cnrs and in2p3 in short

Alex C. Mueller, DAS*IN2P3**

[email protected]

Meeting with WUTWARSAW, 6 January 2009

Some InformationOn Nuclear Energy Research

*DAS = "Directeur Adjoint Scientifique",Portefeuille:Accélérateurs, Energie Nucléaire, Interdisciplinaire

2

CNRS and IN2P3 in short

CNRS of France is the largest European Research Organisation,operating in all fields of science & technology

IN2P3 and INSU are the two historical "national Institutes", theFrench government wants now to extent this model of

organisationto the other fields of science by creation additional institutes within CNRS.

IN2P3, as its name says is reponsible to coordinate and fund allthe academic research in Nuclear and Particle Physics and theirRelated applications

Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009 Alex C. Mueller

3

Present Scientific Priorities of IN2P3

Red = Accelerators involved!!

Focus HEP activities at CERN, based on LHC and its developments

Further develop GANIL as the European Research Center with the most intense exotic nuclear beams based on new SPIRAL2 project(Construction relying on SUPRATECH and ALTO-testbench)

Be a major player for (initial, conceptual) R&D in the field of nuclear energy based on our PACEN programme (e.g. ADS, Th-fuel technology..)

Further consolidate our presence in and our relations- to the fields of Astrophysics and Cosmology

("astroparticles"), - to the field of computing and other applications based

on the "grid" (LCG et EGEE)

Further amplify our commitments to forefront accelerator R&D(i.e. EURISOL, Nufact, CLIC, ILC, ATF2 and laser-plasma techniques)

Research in instrumentation in general and associated technology transfer(includes e.g. proton/hadrontherapy)

Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009

4Alex C. Mueller

L'IN2P3, quelques chiffres

Plus que 2500 personnes, dont :

417 Chercheurs CNRS de la section 03

90 Chercheurs CNRS des autres sections

351 Enseignants-chercheurs et chercheurs non CNRS

250 Personnels techniques et administratifs non CNRS

1477 Personnels techniques et administratifs CNRS

Repartition Géographique :

1058 Ile de France

504 Rhône Alpes

313 Normandie

261 Alsace

262 Provence

99 Centre

97 Bretagne – Pays de Loire

78 Aquitaine – Limousin

44 Languedoc Roussillon Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009

5Alex C. Mueller

world population

6

10

0

5

10

15

2000 2050

billi

ons

per-capita energy use

67

100

0

50

100

150

2000 2050

GJ/

pers

on

world energy demand

400

1000

0

500

1000

1500

2000 2050

EJ

Growth in World Energy Demand ("typical" predictions)

also "typical": electricity=1/3 of primary

Nuclear share of electricity:17% world-wide35% Europe80% France


6Alex C. Mueller

Production Mode grams CO2 /kWh

• Hydro-electricity 4

• Nuclear 6

• Wind 3-22

• Photovoltaic 60-150

• Combined-cycle gas turbine 427

• Natural gas direct-cycle 883

• Fuel 891

• Coal 978

Cumulated CO2 emissions fromdifferent means of electricity production

Source: SFEN, ACV-DRD Study

Range reflects the assumption on how thelarge amount of energyfor making the systemsis generated!!


7Alex C. Mueller

Life Cycle Emissions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Lif

e C

ycle

Em

issi

on

s r

elat

ive

to L

ign

ite

CO2 SO2 NOx PM10

Coal (43 %) Lignite (40 %) Gas CC (57.6 %)

Nuclear (PWR ult.waste dis.) PV (5 kW, amorphous)

Wind (1 MW; 5.5 m/s)

PV (5 kW, poly)

Wind (1 MW; 4.5 m/s) Hydro (3.1 MW)

From A. Voss (IER Stuttgart)


8Alex C. Mueller

We must consider our planet to be on loan from our children, rather than being a gift from our ancestors. (...) As caretakers of our common future, we have the responsibility to seek scientifically sound policies, nationally as well as internationally. If the long-term viability of humanity is to be ensured, we have no other choice.

