coastal capital: the economic contribution of belize’s coral reefs and mangroves emily cooper /...
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Coastal Capital: The Coastal Capital: The Economic Contribution of Economic Contribution of Belize’s Coral Reefs and Belize’s Coral Reefs and
MangrovesMangroves
Emily Cooper / Emily Cooper / Lauretta BurkeLauretta Burke
World Resources World Resources
InstituteInstitute
Nadia Bood, WWF-Nadia Bood, WWF-CACA
November 14, 2008November 14, 2008IYOR – BelizeIYOR – Belize
Financial Support Financial Support
Oak FoundationOak Foundation
Ocean FoundationOcean Foundation Netherlands MFA Netherlands MFA SwedBioSwedBio Macarthur FoundationMacarthur Foundation
Project PartnershipProject Partnership Healthy Reefs Healthy Reefs
InitiativeInitiative BTBBTB Forestry Dept.Forestry Dept. FisheriesFisheries PACTPACT APAMOAPAMO Galen Galen
UniversityUniversity BZ HydroMetBZ HydroMet CCCCCCCCCC
WCSWCS FONFON TASTETASTE TIDETIDE BASBAS Hol ChanHol Chan GreenReefGreenReef TNCTNC UBUB
OverviewOverview
Project Intention and PurposeProject Intention and Purpose Economic Valuation MethodEconomic Valuation Method Summary of ResultsSummary of Results
Shoreline Protection Shoreline Protection Tourism and RecreationTourism and Recreation FisheriesFisheries
MPA ValuationsMPA Valuations Policy RecommendationsPolicy Recommendations
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photos: WWF/ Italo Bonilla, Julie Stockbridge
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
nurseriesnurseries
Photos: WWF/ Gilda ABURTO, Lauretta Burke
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photos: WRI
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photos: WWF
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photos: WRI, WWF
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photos: Krishna Desai, J. Sharp
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photos: J. Sharp, Ferrari
Coral Reef and Mangrove-Coral Reef and Mangrove-associated Goods and Servicesassociated Goods and Services
Photo: M. Paz
Project ConceptProject Concept
Reefs at Risk in the Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean (2004)Caribbean (2004)
Project ConceptProject Concept
Reefs at Risk in the Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean (2004)Caribbean (2004)
Pilot analyses for Tobago Pilot analyses for Tobago and St. Lucia (2005 - 2008)and St. Lucia (2005 - 2008)
Economic Valuation Project Economic Valuation Project ConceptConcept
1.1. Develop method which is simple Develop method which is simple and replicable and replicable
2.2. Rely predominantly on existing, Rely predominantly on existing, available dataavailable data
3.3. Develop a Tool for valuation and Develop a Tool for valuation and policy analysispolicy analysis
Adapt Method for BelizeAdapt Method for Belize
Extensive barrier reef systemExtensive barrier reef system
Importance of mangrovesImportance of mangroves
Focus on MPA network Focus on MPA network
Influencing better Influencing better ManagementManagement
Economic Valuation is a tool to guide Economic Valuation is a tool to guide coastal planning, investment and coastal planning, investment and management in the long-term management in the long-term interest of local communities and the interest of local communities and the country country
Economic Valuation Economic Valuation applicationsapplications
Highlight economic contribution to Highlight economic contribution to GDP GDP
Compare benefits of development / Compare benefits of development / management options management options
Encourage increased investment in Encourage increased investment in coastal management / MPAs / fisheries coastal management / MPAs / fisheries managementmanagement
Support damage assessmentSupport damage assessment
Coral Reef and Mangrove Coral Reef and Mangrove Goods and Services EvaluatedGoods and Services Evaluated
Tourism and recreationTourism and recreation
FisheriesFisheries
Shoreline protection servicesShoreline protection services
Non-Valued ServicesNon-Valued Services
Total Economic Value (TEV) would also Total Economic Value (TEV) would also include:include:
Other Use Values:Other Use Values: Option Values (e.g. pharmaceutical)Option Values (e.g. pharmaceutical) Carbon storageCarbon storage Building materialsBuilding materials
Non-Use ValuesNon-Use Values Bequest ValueBequest Value Existence ValueExistence Value
We focus on values that can be reliably
estimated using available data
Interconnected HabitatsInterconnected Habitats
Interconnected HabitatsInterconnected Habitats
Shoreline Shoreline ProtectionProtection
Interconnected HabitatsInterconnected Habitats
Shoreline ProtectionShoreline Protection
Tourism and Tourism and
RecreationRecreation FisheriesFisheries
Summary of ResultsSummary of Results
Annual economic contribution Annual economic contribution of coral reefs is between of coral reefs is between
US $270 and $370 million in 2007US $270 and $370 million in 2007
-.-.Coral Reef Goods and Serivces -
(Annual Values)
0
50
100
150
200
Tourism andRecreation
Fisheries ShorelineProtection
US
$ m
illio
ns
High
Low
--
Annual economic contribution of Annual economic contribution of mangroves is between mangroves is between
US$175 and $250 million in 2007.US$175 and $250 million in 2007.
