coaching – training – neue medien 29.-31. märz 2010dr. sabine horst1 coaching in intercultural...
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Coaching – Training – Neue Medien
29.-31. März 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst 1
Coaching
in intercultural contexts
Urbino University
29th – 31st March 2010
Coaching is …
• a special form of counselling for individuals, teams and
organisations regarding concerns of the professional environment
• based on professional concepts and methods
• in general accompanying a (development) process
• person-centred, aim-, resources- and solution-oriented
• time-constrained
Coaching – a Definition
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 2
Coaching
Coaching does not search for deficits, …
... but for strengths and aptitudes a client can
activate, further develop and transfer to problematic
areas.
Coaches don´t give advices, ...
Central to Coaching are the mental problem solving and decision finding processes and their transfer by the client. The coaches do not present solutions, ...
... but they support others to find their own way while
respecting the others´ personal decision making competences.
... but they support the clients to find their individual solutions. The clients´ autonomy will be
preserved.
- +
Coaching – a Definition
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 3
Coaching – a Definition
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 4
Coaching
Aim:
A help for self help - to further develop or
reconstitute the clients´ competences and abilities
resources-oriented
a personal development scheme tailored to the client´s individual needs
aim-oriented
solution-oriented
person-centred
Coaching
Main focus:
Not on deficits and weaknesses, but on strengths and abilities for the client to activate in order to master difficult situations.
Aims are e.g.:
performance improvement
development of personal capabilities
change of perception
focussing on solutions rather then on situation analysis
requirements: client´s self-initiative, personal responsibility, ability for self-reflection
monitoring, accompanying the client´s own process for solution findings
Coaching – a Definition
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 5
resources-oriented
aim-oriented
solution-oriented
personen-centred
Coaching
systemicA systemic coaching approach means that aspects will be considered relating to:
cognition
emotions, feelings
relations
embodiment
ethics
etc.
In dialogues and feedbacks the focal points will be detected with the client.
Coaching – a Definition
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 6
If You can´t change
the circumstances,
change yourself.
Coaching – a Definition
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Humanism:
Coaching “is about `self-actualisation´ and the individual’s need for self-fulfilment,
the realisation of full potential, self-expression, accomplishment and growth.”
Coaching is client-centred and based on `unconditional acceptance´ of the
coachee. The coach listens and reflects back, but he or she also challenges and
confronts a coachee when necessary.
Coaching – Philosophical Underpinnings
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 8
Existentialism:
Based on the central idea of existentialism (Sartre), that we are essentially free
and responsible for finding out who we are and what to do with our lives, the
concepts of choices and responsibilities are central to coaching. The coachee’s
acceptance of his or her own responsibility to commit to change is vital for a
proper coaching process. The scope of change involves, e.g. the coachee’s world
view, self-limiting beliefs or self-defeating actions, perception of his or her
environment etc. The coach supports the coachee to understand his or her
‘structure of interpretation’ by using language, in the form of listening and
questioning, and invites the coachee to make new observations and new
interpretations. New actions can follow only on the basis of a broadened
awareness.
Coaching – Philosophical Underpinnings
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 9
Eastern influences:
Influenced by various aspects of Eastern philosophy the focus of coaching lies on
the living in “the now”. As a result, coaching emphasises the current situation and
a solution-oriented perspective rather than analyzing the past. Another belief
derives from Eastern philosophy that all individuals are in possession of what
they need to know. In this respect, coaching supports the coachee to gain access
to existing abilities, resources and competences, which might – for various
reasons – be blocked out. The coachee learns to activate them for a solution-
finding process.
Coaching – Philosophical Underpinnings
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 10
Constructivism
According to constructivism, reality is a result of interpretation. There is no single,
true interpretation and meaning is only known through our social interactions.
Coaching, as a dialogue, is a process of constructing the problem and the
solution using language. Coaching deals with alternative ways of viewing the
world and supports the coachee to broaden his or her perspectives and
perceptions. “Coaching deals with the individual coachee’s experience and
highlights the importance of co-creating (with the coach) a new and more
empowering reality.”