(Gro Harlem Brundtland)

Definitions from the Brundtland Commission:

Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

It’s a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are made consistent withfuture as well as present needs.

What is "Sustainability"


9Alex C. Mueller

• Sustainability of an energy producing system can be measured by costs if all costs are considered.

• all costs = internal + external (use of environment)

• hence, management rules (from Voss 2005)

Measuring Sustainability

• The supply of energy services shall be carried out with the possibly lowest total costs. • Total costs represent a useful measure for the usage of scarce resources. • Therefore they are an indicator for relative

sustainability of technologies and systems for supplying energy.

• Research and development are the basis for improving

efficiencies for usage of resources, for limiting energy caused environmental impacts and for expanding the technical-economical energy-basis for future

generations.


10Alex C. Mueller

Total life cycle raw material requirements

Source: Marheineke 2002


11Alex C. Mueller

The German Plan Political Fiction (2020 = -40%)

Inspite of being unable to meet Kyoto 2010 objectives, le federal Gvt fixes for 2020an even more ambitious objective:-40% MTeqCO2 in 2020.M

Teq

u.C

O2

-0.6%

Yet, if the presenty adoptedmeasures are to bemaintained, one may landhere ("common sense" extra-Polation by H. Flocard) .

Red Point:Flocard extrapolationAnd continuation ofNuclear Power atpresent level

Black point = DG analysis (taking into accountthe phase-out of nuclear power as presently Imposed by law)


12Alex C. Mueller

some numbers for France……,giving a hint where to go

Chauffage Eau chaudeCuisson

Électricitéspécifique

Total(Mtep/an)

gaz 15 7 22

pétrole 13 3 16

électricité 6 4 12 22

biomasse 8 1 9

Total(Mtep/an)

42 15 12 69

Véhiculesparticuliers

Véhiculesutilitaires

Transportmer/fer

Transportaérien

Total(Mtep/an)

essence 12 1 13

Gazole fuel

13 17 3 33

Kérosène 6 6

Electricité 1 1

Total(Mtep/an)

25 18 4 6 53

• better insulation, heat pumps….

• electric cars• urban short distance compatible with battery technology

• intermodal transport• use much more electricity

• synthetic fuel• from "wet" and "waste" biomass• Fischer-Tropsch + addtl. H2

• considerably increase electricity production

• up to 50% more nuclear• some potential for intermittent technologies (wind, solar), mainly for H2 production = storage problem efficiently taken into account

quoted from CEA/HC


13Alex C. Mueller

Generations of nuclear power plants

- Early prototype/demo reactors

- Shippingport- Dresden, Fermi I- Magnox

Generation I

- First demo of nuclear power on commercial scale

- Close relationship with DOD

- LWR dominates

- LWR-PWR, BWR- CANDU- HTGR/AGR- VVER/RBMK

Generation II

- Multiple vendors

- Custom designs

- Size, costs, licensing times driven up

- ABWR, System 80+, AP600, EPR

Generation III

- Passive safety features

- Standardized designs

- Combined license

Generation IV

- Highly economical

- Proliferation resistant

- Enhanced safety

- Minimize waste

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Atoms forPeace TMI-2 Chernobyl

from van HeekGroningen Energy Convention 2005


14Alex C. Mueller

• Geologic time storage of spent fuel is heavily debated leakage in the biosphère ? expensive (1000 €/kg), sites? (Yucca mountain would hold 0.07 Mio tons!!) public opposition

Nuclear Waste from present LWR's (Light Water Reactors)

is highly radiotoxic (108 Sv/ton) at the end of present- type nuclear deployment about 0.3 Mtons, or 3x1013 Sv, compare to radiation workers limiting dose of 20mSv

the initial radiotoxicity level of the mine is reached after more than 1 Mio years worldwide, at present 370 "1GWel equiv. LWR" produce 16% of the net electricity

Nuclear energy makes 880 TWh/y (35% of EU's electricity),but PWR produce important amounts of high level waste


15Alex C. Mueller

• In the United States, the current plan is to send all spent nuclear fuel to In the United States, the current plan is to send all spent nuclear fuel to thethe Yucca Mountain Repository. The challenge they are faced with is that Yucca Mountain Repository. The challenge they are faced with is that newnew repositories will be needed as nuclear energy continues or grows.repositories will be needed as nuclear energy continues or grows.