Mangrove Goods and Services (annual vlaues)
020406080
100120140160180
Tourismand
Recreation
Fisheries ShorelineProtection
US
$ M
illio
ns
High
Low
ValuingValuingShoreline Protection Shoreline Protection
ServicesServices
Shoreline Protection Shoreline Protection ServicesServices
Innovative valuation method developed Innovative valuation method developed with IMAwith IMA in Trinidad in Trinidad
Integrates physical and economic dataIntegrates physical and economic data
Isolates the role of reefs in protecting the Isolates the role of reefs in protecting the shoreshore
Estimates “damages avoided”Estimates “damages avoided”
Adapted for BelizeAdapted for Belize
Can use Climate Scenarios for Can use Climate Scenarios for adaptation planningadaptation planning
Shoreline Protection Shoreline Protection AnalysisAnalysis
(5 steps)(5 steps)
1.1. Identify vulnerable areasIdentify vulnerable areas
2.2. Identify shoreline protected by coral Identify shoreline protected by coral reefs or mangrovesreefs or mangroves
3.3. Evaluate the relative stability of the Evaluate the relative stability of the shoreline shoreline
4.4. Isolate role of reefs or mangroves in Isolate role of reefs or mangroves in shoreline protectionshoreline protection
5.5. Estimate potential storm damage Estimate potential storm damage avoidedavoided
1. Identify Vulnerable Land1. Identify Vulnerable Land
Definition – Definition – within 1 km of coast, within 1 km of coast, under 5m elevationunder 5m elevation (based on 25 (based on 25 year storm event)year storm event)
693 sq. km of land classed as 693 sq. km of land classed as “vulnerable” “vulnerable”
3 % of Belize’s land3 % of Belize’s land 87% of land within 1 km of coast87% of land within 1 km of coast
2a. Shoreline 2a. Shoreline Protected by Coral Protected by Coral ReefsReefs
70% of coast is 70% of coast is “protected” by coral “protected” by coral reef reef
(66% of mainland (66% of mainland coast)coast)
2b. Shoreline 2b. Shoreline Protected by Protected by MangrovesMangroves
Two-thirds of coastline Two-thirds of coastline is “protected” by is “protected” by mangroves mangroves About 50% of mainland coastAbout 50% of mainland coast Abut 75% of cayesAbut 75% of cayes
3. Evaluate Relative 3. Evaluate Relative Stability of the Shoreline Stability of the Shoreline
1.1. Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Geomorphology 2.2. Coastal Geology Coastal Geology 3.3. Coastal Protection Structures Coastal Protection Structures 4.4. Coral Reef Index (Reef type, continuity, Coral Reef Index (Reef type, continuity,
distance offshore) distance offshore) 5.5. Wave EnergyWave Energy6.6. Storm/Hurricane Events Storm/Hurricane Events 7.7. Coastal ElevationCoastal Elevation8.8. Coastal VegetationCoastal Vegetation9.9. Anthropogenic ActivitiesAnthropogenic Activities
4a. Coral Reef 4a. Coral Reef Share of Shoreline Share of Shoreline StabilityStability
Coral Reefs Coral Reefs contribute between contribute between 12 and 40% of 12 and 40% of shoreline stabilityshoreline stability
4a. Mangrove 4a. Mangrove Share of Shoreline Share of Shoreline StabilityStability
Where present, Where present, mangroves contribute mangroves contribute between 10 and 32% between 10 and 32% of shoreline stabilityof shoreline stability
5. Estimate “Damages 5. Estimate “Damages Avoided” Avoided”
Estimate property values in Estimate property values in “vulnerable areas”“vulnerable areas” Ranged from US$1 / sq ft in “other Ranged from US$1 / sq ft in “other
areas” to US$ 14 – 16 / sq ft along coast areas” to US$ 14 – 16 / sq ft along coast in Caye Caulker and Placenciain Caye Caulker and Placencia
5. Estimate “Damages 5. Estimate “Damages Avoided” Avoided”
Estimate property values in “vulnerable Estimate property values in “vulnerable areas”areas” Ranged from US$1 / sq ft in “other areas” to Ranged from US$1 / sq ft in “other areas” to
US$ 14 – 16 / sq ft along coast in Caye US$ 14 – 16 / sq ft along coast in Caye Caulker and PlacenciaCaulker and Placencia
Combine property values in vulnerable Combine property values in vulnerable areas with percent protection provided areas with percent protection provided by coral reef / mangrove.by coral reef / mangrove.