Coaching – Philosophical Underpinnings
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 11
methodicalcompetence
individualcompetence
technicalcompetence
socialcompetence
methodicalcompetence
individualcompetence
technicalcompetence
socialcompetence
Inter-cultural
competence
... such as:
knowledge of cost, income + risk factors
knowledge management
• organisational skills
problem solving and decision making skills
... such as
understanding for the imprint of the own culture on the own behaviour
understanding and acceptance of different ways of thinking and view- points
tolerance of ambiguity
foreign language knowledge
polycentrism
knowledge of strategies for the use of conscious and unconscious cultural rules
... such as:
self-motivation
ability to work under pressure
self-organisation, ability for self- control
optimistic attitude
ability for self-criticism
... such as:
• ability to work in teams
• ability to assimilate
• ability to take initiative
• communication abilities
• empathy, tolerance
... such as:
knowledge of markets, legislations + enterprises
specific knowledge for a technical area
international experience
knowledge of the development status of the technical area within the target
culture
Coaching – Fields of competences
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 12
Method andmedia mix
for acquisition and development of
capabilities
methodicalcompetence
individualcompetence
technical competence
social competence
inter-cultural
competence
... such as:
seminars, workshops, papers...
chats, forums ...
electronic media, virtual seminars ...
experience reports, blogs,
print media
coaching
=> in guided and self- guided learning processes
Steffen Drawert, 33, IMG AG St. Gallen
describes his international business as a “cross-functional job” with challenges regarding technical, social and cultural aspects:
„Workflows and methods can not be transferred on a one to one basis into other cultural contexts.”
„ Colleagues have a different mentality, that one has to “swing into”. Greeks and Asians can´t do anything with the factual style of the Germans. I have to address them in a personal manner to bring them on board.”
Examples – Business Experts
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 13
• Kai-Oliver Schäfer, 37, Capgemini Consulting, Consultant in European and extra-European projects
• Alexander Schweinberger, 30, Capgemini Consulting, Consultant situated in Germany, working in international consulting teams
“Working internationally requires more discussions about “Change-Management“-processes, to get to know each other personally and to “juggle” with cultural differences.”
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 14
Examples – Business Experts
Sabine Huxhold, 37, IDS Scheer AG
noticed displeasedly, that the Indian software engineers looked up in the air, when she greeted them, as if the blond-haired female project manager would not exist. A female colleague explained to her, that it is an indication of respect in the Indian culture, to ignore a woman.
In another project, Sabine Huxhold was positively surprised: The Italian colleagues didn´t appear in the way she expected with „Mediterranean sociability“. They worked „structured, efficient, exemplary“.
“ Misunderstandings are part of the professional daily routine in international consulting.”
“ In large-scale projects with 180 consultants from 50 countries you can´t avoid critical incidents. But you can handle and manage them.”
Examples – Business Experts
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 15
Schäfer und Schweinberger:
„Without knowing the English language and technical terminology on a high level, you don´t have a chance.“
And, apart from work, there is also a private life…
„Most problems begin after work. The talks after work are important, especially with a job, which does not leave a lot of spare-time. (…) Because of our travels, it is difficult to keep in contact with people at home. But it is extremely exciting to get into contact to clients and colleagues from all over the world and to exchange ideas and thoughts.“
Examples – Business Experts
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 16
Steffen Drawert is married and has a young daughter:
„It is a great and exciting job, but you pay for it. In the long run you have to either come to an arrangement or draw the consequences.”
Examples – Business Experts
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 17
Every human being is unique. And everyone should receive the opportunity to live this uniqueness. Adequate parameters are required to be able to develop these abilities.
Human beings are, in principle, “complete” and not “in deficit” and have an illimitable potential for growth and expansion.
To be aware of one´s personal qualities, strengths as well as weaknesses is a relevant premise. This requires self-reflection and feedback.
Every human being perceives the world differently. We perceive the world in a selective and individually interpreted manner .
