cocoa polyphenols (1)

7/21/2019 Cocoa Polyphenols (1)

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PBRC 2005

Cocoa PolyphenolsPennington Biomedical Research Center

Division of Education

Heli Roy, PhD

Shanna Lundy, BSPhillip Brantley, PhD- Chief


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PBRC 2005

Overview

!n increasing "ody of epidemiologic evidence supports the concept

that diets rich in fruits and vegeta"les promote health and attenuate,

or delay, the onset of various diseases, including cardiovascular

disease, cancer, and certain neurodegenerative disorders

Epidemiologic data has lin#ed these health "enefits, at least in part,

to the presence of certain flavonoids in fruits and vegeta"les
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/cr/photo/detective.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/cr/html/crim_1_text_j.htm&h=356&w=286&sz=21&tbnid=jeukDBj-vAwJ:&tbnh=116&tbnw=93&start=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddetective%2B%26start%3D80%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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PBRC 2005

$lavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds that occur %idely

in fruits, vegeta"les, tea, red %ine, and chocolate

Cocoa and chocolate products have the highest concentration of

flavonoids among commonly consumed foods

&ver '( percent of the %eight of cocoa po%der is flavonoids

Flavonoids
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://d21c.com/wal9/info/chocpics/218.gif&imgrefurl=http://d21c.com/wal9/info/chocgraphics.html&h=252&w=362&sz=6&tbnid=nWBsGHGAmtAJ:&tbnh=81&tbnw=116&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dchocolate%2Bbar%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.foodsubs.com/Photos/cocoa2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.foodsubs.com/Chocvan.html&h=236&w=252&sz=7&tbnid=HYqtektedkEJ:&tbnh=99&tbnw=106&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcocoa%2Bpowder%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

Cocoa and chocolate products have "een delicacies for

hundredsof years

Cocoa and chocolate have only recently have they "een recogni)ed

as significant sources of phytochemicals, %ith healthful effects

Cocoa and chocolate are among the most concentrated sources ofthe procyanidin flavonoids,catechin and epicatechin
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.montezumas.co.uk/uploadedimages/Bars_HACOS.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.montezumas.co.uk/theclub/&h=242&w=243&sz=4&tbnid=JGv-aeLb7wEJ:&tbnh=104&tbnw=104&start=16&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddark%2Bchocolate%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.punchstock.com/image/itstock/6668085/large/itf085040.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.punchstock.com/stock_photography/itstock/6668085/image_ITF085040.html&h=500&w=500&sz=17&tbnid=xP07dghBAJAJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=127&start=6&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmilk%2Bchocolate%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

!mericans eat a lot of chocolate in the form of candy*a"out + #g.year per person or '( pounds/, "ut not asmuch as people in some northern European countries

0n S%it)erland, the country %ith the highest chocolateconsumption, it is estimated at 11 #g.year *22 pounds/for each person

Each candy "ar contains a"out 2'( calories, '3 g fat *4of %hich is saturated/, 23 g of car"ohydrate, and 3 g ofprotein

Chocolate Candy Consumption
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://d21c.com/wal9/info/chocpics/218.gif&imgrefurl=http://d21c.com/wal9/info/chocgraphics.html&h=252&w=362&sz=6&tbnid=nWBsGHGAmtAJ:&tbnh=81&tbnw=116&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Da%2Bchocolate%2Bbar%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.colatour.com.tw/images/top05/map/switzerland-map.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.colatour.com.tw/top05d14.asp&h=298&w=332&sz=12&tbnid=OCp2goM9TmIJ:&tbnh=103&tbnw=115&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dswitzerland%2Bmap%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.osei.noaa.gov/EventBuild/Regions/US_MidAtl.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.osei.noaa.gov/Events/Severe/US_MidAtl/&h=408&w=338&sz=59&tbnid=ecNu8owXl28J:&tbnh=121&tbnw=100&start=27&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dunited%2Bstates%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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PBRC 2005

Chocolate and cocoa are uni5ue in the type of

flavonoids present

6he flavonoids in cocoa.chocolate, principallycatechinand epicatechin, e7ist in long polymers