Legislatedcapacity

6-Lab Strategy

MIT Study

EIA 1.5% Growth

Constant 100 GWeSecretarialRecommendation on second repository

S

pen

t F

uel

(m

etri

c to

ns)

Capacity based on limited exploration

Year

The Yucca Mountain Dilemma

Speaker @ Yucca Mountain

M. Capiello & G. Imel (ANL) (ICRS-10/RPS2004)


16Alex C. Mueller

-3

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

Np

237

D(T

RU

)

U238

Pu

238

Pu

239

Pu

240

Pu

241

Pu

242

Am

242

Am

243

Cm

244

Cm

245

D(P

u)

D 0 implies a source of neutrons is required, whereas D < 0 implies excess neutron self-production

Neutron consumption per fission ("D-factor")for thermal (red) and fast (blue) neutron spectra

Sustainability = Fast Neutrons


17Alex C. Mueller

Proton Beam

Spallation Target

accelerator

Fermeture du cycle du combustible par ADS Incinération des déchets radioctifs

L’incinération des déchets, donc de combustible hautement enrichi en actinides mineurs par un système sous critique n’est pas vertu mais nécessité

18Alex C. Mueller

PDS-XADS Reference Accelerator Layout

Strong R&D & construction programs for LINACs Strong R&D & construction programs for LINACs underway worldwide for many applications underway worldwide for many applications

(Spallation Sources for Neutron Science, Radioactive Ions & Neutrino Beam (Spallation Sources for Neutron Science, Radioactive Ions & Neutrino Beam Facilities, Irradiation Facilities)Facilities, Irradiation Facilities)

19Alex C. Mueller

Partitioning and Transmutation

Partitioning:Separating out of spend fuel certain chemical elements

Transmutation: Transforming a chemical element into another

Advanced fuel cycles with P/T may greatly benefit to deep geological storage:

– Reduction of radiotoxicity.– Reduction of the heat load

larger amount of wastes can be stored in the same repository


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TRANSMUTATION (6.5 MEuro)Basic Studies:

MUSEHINDAS

N-TOF_ND_ADS

TRANSMUTATION (7.2 MEuro)Technological Support:SPIRETECLAMEGAPIE - TEST

PARTITIONING (5 MEuro)

PYROREPPARTNEWCALIXPART

TRANSMUTATION (3.9 MEuro)Fuels:CONFIRMTHORIUM CYCLEFUTURE

TRANSMUTATION (6 MEuro)Preliminary Design Studiesfor an Experimental ADS:PDS-XADS

Projects on ADvanced Options for Partitioning and Transmutation (ADOPTADOPT)

FP-5 projects coordinated by ADOPT


21Alex C. Mueller

From FP5 PDS-XADS to FP6 EUROTRANS


22Alex C. MuellerMeeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009

23Alex C. Mueller

The EUROTRANS programme

- EURopean research programme for the EURopean research programme for the TRANSmutation of high level nuclear TRANSmutation of high level nuclear waste in an Accelerator Driven Systemwaste in an Accelerator Driven System

- EU FP6 programme (2005-2009) EU FP6 programme (2005-2009)

- 31 research agencies & industries, 16 31 research agencies & industries, 16 universitiesuniversities

- Expands the EU FP5 project PDS-XADS Expands the EU FP5 project PDS-XADS (2001-2004)(2001-2004)

- 5 Domains (DM1=Design, ...) 5 Domains (DM1=Design, ...)

