonged use above 8000F.

2) Not to be used over 8500F.


WORKING PRESSURE BY CLASSICS, psig

Class

Temp., 0F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500



p ,

-90 to100 285 740 990 1480 2220 8705 6170

100 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625

300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470

400 200 605 845 1270 1900 3170 5280

600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560

650 140 550 730 1075 1610 2685 4440

700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440

750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200

800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430

TABLE 2-1.2 RATINGS FOR GROUP 1.2 MATERIALS

Nominal Forgings Casting Plaster

Designation



Designation

C-Mn-Si A 216 Gr.WCC (1)

A 352 Gr.LCC (2)

2 ½ Nil A 352 Gr.LC2 A 203 Gr. B (1)

3 ½ Nil A 350 Gr. LF3 A 352 Gr.LC3 A 203 Gr. E (1)

Notes:

1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above 8000F, thecarbide phase of steel may be converted to graphite.

Permissible,but not recommended for prolonged use above

8000F.


WORKING PRESSURE BY CLASSICS, psig

Class

Temp., 0F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500



-20 to100 290 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250

200 260 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250

300 230 730 970 1455 2186 3640 6070

400 200 706 940 1410 2115 3630 5880

500 170 655 806 1330 1995 3325 5540

600 140 605 806 1210 1816 3035 5040

650 125 590 785 1175 1765 2940 4905

700 110 570 755 1135 1705 2840 4730

750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200

800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230

900 50 170 230 345 5a15 860 1430

950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860

1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430



Based On Facing

Fig. 3.8 : Flat Face



Fig. 3.9 : Raised Face



Fig. 3.10 : Ring Joint



Fig. 3.11 : Tongue and Groove Joint



Fig. 3.12 : Male / Female Joint



Based On Material Of Construction

Flange Materials :



Flange Materials :

3.5.1 ASTM A105 - Forged Carbon Steel

3.5.2 ASTM A181 - Forged Carbon Steel for

General Purpose

3.5.3 ASTM A182 - Forged Alloy Steel and

Stainless Steel

3.5.4 ASTM A350 - Forged Alloy Steel for low

temperature services

GASKETS

Proper selection of gasket depends upon

following factors



following factors.

Compatibility of the gasket material with the

fluid.

Ability to withstand the pressure-temperature of

the

system.

Based on the type of construction, gaskets

are classified as:

Full Face Inside bolt circle

Spiral wound metallic

Ring type

Metal jacketed

The material which is most commonly

used is the Compressed Asbestos Fibre.

Indian Standard IS 2712 specifies three



Indian Standard IS 2712 specifies three

different materials at three different grades. IS 2712 Gr W/1, W/2 and W/3 - for Steam, Alkali

and general applications.

IS 2712 Gr A/1 - for Acid applications.

IS 2712 Gr O/1, O/2, O/3 - for Oil applications.

Asbestos free gaskets are also available for above

applications. For very corrosive applications, PTFE

or PTFE enveloped gaskets are used.

For high temperature and high pressure applications,

spiral wound metallic gaskets are used.



p g

ASME B 16.5 does not recommend the use

of 150# rating gaskets on flanges other than welding

neck and lapped joint type.

The spiral wound gasket will perform

when the flange face is 125-250 AARH finish.

Dimensional Standards

API 601 - Metallic Gasket for



API 601 - Metallic Gasket for

Refinery Piping

BS 3381 - Metallic Spiral Wound

Gaskets

ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for pipe

flanges

ASME B16.21 - Non-metallic Gaskets forpipe flanges

GASKET APPLICATION

Based on Manufacturer‟s Technical Publication the

following Rule of Thumb is used for selection of Gasket



following Rule of Thumb is used for selection of Gasket

material.

MATERIAL MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

P x T TEMP (T)

(PSI x0

F) (0

F)

Rubber Sheet 15,000 300

Woven Asb-

Rubberized Sheet 1,25,000 400

Compressed

Asbestos sheet 2,50,000 850

Metal Gasket 2,50,000 Depends on type

This Table does not imply that none of these materials

listed have ever been used above the Above the Pressure



Temp. value shown.The designer should refer Manf. Cat. for the

recommended upper temp. limits.

The thickness normally selected by piping engineers –

2mm for rubber. 2mm for CAF. For 150 & 300 LBflanges.

The installation bolt force must seat the gasket properly

to withstand the effect of internal pressure. Bolt stress

value depend upon the material of constn. of Bolt

Flange finish could be suitable for the gasket selected.

Please find herewith given below cost comparison of

various ring gaskets used at our location. As 11/2 “size is

the most used size, it has been consider for comparison.



Sr. Type Cost/No.

No.

1. Acid proof gasket Rs. 13.00

2. Permanite gasket Rs. 13.00

3. Ammonia gasket Rs. 10.00

4. Virgin Teflon gasket Rs. 161.00

5. Spiral wound (asb.) gasket Rs. 14.00

6. Spiral wound (grph) gasket Rs. 38.00

7. Teflon envelope gasket Rs. 110.00

Rate excludes taxes (15.3% ST and 4% octroi)

BOLTING

For low pressure, low temperature services,

machined bolts are used and studs are used otherwise.