Value of Shoreline Protection by Value of Shoreline Protection by Coral Reefs and Mangroves - Coral Reefs and Mangroves -
avoided erosion and storm damage from waves valued avoided erosion and storm damage from waves valued
between US$230 and $347 million per year. between US$230 and $347 million per year. Coral Reefs – US$120 – 180 million / yearCoral Reefs – US$120 – 180 million / year
Mangroves – US$111 – 167 million / yearMangroves – US$111 – 167 million / year
Shoreline Protection Services (average annual value)
0
50
100
150
200
Coral Reefs Mangroves
US
$ m
illio
ns
High Estimate
Low Estimate
Tourism ComponentsTourism Components
AccommodationAccommodation
Recreation – diving, snorkeling, sport Recreation – diving, snorkeling, sport fishingfishing
Other tourist expenditures Other tourist expenditures
Cruise visitor expendituresCruise visitor expenditures
Taxes and feesTaxes and fees
Region
Belize District
Ambergris
Caye Caulker
Cayo
Corozal
Orange Walk
Stann Creek
Placencia
Toledo
Other IslandsPhoto: Mito Paz
Distinguishing reef- and mangrove-associated tourists
Total Number of Rooms
Occupancy Rate
Rooms Occupied by Reef
& Mangrove Related
Tourists: 64%
Reef and Mangrove Associated Reef and Mangrove Associated TourismTourism
Reef / mangrove -associated: ($US million)
Accommodation $56.3 - $75.4
Recreation $37.5 - $46.5
Other Visitor Expenses $31.8 – $44.7
Marine Park Fees $1.3
Taxes and Service Charges $17.7 – $21.3
Cruise Tourism (revenues & taxes) $5.3 – $6.4
Total Direct Impacts $149.9 - $195.7
Reef & Mangrove Reef & Mangrove RecreationRecreation
($US million)
Diving $20.1 – $25.1
Snorkeling $10.1 – $12.6
Sport Fishing $7.2 – $8.5
Other reef/mangrove rec $0.2 - $0.3
Total $37.5 - $46.5
Reef and Mangrove Associated Reef and Mangrove Associated TourismTourism
Reef / mangrove -associated: ($US million)
Accommodation $56.3 - $75.4
Recreation $37.5 - $46.5
Other Visitor Expenses $31.8 – $44.7
Marine Park Fees $1.3
Taxes and Service Charges $17.7 – $21.3
Cruise Tourism (revenues & taxes) $5.3 – $6.4
Total Direct Impacts $149.9 - $195.7
Multiplier 1.2 – 1.4
Indirect Impacts $26.1 – $68.9
Reef and Mangrove Associated Reef and Mangrove Associated TourismTourism
Reef / mangrove -associated: ($US million)
Accommodation $56.3 - $75.4
Recreation $37.5 - $46.5
Other Visitor Expenses $31.8 – $44.7
Marine Park Fees $1.3
Taxes and Service Charges $17.7 – $21.3
Cruise Tourism (revenues & taxes) $5.3 – $6.4
Total Direct Impacts $149.9 - $195.7
Multiplier 1.2 – 1.4
Indirect Impacts $26.1 – $68.9
Outstanding IssuesOutstanding Issues
Reef use dataReef use data
Consumer SurplusConsumer Surplus
Future Values / Sustainable LevelsFuture Values / Sustainable Levels
Tourist responses to change in reef Tourist responses to change in reef qualityquality
FisheriesFisheries
Commercial CatchCommercial Catch
1.1. Export sales through Co-opsExport sales through Co-ops
2.2. Local sales through Co-opsLocal sales through Co-ops
3.3. Local sales outside Co-opsLocal sales outside Co-ops
Fish cleaning \ processingFish cleaning \ processing
Other benefitsOther benefits
FisheriesFisheries
Commercial CatchCommercial Catch
1.1. Export sales through Co-ops Export sales through Co-ops 75%75%
2.2. Local sales through Co-opsLocal sales through Co-ops 7%7%
3.3. Local sales outside Co-opsLocal sales outside Co-ops18%18%
Does not include fish caught in Belizean waters and sold
in neighboring countries
Economic Contribution: Economic Contribution: FisheriesFisheries
Reef / mangrove -associated: ($US million)
Total Revenues (export + local)
Lobster $9.3 - $9.7
Conch $3.1 - $3.2
Finfish $1.6 - $3.8
Shrimp $0.10
Crab $0.02
Total Revenues $35.0
Local fish cleaning $.08 - $.10
Total Economic Contribution $14.2 - $15.9
Economic Contribution of Reef and Economic Contribution of Reef and Mangrove Associated Tourism and Mangrove Associated Tourism and
FisheriesFisheries
Tourism : Tourism : US$150 - $196 mUS$150 - $196 m
Fisheries : Fisheries : US$14 - $16 mUS$14 - $16 m
________________________________________________________________________
Total Direct Impacts: Total Direct Impacts: US$164 - $212 US$164 - $212 mm
13% – 16% of GDP13% – 16% of GDP
Marine Protected AreasMarine Protected Areas
18 protected areas (~12 actively managed)18 protected areas (~12 actively managed)
~115,000 reported visitors in 2007~115,000 reported visitors in 2007
1 day per MPA visitor = 1 day per MPA visitor = US$17 mUS$17 m in direct in direct spending by MPA visitors per year. spending by MPA visitors per year. $3.5 – $7 m $3.5 – $7 m in in indirect impacts.indirect impacts.