Main GOAL of the EUROTRANS programmeMain GOAL of the EUROTRANS programme

- Advanced design of a 50-100 MWth eXperimental facility demonstrating the technical Advanced design of a 50-100 MWth eXperimental facility demonstrating the technical feasibility of Transmutation on an ADS feasibility of Transmutation on an ADS (XT-ADS, short-term realisation)(XT-ADS, short-term realisation)

- Generic conceptual design (several 100 MWth) of a European Facility for Industrial Generic conceptual design (several 100 MWth) of a European Facility for Industrial Transmutation Transmutation (EFIT, long-term realisation)(EFIT, long-term realisation)


24Alex C. Mueller

Generation IV International Forum

Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

Argentina Brazil France

S. Africa Korea Switzerland UK US

Canada Japan

Euratom


25Alex C. Mueller

Interests of participating countries for GEN IV Systems

GFR = Gas-Cooled Fast ReactorLFR = Lead-Cooled Fast ReactorMSR = Molten Salt ReactorSFR = Sodium-Cooled Fast ReactorSCWR = Supercritical Water-Cooled ReactorVHTR = Very-High-Temperature Reactor

VHTR

GFR

SFR

LFR

SCWR

MSR

July 2005

leading role


26Alex C. Mueller

Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)

Characteristics•Helium coolant•900-950°C outlet temp•Water-cracking cycle

Benefits•Hydrogen production•High degree of passive safety

•High thermal efficiency•Process heat applications


27Alex C. Mueller

Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)

Characteristics

•Water coolant at supercritical conditions

•550°C outlet temperature•1700 MWe•Simplified balance of plant

Benefits

•Efficiency near 45% with excellent economics


28Alex C. Mueller

Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)

Characteristics•Helium coolant

•850°C outlet temperature

•Direct gas-turbine cycle

•600 MWth/288 MWe

Benefits•Waste minimization and efficient use of uranium resources


29Alex C. Mueller

Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)

Characteristics•Pb or Pb/Bi coolant•550°C to 800°C outlet temperature

•120–400 MWe•15–30 year core life•Cartridge core for regional fuel processing

Benefits•Proliferation resistance of long-life cartridge core

•Distributed electricity generation

•Hydrogen production•High degree of passive safety


30Energy Supply and Climate Change,Bad Honnef, Germany, May 26-29 2008

Alex C. Mueller

Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)(SFR)

Characteristics•Sodium coolant•550°C Outlet Temp•600 to 1500 MWe•Metal fuel with pyroprocessing, or

•MOX fuel with advanced aqueous processing

Benefits•Waste minimization and efficient use of uranium resources

Remark

•Revival of Superphénix Technology

31Alex C. Mueller

Characteristics•Fuel: liquid fluorides of Na, Zr, U and Pu

•700–800°C outlet temperature

•1000 MWe•Low pressure (<0.5 MPa)

Alternate Fuel• Thorium possible

Benefits•‘Final burn’ transmutation

•Avoids fuel development

•Proliferation resistance through low fissile material inventory

Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)

Major personal comment:• Thorium fueled nuclear reactors do not need to be accelerator-driven

• unnecessary economic burden and technical complication Meeting with WUT, Warsaw, 6 January 2009

32Alex C. Mueller

Recycling inThermal reactors

Burndown usingfast spectrumburners Generation IV

Equilibrium

Once-through cycle

LWR

SeparationsSeparations

LWRLWR

ADS


LWR

FR

ADS


Am

ount

of

Tra

nsur

ani

cs

Time

Figure: M. Capiello & G. Imel (ANL) (ICRS-10/RPS2004)

Scenario using ADS to supportGeneration-III (and even Gen-IV ! ) reactors

2020 2030 2040 2050

(only certain countriese.g. US)


33Alex C. Mueller

Conclusion

Phasing out of fossile fuel needs to e sustainable

Nuclear Power likely to increase by factor 2-5 worldwide

Waste from installed (Gen-3), present (Gen-3) can be adressed

by dedicated transmutation systems (ADS)

(fast) Gen-4 concepts "self-incinerate" their waste.

Gen-4 molten salt reactor with Thorium produces much less waste

cnrs and in2p3 in short

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