Fl d j i t i l t th b t l



Flanged joints using low strength carbon steel

bolts shall not be used above 200 oC or below

– 29 oC

Material Of Construction For Bolting

Bolting materials normally used are

• ASTM A 307 - Low Carbon Steel Bolting Material

• ASTM A 320 - Alloy Steel Bolting material for low

temperature service

• ASTM A 563 - Carbon and alloy steel nuts• ASTM A 193 - Alloy Steel Bolting Material for high

temperature service

• ASTM A 194 - Alloy Steel nut material for high

temperature service

• IS 1367 - Threaded steel fasteners

NON FERROUS PIPINGThe commonly used materials are:

Aluminum



Alloy-20

Hastalloy

Lead

Monel

Nickel

Titanium

NON-FERROUS PIPING MATERIALS

1. ASTM B-241 Seamless Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy



Pipe2. ASTM B-42 Seamless Copper Pipe

3. ASTM B-43 Seamless Red Brass Pipe

4. ASTM B-315 Seamless Copper Alloy Pipe & Tube

5. ASTM B-466 Seamless Copper Nickel Pipe & Tube

6. ASTM B-467 Welded Copper Nickel pipe7. BS-334 Chemical Lead Pipe & Fittings

8. ASTM B-161 Seamless Nickel Pipe & Tube

9. ASTM B-165 Seamless Nickel Copper Alloy (Monel) Pipe

10. ASTM B-337 Seamless & Welded Titanium and Titanium

Alloy Pipe11. ASTM B-658 Seamless & Welded Zirconium and

Zirconium Alloy Pipe.

NON-METALLIC AND LINED PIPING

The commonly used materials are PTFE,

FRB, FRV, PVC, CPVC, PP, HDPE, LDPE, UHMW HDPE,



Glass, Cement, Ceramic, etc.

To add mechanical strength with the

corrosion properties of non-metallic materials, the concept

of lining of material is established. The combination

normally used in the industry are :

Mild Steel Rubber Lined (MSRL),

Mild Steel Glass Lined (MSGL),

Mild Steel Cement Lined,

Mild Steel PP Lined,

FRP with PP Lining,

Mild Steel PTFE lined,

Mild Steel PVDF lined

Tips for the Preparation of Piping Specification

The approach should be to minimize the number of

different elements and thus simplify and rationalize inventory.

MATERIALS



* Carbon Steel shall be used for temperature upto 425°C

(800 °F) only.

* Low temperature steel shall be used for temperature

below -29 °C (-20 °F)

* Alloy steel shall be used for temperature above 426 °C(801 °F)

* Stainless steel shall be used for corrosive fluids.Basic

material of construction specified by Process Licenser to

be referred for the type.

* Galvanized steel piping shall be used for services

such as drinking water, instrument air, nitrogen

(LP) etc.

* Selection of Non-ferrous, Non metallic and Lined piping

shall be as per the recommendation from the ProcessLicenser.

PIPING JOINTS

* Butt welded connection shall normally be used for

all Alloy/Carbon steel piping 2" (50 mm) NB and



y p p g ( )

larger and also for Austenitic Stainless Steel.* Alloy/Carbon steel piping 1½” (40 mm) NB and

below shall be socket welded.

* Threaded connection shall be avoided except in

galvanized piping.* Flanged joints shall be minimized as they are

points of potential leakage. It may be used to

connect piping to equipment or valves, connecting

pipe lines of dissimilar materials, where spoolpieces are required to permit removal or servicing

of equipment and where pipes and fittings are with

flanged ends.

PIPING COMPONENTS

Pipes :

* All pipe lines carrying toxic/inflammable fluids



All pipe lines carrying toxic/inflammable fluids

shall be seamless.* Utility piping can be ERW or Seam welded.

* Steam pipe lines shall preferably be seamless.

Fittings :

oFittings shall preferably be seamless.

oButt weld fittings shall be used for pipe sizes 2”(50 mm) NB and

above for all Alloy/Carbon steel piping.

oFor stainless steel piping where thickness is less, all fittings could be

butt welding type.

oWelding tees shall be used for full size branch connections. For

reduced branch sizes upto 2 steps less than run diameter, it can be

fabricated. For smaller sizes half couplings shall be used. Full size

unreinforced branch welding can be done where pressure temperature

condition are mild.

* Welding tees shall be used for full size branch

connections. For reduced branch sizes upto 2 steps less

than run diameter, it can be fabricated. For smaller sizes

half couplings shall be used. Full size unreinforced branch



p g

welding can be done where pressure temperaturecondition are mild.

Flanges :

* Rating shall be based on the pressure temperature

conditions. However 150 lb flanges are not

permitted beyond 200°C (400°F).

* Socket welding flanges may be used for all pressureratings upto 1½” (40 mm) NB size except on lines

subjected to severe cyclic conditions.

* Screwed flanges shall be used for galvanized

steel/cast iron piping.

* Slip on flanges are used in 150 lb and 300 lbrating upto a maximum of 200°C. Welding neck

flanges shall be used for higher pressure ratings.

* Raised face is used for flanges upto 600 lb rating.



For flanges 900lb rating and above RTJ isrecommended. Tongue and groove facing

shall be used selectively.

* Depending on pressure and temperature,

gasket shall be either CAF, spiral wound metallic orselected based on the corrosive nature of the fluid.

* Use flat face flanges to mate with cast iron valves

and equipment.

* Use Spiral wound gasket with inner ring for

Vacuum service