coakley10pptch02_091510
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Sports in Society:Issues and Controversies
Chapter 2
Producing Knowledge
about Sports in Society:What Is the Role of
Research and Theory?
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Those who study sports in society want
to understand four things:
1. The cultural and social contexts in whichsports exist
2. The connections between those contextsand sports
3. The social worlds that people create asthey participate in sports
4. The experiences of individuals and groupsassociated with those social worlds
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Tools used to study
sports in society
Social research: i nvest igat i ons i n whi ch weseek answers to quest i ons about soc i al worlds by systemat i cally gather i ng and
analyz i ng data
Social theories: logi cally i nterrelated
explanat i ons of the act i ons and relat i onshi ps of human bei ngs and theor gani zat i on and dynami cs of soc i al worlds
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All people use ³theories´
We gather information about people and thingsaround us.
We use this information to develop personal
explanations about our experiences, people,events, and social worlds²i.e., personal theories.
Personal theor i es = summar i es of our i deas
and explanat i ons of soc i al l i fe and thecontexts i n whi ch i t occurs
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Sociological theories
are different than personal theories
They are Designed to answer questions that go beyond
experiences and situations encountered by one
person Based on systematic data collection and
analysis
Developed in connection with the research and
theories of others in sociology Published and critically examined, tested, and
validated or discredited by other scholars
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Social Theories
Theories are based on questions about why theworld is the way it is and on ideas about how itmight be different
Theories involve a combination of Description
Reflection
Analysis
Theories have practical applications becausethey help us make choices and anticipateconsequences
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The process of
producing knowledgein the sociology of
sport
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Types of observational methods
Outside observer = record what is seen and
heard
Participant observer = record the actions,
feelings, and comments of self and others in asocial world
Fieldwork = ³ on-site´ data collection, usually
focused on a particular social world Ethnography = fieldwork that involves
observations and interviews
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essner usedquantitative data when
he analyzed network
sports news and
ESPN highlights.
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essner¶s research is based on a critical
approach and asked these questions: (I)
1. What values, ideas, and beliefs are associated with or
promoted through sports, and who is advantaged or
disadvantaged by them?
2. What are the meanings currently given to sports and
sport participation, and who is advantaged or
disadvantaged by those meanings?
3. How are sports, athletes, and other people associatedwith sports represented in media coverage, and how
does that coverage influence people¶s lives?(continued )
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essner¶s research is based on a critical
approach and asked these questions: (II)
4. How are sports organized, and who is advantaged or
disadvantaged by existing forms of organization in
sports?
5. Who has power in sports, to what ends is power used,and how are various categories of people affected by
power relations associated with sports?
6. Who accepts and who resists the prevailing social and
cultural organization of mainstream sports, and what
happens to those who resist?
7. What strategies will effectively foster progressive
changes in sports and the social worlds around them?
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essner used
a critical approach in his research
A critical approach is related to social action.Messner was interested in the following:
Can sports be used to challenge and transform
exploitive and oppressive practices? How can we increase the number and diversity
of sport participation opportunities?
How do we challenge the ideologicalimplications of the mainstream sports stories
that disadvantage categories of people? How do we challenge the voices and
perspectives of those with power in sports andsociety²and give voice to the least powerful?
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