6hey containt%o, three, or up to ten of the

catechin or epicatechin units

lin#ed, %hich is fairlydistinctive, since most flavonoid-richfoods tend to

have more catechins and epicatechins in dimers

or trimers, not pentamers, he7amers, etc

Flavonoids in Chocolate
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alpinehosokawa.com/engl/02powder/exampl/lifescie/food/images/cocoa02.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.alpinehosokawa.com/engl/02powder/exampl/lifescie/food/cocoa.htm&h=185&w=210&sz=17&tbnid=SMal1iX-_KkJ:&tbnh=88&tbnw=100&start=12&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcocoa%2Bpowder%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.livingrainforest.org/lib/img/cms/chocolate.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.livingrainforest.org/about/human-needs/chocolate&h=235&w=275&sz=6&tbnid=gNm6rt0XCL8J:&tbnh=93&tbnw=109&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dchocolate%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

!lso intriguing isthe chemistry of flavonoids in

cocoa %hich are really R-oligomers

6hese structural characteristics of catechin and

epicatechin represent the molecular "asis for "oth

their hydrogen-donating *radical-scavenging/

properties and their metal-chelating antio7idant

properties

Flavonoids in Chocolate
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www3.famille.ne.jp/~phkimura/studio_images/green-tea.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www3.famille.ne.jp/~phkimura/studio.html&h=750&w=675&sz=122&tbnid=_G7xmt_sphsJ:&tbnh=140&tbnw=126&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgreen%2Btea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

!s %ith most plants, genetic and agronomic factors canmar#edly influence the contents of phytochemicals

availa"le at the time of harvest

Postharvest handling also playsa critical role, "ecausemost cocoas undergosome fermentation steps, %hichsu"8ect flavonoids in the cocoato heat and acidicconditions

Su"se5uent processing steps,such as roasting and al#alitreatment, can also reduce the flavonoidcontents

Flavonoid Content:Is Variable
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PBRC 2005

6he actual recipe for the finished food or "everage product

determines the amount of a given cocoa *and flavonoid/ added

Depending on harvesting and processing procedures,

asmuch as 1(9of the flavonoids can "e lost during processing

Flavonoid ContentIs Variable
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nutworks.com.au/images/Choc-Coating-Tanks.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nutworks.com.au/chocolate_coating.htm&h=200&w=300&sz=13&tbnid=rPK703w1hhYJ:&tbnh=74&tbnw=111&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprocessing%2Bchocolate%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nutworks.com.au/images/Choc-coating-pans2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nutworks.com.au/chocolate_coating.htm&h=200&w=300&sz=15&tbnid=-JclT6k1lBgJ:&tbnh=74&tbnw=111&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprocessing%2Bchocolate%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

Different types of chocolate contain varying antio7idant content

0n finished products, the amount of cocoa ranges from

49 to 3:9 in mil# chocolate and 3(9 to ;(9 in dar# chocolate

Conse5uently, the polyphenol content varies and is generallyt%ice as high in dar# than in mil# chocolate

!lso interesting is the fact that %hite chocolate does not containpolyphenols

Flavonoid Content
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PBRC 2005

Recently, niversity ofScranton *P!/, %ho has "een studying totalpolyphenols in foods and "everages in the

!merican diet, has found even higher levels ofantio7idants in chocolate

His studies have sho%n that on a %eight "asis,?the concentration of polyphenols in mil#

chocolate is higher than in red %ines and "lac#or green teas 0t is 2( times higher than intomatoes, 2 times higher than in garlic, and over3 times higher than in grapes@

Recent Studies
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/images/grapes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dumbrella.com/ubb/ultimatebb.php%3Fubb%3Dget_topic%3Bf%3D28%3Bt%3D001506&h=279&w=325&sz=32&tbnid=QYQpOqfUkAMJ:&tbnh=97&tbnw=113&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgrapes%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/garlic.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/garlic.htm&h=194&w=150&sz=4&tbnid=Nma0ZiIvv4kJ:&tbnh=97&tbnw=75&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgarlic%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.echotech.org/bookstore/images/Tomato%2520Sebring.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.echotech.org/bookstore/index.php%3FcPath%3D25_68_107&h=256&w=256&sz=9&tbnid=ffbUAt5WN8kJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=107&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtomato%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/img/health/tea_cup.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_860319.htm&h=151&w=220&sz=10&tbnid=6PPncccjiEMJ:&tbnh=70&tbnw=102&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblack%2Btea%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