Every human being is in command of a range of scopes of action at any time. Everyone is responsible for his or her choices.
Human beings can only change themselves. A change of behaviour requires, as a prerequisite, the change of the own attitude.
Coaching – basic hypotheses
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 18
Even small changes can have a high impact.If one part of a system changes, this has an effect on all the other parts of the system, which will react in some way.
Every change has it´s price. The willingness to change depends on the cost-benefit ratio.
Human beings tend to adapt their behaviour according to the expectations of others. Our own expectations have a high impact on our personal development and success.
Acknowledgement is basic need, every human has. Everyone seeks for being appreciated/estimated individually.
Everything happens with a positive intent and a certain benefit.
Thoughts, emotions and actions form an entity. If one part changes, the other two change automatically.
Coaching – basic hypotheses
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 19
estimation
empathy
acceptance
authenticity
A systemic and solution-oriented coach works on the basis of a
humanistic approach: Only the one who feels accepted and
estimated has access to his or her abilities and will be open up
for new ways and view-points.
=> Relevant attitudes for a professional coach are:
Coach requirements
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 20
Consulting=> based on an situation analysis including concrete suggestions for activities
Supervision=> support and further development of people working in social services and professions
Training=> knowledge transfer, development of competences – e.g. including tests – conducted with a trainer as expert
Psychotherapy=> treatment of mental disorders with psychological straints and pathological significance due to changes of the persons characteristics, ways of experiencing and behaviour
Coaching – is not ...
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 21
methodicalcompetence
individualcompetence
technicalcompetence
socialcompetence
methodicalcompetence
individualcompetence
technicalcompetence
socialcompetence
Inter-cultural
competence
... such as:
knowledge of cost, income + risk factors
knowledge management
• organisational skills
problem solving and decision making skills
... such as
understanding for the imprint of the own culture on the own behaviour
understanding and acceptance of different ways of thinking and view- points
tolerance of ambiguity
foreign language knowledge
polycentrism
knowledge of strategies for the use of conscious and unconscious cultural rules
... such as:
self-motivation
ability to work under pressure
self-organisation, ability for self- control
optimistic attitude
ability for self-criticism
... such as:
• ability to work in teams
• ability to assimilate
• ability to take initiative
• communication abilities
• empathy, tolerance
... such as:
knowledge of markets, legislations + enterprises
specific knowledge for a technical area
international experience
knowledge of the development status of the technical area within the target
culture
Coaching – Fields of competences
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 22
Method andmedia mix
for acquisition and development of
capabilities
methodicalcompetence
individualcompetence
technical competence
social competence
inter-cultural
competence
... such as:
seminars, workshops, papers...
chats, Forums ...
electronic media, virtual seminars ...
experience reports, blogs,
print media
coaching
=> in guided and self- guided learning processes
• ... is an „on-the-job“ scheme relating to concrete situations or
cases
• ... selects the problems, differentiates aspects of the problem
due to a special international context
• ... supports the solution-finding for problems and conflicts in
international co-operations and intercultural management
• ... considers the client´s special needs and requests and his
or her indidual environment
Intercultural Coaching
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 23
Competences:
personal competence
social-communicative competence
methodical-technical competence
knowledge competence
field competence
characteristics:
empathic
respectful
trustworthy
ascetic
integer, independent
with a positive attitude
tolerant
Coach requirements
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 24
Coaching cycle:
Coaching Session
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Methods for interviewing:
• Active listening (paraphrasing, verbalising)
• Resources-oriented
• Questions (open, circular, solution-/future-oriented)
• Solution-orientatin (focusing on aims, positive formulations, invitations to change perspective)
• Feedback (I-messages/statements, no judgments/valuations, perceptions)
• Metaphors (densify information, support change of perspectives)
Coaching Session
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 26
Forms/Settings• Individual coaching• Group coaching• Self-coaching• „shadow“-sessions• Combinations: Coaching – Training• Virtual (self-)coaching
Methods• Dialogues, interviews• Visualisations• Role games, simulations• Change of perspectives• Check lists, self-reflection forms
Coaching Settings
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www.radius-team.com
Intercultural Coaching is a special form of "Situational Coaching", providing support to those working abroad or in roles involving international contact. One important role of a coach is to show how behaviour is culturally dependent and to improve intercultural competence.
www.marywinograd.com
Intercultural coaching is an approach that helps individuals relate and successfully communicate with people from other cultures. A culture is a realm that comprises nationality, ethnicity, religion, age group and others.