Typical government spending per MPA, by Typical government spending per MPA, by comparison, is US$100,000 comparison, is US$100,000
A lot of visitation is going unrecorded (and fees A lot of visitation is going unrecorded (and fees uncollected). 30% or more in some MPAs.uncollected). 30% or more in some MPAs.
Marine Protected Areas: Glover’s Reef
Tourists visit from the mainland or stay for a week at a time in of the Tourists visit from the mainland or stay for a week at a time in of the five on-site resorts to kayak, snorkel, and dive in the reserve.five on-site resorts to kayak, snorkel, and dive in the reserve.
We estimate that reef-related tourism GRMR contributes US$3.8 - We estimate that reef-related tourism GRMR contributes US$3.8 - $5.6 million / year to the economy. $5.6 million / year to the economy.
Fisheries revenues from inside the reserve are estimated at US$0.7 Fisheries revenues from inside the reserve are estimated at US$0.7 - $1.1 m / year.- $1.1 m / year.
Without greater support for monitoring and enforcement, Belize’s Without greater support for monitoring and enforcement, Belize’s MPAs will not be able to provide this level of economic benefits into MPAs will not be able to provide this level of economic benefits into the future.the future.
Policy Recommendations for Belize
Belize’s coastal resources are Belize’s coastal resources are extremely valuable.extremely valuable.
They are also increasingly They are also increasingly threatened.threatened.
As reefs and mangroves As reefs and mangroves degrade and disappear, degrade and disappear, the economic benefits they the economic benefits they provide will diminish. It is in provide will diminish. It is in the long-term economicthe long-term economicinterest of Belize to:interest of Belize to:
Plan and Implement Plan and Implement Development SensiblyDevelopment Sensibly
Enforce land-use and development Enforce land-use and development regulations in the coastal zone.regulations in the coastal zone.
Minimize the loss of mangroves along the Minimize the loss of mangroves along the shoreline.shoreline.
Conduct and thoroughly evaluate EIAs and Conduct and thoroughly evaluate EIAs and subsequent compliance plans for subsequent compliance plans for development in sensitive coastal areas, such development in sensitive coastal areas, such as the cayes. as the cayes.
Invest in Management, Invest in Management, Monitoring, and ComplianceMonitoring, and Compliance
Reinvigorate the CZMAI and build capacity Reinvigorate the CZMAI and build capacity for monitoring both the for monitoring both the statestate and and useuse of of coastal resourcescoastal resources
Increase overall investment in MPAs. Increase overall investment in MPAs. Improve fee collection and monitoring of Improve fee collection and monitoring of visitors.visitors.
Tighten fishing regulations and invest Tighten fishing regulations and invest greater resources in enforcementgreater resources in enforcement
Incorporate Economic Incorporate Economic Valuation into Planning Valuation into Planning
ProcessesProcesses Incorporate economic valuation into EIAsIncorporate economic valuation into EIAs
Include economic impacts in assessing fines for Include economic impacts in assessing fines for damages to reefs and mangroves.damages to reefs and mangroves.
Weigh revenues from a growing cruise industry Weigh revenues from a growing cruise industry against long-term economic losses from against long-term economic losses from environmental impacts.environmental impacts.
Evaluate distributional effects (“winners” and Evaluate distributional effects (“winners” and “losers”) of proposed coastal development “losers”) of proposed coastal development projects.projects.
1.1. Coastal natural resources in Belize Coastal natural resources in Belize are extremely valuableare extremely valuable
2.2. Shoreline protection provided by Shoreline protection provided by coral reefs and mangroves is a coral reefs and mangroves is a surprisingly high value service surprisingly high value service (highest of the three)(highest of the three)
3.3. Current investment in coastal Current investment in coastal management is insufficient to management is insufficient to maintain these valuable goods and maintain these valuable goods and services at current levelsservices at current levels
Thank You!
Emily Cooper
Lauretta Burke
Nadia Bood
http://reefsatrisk.wri.org
Photo credit: © WWF / Ítalo BONILLA