BeveragesA 6ea *green and "lac#/, red %ine, grape, tomato,orange, and apple 8uice

6op '( vegeta"lesA arlic, #ale, spinach, Brussels sprouts, alfalfasprouts, "roccoli flo%ers, "eets,

red "ell peppers, onions, and corn

6op '( fruitsA Stra%"erry, plum, orange, red grapes, #i%i fruit,pin# grapefruit, %hite grapes, "anana, apple,tomato

Foods Hih in !ntio"idants

0n addition to chocolate, the follo%ing foods and "everages are high in antio7idantsA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nebolei.ru/pic2/apple_juice.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nebolei.ru/p.php/14/4/&h=236&w=200&sz=8&tbnid=L-fAAZQVOocJ:&tbnh=104&tbnw=88&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dapple%2Bjuice%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cheneybrothers.com/vegetables/alfspr.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cheneybrothers.com/alfalfa.shtm&h=174&w=230&sz=11&tbnid=LQgARQ95Eo4J:&tbnh=77&tbnw=102&start=14&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dalfalfa%2Bsprouts%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rsise.anu.edu.au/~fergus/wallpaper/plants/800/kiwi-fruit.800.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rsise.anu.edu.au/~fergus/wallpaper/plants/&h=600&w=750&sz=50&tbnid=25rwDBtA99UJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=140&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkiwi%2Bfruit%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nebolei.ru/pic2/apple_juice.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nebolei.ru/p.php/14/4/&h=236&w=200&sz=8&tbnid=L-fAAZQVOocJ:&tbnh=104&tbnw=88&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dapple%2Bjuice%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cheneybrothers.com/vegetables/alfspr.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cheneybrothers.com/alfalfa.shtm&h=174&w=230&sz=11&tbnid=LQgARQ95Eo4J:&tbnh=77&tbnw=102&start=14&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dalfalfa%2Bsprouts%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

umerous dietary intervention studies in humans and animals indicate

that flavanol-rich foods and "everages might e7ert cardioprotectiveeffects %ith respect to vascular function and platelet reactivity
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://homepage.mac.com/kostudios/Media/Platelets.jpg&imgrefurl=http://homepage.mac.com/kostudios/Pages/platelets.html&h=360&w=360&sz=72&tbnid=pqJ6-N0zEA0J:&tbnh=117&tbnw=117&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplatelets%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.medtronic.com/medtronic_vascular/images/home_vasc_man.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.medtronic.com/physician/vascular.html&h=500&w=300&sz=24&tbnid=ub3U29jx3bwJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=76&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvascular%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

!ntio"idant Capacity
http://www.ethal.org.my/opencms/opencms/ethal/Images/MedGeneralImages/Antioxidant.jpg


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PBRC 2005

Phenolic antio7idants have "een

sho%n to inhi"it the o7idation of lo%-density lipoprotein *LDL/ cholesterol,

and mounting evidence suggests

that it is the o7idi)ed form of LDL that

leads to the "uildup of fatty pla5ues

in arteries

!theroenesis
http://www.designeduniverse.com/articles/Nobel_Prize/cholesterol_ldl.jpg


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PBRC 2005

E7tracts of cocoa po%der have also significantly inhi"ited LDL

o7idation in vitro

ondo et !l reported that cocoa prolongs the lag time of LDL

o7idation in a concentration-dependent manner

Cocoa phenols has sho%n to inhi"it LDL o7idation "y 4:9,%hereas red %ines only inhi"it LDL o7idation "y 34-:9

!theroenesis
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.case.edu/artsci/chem/faculty/salomon/LDL-2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.case.edu/artsci/chem/faculty/salomon/CardiovascularDisease.htm&h=224&w=300&sz=64&tbnid=zS_6yd0-6OoJ:&tbnh=82&tbnw=110&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLDL%2Boxidation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

0nterestingly, cocoa po%der and cocoa e7tractshave "een sho%n to

e7hi"it greater antio7idant capacity than

many other flavanol-richfoods and food e7tracts, such as greenand "lac# tea, red %ine,