Intercultural coaching can kelp the client adapt to an expatriation or a repatriation, outsource to other countries, develop business relationships with foreign countries or other cultural groups, lead multicultural teams (teams of people from different countries, ethnicities or cultural groups), smooth relationships with in-laws from other cultures or prepare for an interfaith marriage.
Intercultural Coaching
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 28
Sietar – Society for intercultural Education, Training and Researchwww.sietar.org.uk, Written by Kate Griffin and Richard Cook What is Intercultural Coaching?
Intercultural coaching has the same basic tenets as standard
professional coaching but also takes into consideration the coachee’s
cultural perspective, and those of the people around him/her.
Intercultural coaching focuses on creating an ‘intercultural climate’ that
allows the coach and coachee to become more culturally aware and
adapt their behaviour and expectations as appropriate. Intercultural
coaching is defined as “utilising culture as a force of change to unleash
the coachee’s potential”. Both the coach and the coachee will take a
look at the cultures that might be involved (national culture,
organisational culture, social class, professional affiliation, etc.) and
consider how to take them into account for the realisation of the
coachee’s objectives. (...)
Intercultural Coaching
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 29
(...) One of the challenges intercultural coaches face is trying to balance the
different worldviews in a way that is respectful. Intercultural coaches need to
be aware of whose worldview is in play at any one time. They should also be
clear that they can hold their own worldview without letting it have a negative
impact on the coaching session. As Zarine Jacob says, “an intercultural
coach embodies great coaching skills within the context of intercultural
understanding”. As organisations have increasingly become more global,
business coaches will need to take into consideration different cultural
perspectives and worldviews in order to become more effective and for
business to remain profitable.
Intercultural Coaching
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 30
• Conflict: when two apparently incompatible perspectives or different scopes of action meet; both conflict parties argue on the basis of their own reality and perception:
A B
perspectives
• Intercultural conflicts: include a cultural dimension of reality; the conflict is extended by an additional reality dimension
A B
Synergy und Win-win-solution through additional reality
dimension
Intercultural Conflict
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Source Moore, C.W. (1996): The Mediation Process
Relations
Facts
InterestsStructure
Values
Causes of Conflicts
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Conflicts
Critical Incidents:
• Scopes of action in specific situations, which are different in other cultures
• representatives of these cultures get into contact and misunderstandings, confusions and conflicts occur
Critical Incidents
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Value: Dialectic counter value:
Devaluating exaggeration:
Counter Value:
Blind, naïv confidence
Continuous mistrust
trust caution
positive field of tension; Dialectic counter value
Antagonism between value and degradation
Relation between value and degradation
Devaluating exaggeration
Values Square
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1. Step: Identification of inner voices Identification of opponents
2. Step: Hearing of individual voices self-revelation of opponents (monologues)
3. Step: To allow and animate free discussion Dialogue/dispute
4. Step: Moderation and structuring by head/leader conciliation and acceptance of parts
5. Step: Brainstorming for solution-finding:
selection of valuable aspects of voices identificiation of individual positions´ interests extension of cognitive structure
6. Step: Draft of an integrative statement Teambuilding and decision by head/leader
Inner Team
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 36
When I don´t know, that I don´t know, I
believe I know.
Laing, R.D. 1972
To thine own self be true.
Shakespeare
29-31, March 2010 Dr. Sabine Horst, Coaching Training Neue Medien 37
Thank youfor your attention!
Coaching — Training — Neue Medien
Dr. Sabine Horst
Medienhaus StuttgartMörikestr. 67
D-70199 StuttgartM: +49 179 5122091
F: +49 711 [email protected]