cna - where is wireless technology going
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Cisco Confidential © 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 1
Where is Wireless Technology going?
Adam White Systems Engineer
4th December 2012
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Wi-Fi chipsets sold per annum
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Wi-Fi Alliance product certifications per annum (by category)
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Refrigerator
LCD/Plasma TVs
Projector E-book Reader
Internet Radio/Audio
Media Viewer
Blu-ray Player
Network Music Player/Server
Network Web Camera
Photo Frames
Automobile
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Monthly data traffic (by category)
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802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ah
802.11af
802.11ad The Past
802.11ac
The Future
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MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
Performance
Multiple Signals Sent; One Signal Chosen
Without MRC
SISO AP
Performance
Multiple Signals Sent and Combined at the Receiver Increasing Fidelity
With MRC
MIMO AP
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MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
Transmitter and Receiver Participate
Concurrent Transmission on Same Channel
Increases Bandwidth
Requires 11n Client
Performance
stream 1
stream 2
Information Is Split and Transmitted on Multiple Streams
MIMO AP
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MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) 40Mhz Channels
Moving from 2 to 4 Lanes
40-MHz = 2 aggregated 20-MHz channels—takes advantage of the reserved channel space through bonding to gain more than double the data rate of 2 20-MHz channels
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802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ah
802.11af
802.11ad The Future The Past
802.11ac
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Use cases
Technology
Functionality
Availability
• Similar to 802.11n • Voice/video/data for consumer/enterprise
• Extension of 802.11n in 5GHz only • Few cool, new features, eg MU-MIMO
• Similar range to 802.11n • Faster than 802.11n – realistically up to ~2.5Gb/s
• First usable draft standard in early 2012 • First wave of certification in early 2013
IEEE
802
.11a
c
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Feature Comments
Avoids interference-plagued 2.4 GHz 5 GHz only
80MHz channels Optional 160MHz and 80+80MHz
802.11n has lower modulations 256QAM
Up to 8 spatial streams 1 SS mandatory, 2 SS for non-battery APs at WFA
Single mechanism this time Beamforming
Cool new technology! MU = Multi-User MU-MIMO
Improvements for wider bandwidths RTS/CTS
Detects energy in secondary channel Better CCA
“Dark corners of 802.11n left to die” Deletes stuff 16
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8
4
256QAM@r5/6 64QAM@r5/6
40 80 160
Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
802.11ac AP
802.11n AP
Data Bits per Subcarrier
Spatial streams
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• Single User MIMO in 802.11n sends one frame to one receiver
• Multi-user MIMO in 802.11ac sends multiple frames to multiple receivers
AP with 4 antennas can send 1 stream each to 3 smartphones, all at the same time AP must beamform 1 space-time stream to the each receiver & simultaneously null-steer that space-time streams to the two other receivers
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Channels not clear at receiver
• Initiator transmits multiple RTSes on free channels
• Responder transmits CTSes on channels it:
Received an RTS Senses as free Supports bandwidth-wise
• Initiator transmits data only over free channels
RTS
RTS
RTS
RTS
CTS
CTS Data frame
Time
Freq
uenc
y
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Initiator Responder Other
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802.11 802.11b 802.11a/g
High Thruput 802.11n
1997 2013
Very High Thruput 802.11ac
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11ac Wave 1
11n 3->3
11ac Wave 2
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PH
Y D
ata
Rat
e (M
bps)
Range (ft)
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802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ah
802.11af
802.11ad The Future The Past
802.11ac
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Lots of spectrum Small wavelength Propagates like light
• About 7 GHz of 60 GHz spectrum available (varies by country)
• Can go very fast even with only one RF chain
• Potential for lower cost and lower energy per bit
• 5mm wavelength, with range 20% of 5GHz
• Multiple (<64) antennas can beam form for more range & less interference
• Device sync needed in dense environments
• Easily blocked by humans, whiteboards, books, wall & concrete
• This means poor range in typical environments
• But also less interference from neighbours
Rates >1Gb/s Beam forming Room area networking
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IEEE 802.11 WG standard
WiGig Alliance specifications
• 802.11ad
• Wireless Display Extensions
• Wireless Serial Extensions
• Wireless Bus Extensions, etc
• Wireless docking • Wireless peripherals • Sync’n’go • HDMI replacement • WLAN applications
Potential applications • Not clear 802.11ad
rates needed in WLAN • SiBeam 60GHz HDMI
replacement failed commercially ($600)
• 802.11ac may be “good enough”, particularly if video compression is “acceptable”!
Potential issues
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• Is this the work environment of the future?
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802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ah
802.11af
802.11ad The Future The Past
802.11ac
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Proposed “niche” use cases
• Smartgrid ← Primary application Strong requirement for low power, low rate and long range Including bridging and mesh backhaul solutions
• Video surveillance
• Consumer electronics, e.g. cameras
• Healthcare, e.g. bio-sensors
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Spectrum
• Europe: 868-868.6 MHz • Japan: 950-958 MHz • China: 314-316, 390-434,
470-510 & 779-787 MHz • Kor: 917-923.5 MHz • USA: 902-928 MHz
Channel width
• 1,2,4,8,16 MHz (compared to 20/40 MHz in 802.11n)
PHY • Probably based on 802.11ac
Coexistence • Especially 802.15.4g
What is 802.11ah specification?
Rate • > 100kb/s
(less than traditional 802.11)
Range • < 1km
Feel?
• “the IEEE 802.11 WLAN user experience for fixed, outdoor, point to multi point applications” (source: IEEE PAR)
What will 802.11ah achieve?
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802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ah
802.11af
802.11ad The Future The Past
802.11ac
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• The repacking of TV bands in many countries has resulted in opportunity for new unlicensed spectrum
This spectrum is often called TV White Space (TVWS)
• New rules are being designed to protect existing users from interference from unlicensed devices
Especially protecting digital TV & wireless microphones
• An amendment of 802.11, called 802.11af, is being defined to enable the use of this new spectrum
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Spectrum • 470-698 MHz (UHF) • VHF varies by country
Channel width
• 6, 7, 8 MHz (vs 20/40 MHz in 802.11n)
PHY • Probably based on 802.11ac
Coexistence
• Database enablement to avoid interfering with TV & licensed microphones
What is 802.11af specification?
Rate • Less than traditional
802.11 due to narrow channels
Range
• More (3.5x) than traditional 802.11 due to superior propagation of TVWS
What will 802.11af achieve?
Geolocation data base will contain information about protected users; it will be able to authorise the use of a channel at a particular time, location & power for unlicensed operation
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• IEEE 802.11ac is of most interest to enterprises Higher throughput Supports more devices Supports high bandwidth applications
• Other IEEE standards in development Utilise other bands of free spectrum Spectrum is a precious resource
• Questions? 32
Thank you.
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Cisco
• 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper
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Cisco
• http://www.cisco.com/go/wireless
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Wi-Fi Alliance
• http://www.wi-fi.org/
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• Cisco Visual Networking Index http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html
• Wi-Fi Alliance (1 billion Wi-Fi devices sold in 2012) http://www.wi-fi.org/media/press-releases/wi-fi-alliance®-launch-wi-fi-certified-miracast™-deliver-display-applications
• Reports on ABI Research (WiFi device growth) • http://www.tomshardware.com/news/ABI-Research-Smart-TV-Miracast-Netflic-OnLive,18354.html • http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/network-wifi/3404582/15-billion-wi-fi-devices-ship-in-2012-networking-connected-tv/
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