"lue"erry, garlic, and stra%"erry in vitro

Ho%ever, no long-term studies have evaluated the effects of cocoapolyphenol compounds on the o7idative modification of LDL in

humans
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PBRC 2005

Short#term human studies

Researchers set out to test %hether or not theseeffects sho%n from in vitro studies could "e seen inhumans

6he levels of epicatechin and catechin %eremeasured in humans at )ero, one, t%o, and si7hours follo%ing consumption of a single meal ofchocolate

6he concentration in plasma levels pea#ed at a"outone hour ho%ever, "y si7 hours the concentrationshad almost disappeared from the plasma
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PBRC 2005

Same $%%ects in Humans&

0ndicated that cocoa flavonoids are a"sor"ed and cleared

from circulation relatively 5uic#ly

Support the recommendations to consume severalservings of fruit and vegeta"les per day as seen in a

num"er of clinical trials %ith chocolate and other

flavonoid-rich foods,

Spacing inta#e of flavonoid-rich foods throughout the day

could help to provide a continuous supply

Short#term human studies
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ergonext.com/aa-science-msd/images/circulation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ergonext.com/aa-science-msd/circulatory.htm&h=479&w=277&sz=17&tbnid=A4GwjjLwZYwJ:&tbnh=125&tbnw=72&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcirculation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

Because there is si7 to seven times more epicatechin

than catechin in cocoa.chocolate, most attention has

focused on epicatechin in studies

Consistent %ith in vitro studies, human studies

indicate that small doses of epicatechin are effective

6here is a statistically significant increase in plasma

antio7idant capacity and reduction in lipid pero7ides

follo%ing cocoa.chocolate consumption

'ore studies


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PBRC 2005

Epicatechin and other flavonoids not only have a

direct antio7idant effect, "ut they may also have asparing effecton other antio7idants such as

=itamins C and E

(ene%its
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bath.ac.uk/chemistry/davidson/mgdfig2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bath.ac.uk/chemistry/davidson/&h=354&w=558&sz=37&tbnid=qUPS6oxGwfMJ:&tbnh=83&tbnw=131&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvitamin%2BE%2Bstructure%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/molecularium/stereo/moleculas/c6h8o6.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/molecularium/stereo/molecules.html&h=600&w=800&sz=23&tbnid=q5tI2S78fpkJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=141&start=12&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvitamin%2BC%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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PBRC 2005

!lthough flavanol-rich cocoa and chocolate have the potential to

augment an individualFs antio7idant defense system, there are other

cellular mechanisms through %hich these flavanol-rich foods can

affect cardiovascular healthA

0nflammation

Platelet aggregationitric o7ide *&/-mediated endothelial changes

Other 'echanisms
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tbfinc.com/newsiteimages/heart777.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.tbfinc.com/cardiovascular.htm&h=180&w=158&sz=53&tbnid=e_oD4UuRutsJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=84&start=29&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcardiovascular%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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PBRC 2005

In%lammation


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PBRC 2005

!therosclerosis and heart failure, as %ell as ris# factors suchas

hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, can activate several

proinflammatory en)yme systems, such as 7anthine o7idase,

!DH.!DPH o7idase, and myelopero7idase

&nce activated, these en)ymesproduce reactive o7ygen species and

other radicals that, asindicated a"ove, can modify & availa"ility and

LDL and contri"uteto endothelial dysfunction
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.healingdaily.com/conditions/free-radicals.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.healingdaily.com/conditions/free-radicals.htm&h=145&w=255&sz=5&tbnid=WagC6GQeXXQJ:&tbnh=60&tbnw=106&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfree%2Bradical%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/05/yeltsin.bypass/heart.lg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kurdistan.persianblog.com/&h=350&w=261&sz=23&tbnid=OaUIGIK7AqIJ:&tbnh=115&tbnw=86&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheart%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.healingdaily.com/oral-chelation/oral-chelation-for-atherosclerosis.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.healingdaily.com/oral-chelation/oral-edta-chelation.htm&h=181&w=257&sz=19&tbnid=Hrftt4_69HkJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=106&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3Datherosclerosis%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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$lavanol-rich cocoa li5uorhas "een sho%n to stimulate &

production and to significantlyreduce the activities of 7anthine

o7idase and myelopero7idaseafter ethanol-induced o7idative stress

0n addition, cocoaflavanols and procyanidins may modulate other

mediators of inflammation
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gluegrant.org/images/systemic.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gluegrant.org/inflammation101.htm&h=530&w=397&sz=16&tbnid=htPRXQ0Z32kJ:&tbnh=128&tbnw=96&start=70&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinflammation%26start%3D60%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Media_Assets/Chapter19/Text_Images/FG19_07-15UN.JPG&imgrefurl=http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_19.html&h=948&w=1600&sz=141&tbnid=70CP88lIORMJ:&tbnh=88&tbnw=149&start=77&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnitric%2Boxide%26start%3D60%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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Platelets


