Code Blocks, Closures, and ContinuationsPresented by: Bassem ELkarablieh

Outline Getting Started with ruby Some ruby syntax Ruby classes More ruby syntax New concepts in ruby

Getting Started Ruby is a dynamic, fully object-oriented scripting language. Installing ruby:

http://www.ruby-lang.org One click windows installation (takes 5 min to setup ruby)

Running ruby Interactive ruby (irb) Batch ruby (run program files)

Getting Started Ruby documentation

http://www.ruby-doc.org Using the ri tool

What did we learn

Some ruby Syntax Ruby is fully OO

Every thing is an object (even literals) “hello”.length “bassem”.index(“e”) -88.abs

Variable definition Number = 5 Number = “5” Number = “five”

Delimiters: no ending ”;” is required

Some ruby Syntax Simple I/O

Puts: write the value to the output with new line character appended

Gets: reads the value from standard input A = gets puts “Hello I am “ + A

Conditions If else blocks

If A>8 puts “greater”

Else Puts “smaller”

end

Some ruby Syntax Looping

While block While line = gets

Puts line.uppercase End

For … In blocks For I in 1..7

Print I, “ “ Control structures

Break, redo, next , retry

Some ruby Syntax Assignment

a = b = 1+2+3 Instrument = “piano” Instrument [“ano”] = “ccolo”

Parallel Assignment a,b = 6,7

Method definition def my_method(arg1,arg2,arg3)

#this is a comment and code Def

What did we learn

Classes in Ruby Initializer Instance variable Class variables Instance methods Class methods Attributes operators Access controls

Classes in ruby Demo of a class

More ruby syntax Containers Code blocks Iterators

Containers Arrays

A= [56,”hello”,99.66,”ll”] B=Array.new Un-initialized members of an array are set to nil

Indexing an array A[0] ->56 , A[-1] =“ll” A[1,1] ->[“hello”] A[0..2]-> [56,”hello”,99.66]

Containers Hashes H ={‘dog’=>’canine’, ‘cat’ => ’feline’, ’bird’ => ‘duck’} H.length => 3, h[‘dog’] =>’canine’ H[12] = ‘hello’, H[‘cat’] =99

Code Blocks Chucks of code that can be associated with method invocations Great methods for implementing callbacks Great tool for implementing iterators Code blocks are flexible , and can be passed parameters Great tool for implementing closures and continuations

Code Blocks Code block can be stored between{} or between do…end blocksDef my_methodputs “hello”yieldyieldEndmy_method{puts “world”} Code block parameters differ from method parametersDef say_goodnight(name)puts “good night, #{name}”Yield (“sweet dreams”)EndSay_goodnight(“bassem”){|i| print i}

Iterators Built in iterators in ruby uses code block to support general plug-in architecture Examples

5.times{print “*”} 3.upto(6) {|i| print i} (‘a’..’z’).each{|char| print char} [‘cat’,’dog’,’horse’].each{|name| print name} [1,3,5,7,9].find{|v| v*v>3} [“H”,”A”,”L”].collect{|x| x.succ} [1,3,5,7].inject(0){|sum,element| sum+element}

New concepts in ruby Closures Continuations Dynamic manipulations

Closures A closure is a function created by a

program at run time. This idea is written as a function that appears entirely within the body of another function. The nested, inner function may refer to local variables of the outer function.

A closure can be used to represent a delayed user defined behavior that can be passed around in methods and objects

Closures Closure simulations

C: function pointers, void* parameters C++: Functors C# and java: Anonymous classes and methods

Ruby have a special built-in Proc class that simplifies implementing closures

Proc Class Proc objects are blocks of code that have been bound to a set of local variables, once bound the code can be called from different context. Example:Def gen_times(factor)return Proc.new{|n| n*factor}EndTimes3 = gen_times(3)Times5 = gen_times(5)

Times3.call(12)Times5.call(3)Times3.call(times5.call(4))

Proc Objects Proc objects can be created by associating a code block with it Example

Def proc_fromProc.new

EndProc = proc_from{“hello”}Proc.call

Code blocks as closures Example1

Def n_times (thing)Return lambda {|n| thing*n}

End# here lambda returns a Proc object associated with the code block P1 = n_times(23)P1.call(3)P2 = n_times(“hello”)P2.call(4)

Code blocks as closures Example2Songlist = SongList.newClass JukeboxButton<ButtonDef initialize(label,&action)Super(label)@action = actionEndDef button_pressd@action.call(self)EndEnd Start_button = JukeboxButton.new(“start”){songlist.start}pause_button = JukeboxButton.new(“pause”){songlist.pause}

Continuations Continuations are objects that lets

you save system state, and then return to that state on command

Code blocks defines the universe in a continuation

Continuations A continuation object saves the execution state( mainly the execution stack) A continuation is created using a call to a Kernel method “callcc” which associates a continuation to a code block Similar to Proc object , continuations are triggered using a “call” method

Callcc method Generates a continuation object , which it passes to the associated block Performing a cont.call will use the callcc to return The value returned by callcc is the value of the block or the value passed to cont.call

Continuations Example1Calloc do|cont|For i in 0..4print “\n#{i}:”for j in i*5 … (i+1)*5cont.call() if (j==7)print jendEndEnd

Continuation Objects Callcc return values implicitly

Callcc{|cont| cont.call}Callcc{|cont| cont.call 1}Callcc{|cont| cont.call 1,2,3}

Callcc return values Explicitly Callcc{|cont| return cont}

Continuations Example2Def strangecalloc {|cont| return cont}print “back to method”EndPrint “before method”Temp = strange()Print “after method”If( Temp) Temp.call

Continuations Example3

1. Def loop2. for i in 1..53. puts I4. callcc{|cont| return cont} if i==25. end6. return nil7. End8. Puts “before loop”9. Temp = loop()10. Puts “after loop call”11. If( Temp) Temp.call12. Puts “after continuation call”

Done Final demo

Any Questions

What's next in ruby Ruby types Ruby methods Ruby Expressions