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0n addition to its influence on o7idative defense mechanisms,polyphenols seem to "enefit cardiovascular health in other %ays-through regulation of platelet reactivity

iven the prominent role of platelets in the development andmanifestation of acute myocardial infarction, stro#e, and venousthrom"oem"olism, antiplatelet strategies are an importantconsideration

! modest decrease in platelet reactivity can "e of value "ecause itreduces the pro"a"ility of clotting
http://www.bus.lsu.edu/lbtc/images/platelet-micro3.jpg


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0n one study to determine %hether cocoa inhi"its platelet activation

and function, su"8ects %ere given either %ater or 3(( ml of cocoa that

provided a very high amount of polyphenols

During the si7 hour time period follo%ing inta#e of cocoa, there %as a

reduction in P-selectin, suggestive of less reactive platelets

6his is the same response that %ould "e seen follo%ing inta#e

of antiplatelet agents such as aspirin
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mmjp.or.jp/orangehouse/sugimoto/hptest001/00/image/cup-water-200pix.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mmjp.or.jp/orangehouse/sugimoto/page0403.htm&h=177&w=200&sz=9&tbnid=V4-bHjjvWGwJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=98&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcup%2Bwater%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/ys/images/cup.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/ys/cooking/hotdrnks.htm&h=172&w=150&sz=5&tbnid=OgVx_A3dQdgJ:&tbnh=93&tbnw=81&start=24&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddrink%2Bcocoa%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/graphics/aspirin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/analgesics.html&h=241&w=170&sz=12&tbnid=VP6so7vyuNUJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=74&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Daspirin%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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$ndothelium


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Shear stress, ischemia and reperfusion, inflammation, anddiseasestates, such as atherosclerosis, dia"etes mellitus,and hypertension,can disrupt endothelial function

6his is associated %ith alterationsin endothelium-derivedregulatory mediators, an ina"ility toregulate vascular tone,and an overall shift to%ard the prothrom"oticstate

Possi"le that flavanols, "y functioning as antio7idants,inaddition to modulating prostacylin and leu#otrieneconcentrations, can improve endothelial function through thepreventionand possi"le reduction of o7idative damage
http://www.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de/bt/Unbenannt.JPG


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Conclusions

!lthough in vitro studies provide strong support for the hypothesis

that flavanol-rich food consumption is associated %ith the reduced

ris# for vascular diseases, at this time the ma8ority of studies that

have "een reported are in the form of short-term clinical trials

6he health "enefits of these nutrients %ill "est "e determined from

long-term, randomi)ed, clinical trials


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een C, et al Dietary polyphenols and healthA Proceedings of the ' stinternational conference on polyphenols and health !mer < Clin utr2((: ;'A' 21;S-3(3S !vaila"le atAhttpA..%%%a8cnorg.cgi.content.full.;'.'.21;S

een C ChocolateA $ood as medicine.medicine as food < !mer Collof utr 2((' 2(A1(((: +3S-+31S !vaila"le atAhttpA..%%%8acnorg.cgi.content.full.2(.supplG:.+3S

an I, et al Effects of cocoa po%der and dar# chocolate on LDLo7idative suscepti"ility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans!mer < Clin utr 2((' 4+A: :1-(2 !vaila"le atAhttpA..%%%a8cnorg.cgi.content.full.4+.:.:1

Re%erences


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httpA..pu"sacsorg.hotartcl.tca%.11.8ul.chocolatehtml

httpA..sci%e"ny"gorg.science2.pdfs.m".chocolatepdfJsearchKalternative92(therapies92(sept.oct92(chocolateM

Re%erences

cocoa polyphenols (1)

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