cm leung
TRANSCRIPT
Trends & Issuesof
Global e-Learning
Trends & Issuesof
Global e-Learning
Professor C. M. LeungVice President (Technology and Development)
The Open University of Hong Kong
9th Hong Kong Web Symposium (6 December 2003)
• Introduction: a macro perspective
• Changing landscape: trends & issues
• Some random thoughts
OutlineOutline
Integrating technology &
pedagogy
for learning in a
networked multimedia environment
with
keen local & global competitions
for diversified learning & learners
A Major ChallengeA Major Challenge
RensselaerTroy, NY
CityUHong Kong
International Distance Education
Time difference: 13 hoursDistance: 8,000 milesEarly 1997
Server PC
PictureTelPictureTel
Internet /Intranet
videoconferencing
bridge
Instructor PC
Rensselaer setupCityU setup
Equipment Setup
cost centers productivity tools competitive advantage
Evolution of Computing Technology
Evolution of Computing Technology
In
crea
sin
g
Inte
ract
ivit
y
Time
1960’s (10 – 15 years)Mainframes centralized
1980’s (5 – 8 years)Mini-Computers
distributed
2000’s (short)Internet Computing
networked(global)
1990’s (1 – 3 years)Client-Server, PCs
networked(local)
Changing Paradigm of Learning
Changing Paradigm of Learning
In
crea
sin
g
Inte
ract
ivit
y
Time
master - apprenticecentralized
individual learning distributed
learning communitynetworked(global)
collaboration / teamworknetworked(local)
technology e
- com
mer
ce e - learning
corporatizationof education
business education
ThePerfectStorm
Convergence of 3 Sectors
• Level & type of education• Public & private• Not-for-profit & for-profit (public good vs. private gain)• Political boundaries: states & countries• Time & space (virtual learning environment; online
learning programs)
Changing Educational
LandscapeI. Borderless Education
Changing Educational
LandscapeI. Borderless Education
Boundaries crossed:
private&
national
private&
international
public&
national
nat
ion
alin
tern
atio
nal
po
litic
al b
ou
nd
ary
private public
funding
non-pro
fitfo
r-pro
fit
natu
re
Educational ProvidersEducational Providers
public&
international
• Corporate universities (Microsoft Univ.)• Private & for-profit providers (U. of Phoenix)• Media & publishing businesses (Pearsons & Thompson
Learning)• Educational brokers (Scottish Knowledge)• National virtual universities (African Virtual Univ.)• International consortia (Universitas 21)• Other forms of transnational education (collaborative;
non-collaborative)
Changing Educational
Landscape
II. New Providers
Changing Educational
Landscape
II. New Providers
Info
rmat
ion
Frequency (Hz)
radiox - rayI R
- ray
NOW !
visible (50 years ago)
Information in Astronomy
Information in Astronomy
Trends
• learner-centered• lifelong learning• open standards / access• commercialization• e-business practices
Trends
• learner-centered• lifelong learning• open standards / access• commercialization• e-business practices
Issues
• common core value• quality assurance• accreditation• qualification recognition• privacy & security• intellectual property
rights
Issues
• common core value• quality assurance• accreditation• qualification recognition• privacy & security• intellectual property
rights
Trends & IssuesTrends & Issues
Some
Thoughts
on
IT &
Education
Some
Thoughts
on
IT &
Education
plateau of productivity
slope of enlightenment
trough of disillusionment
peakof inflated
expectations
technologytrigger
Vis
ibil i
ty
Time
Hype CycleHype Cycle
Listservs/Discussion Lists
Simulations (Simple)
Vis
ibil i
ty
Time
TechnologyTrigger
Trough ofDisillusionment
Peak of Inflated Expectations
Slope ofEnlightenment
Plateau ofProductivity
Virtual Classrooms (Asynchronous)
Simulations (Compute-Intensive)Online Assessment
Just-in-Time Training (CRM)
Learning Portals
Training Management
Internet 2
Tools, Groupware, Outsourcers, Back Office
Chat Rooms (Synchronous)
Virtual Libraries
Online Courses
Online Degrees
Virtual Classrooms (Synchronous)
e-Enrollment Mgmt./Reg./Billing
Wireless
Source: Gartner Group
IT Applications in Education
IT Applications in Education
• Lifelong learning (cf. software license) • Open source (e.g., Linux)• Other analogies
– units of measurement (e.g., metric system)– currency (e.g., Euro)– universal adaptor
Other Random ThoughtsOther Random Thoughts
Integrating technology &
pedagogy
for learning in a
networked multimedia environment
with
keen local & global competitions
for diversified learning & learners
A Major ChallengeA Major Challenge
Thank you !Thank you !
Explore the technical viability of
synchronous distance learning using
ISDN technology
Understand the cultural aspects of
international education
Test the feasibility of “paperless”
communications in teaching & learning
Goals of Experiment
Course Information
“Survival Skills for Research Scientists” • for graduate students in physics• from late January to mid-April, 1997• 10 weekly sessions, each 1-1/2 hours
long • classes start at 7 am in US, 8 pm in HK• 12 students from US; 20 students from HK• homework, in-class exercises, grant
proposal, oral presentation, no exams
information retrieval
technical writing
making presentations
basic research skills
Course Content
Course Logistics
In-class communications • visual and verbal --- PictureTel (30 fps)• data --- Internet using LearnLinc
Communications outside of classroom• announcements by electronic mail• homework submitted in electronic form by ftp;
graded and returned electronically by ftp• course notes distributed in printed form
Technical Requirements
Hardware• room video-
conferencing system (PictureTel)
• networked PCs with Internet
connectivity• server PC• document camera• video projectors &
screens• video tape
player/recorder
Software• LAN software
(Novell)• Windows 95• Web browser • LearnLinc I-Net• Microsoft Office• Scientific Work
Place
full
tim
ep
art
tim
ele
arn
ing
mo
de
public private
funding source
publicfull time
8 – UGCs(80% funding)
publicpart time
1 – OUHK(self-financing)
privatefull timea few
(Shue Yan)
privatepart time
many(HKMA)
Higher Education in Hong Kong
Higher Education in Hong Kong
non-localoverseas
many(Deakins)
+
traditionalclassroominstruction
computer-basedtraining
interactivedistancelearning
self-paceddistancelearning
virtu
al
clas
sroom
sam
ed
iffe
ren
t
TIM
E
same different
PLACE
onem
any
SIZE
e - learninge - learning
e - learninge - learning
e - learninge - learning
The Learning MatrixThe Learning Matrix
process
people
resource
obstacles
in
implementation
Resource and process make things possible;people make things happen.
Critical Success Factors
Balance & ConflictsBalance & Conflicts
access
quality
cost
challenges
In
implementation
Characteristics of the Web
Characteristics of the Web
Hypermedia (multimedia + hyperlinks)
Connectivity (links to other resources)
Interactivity (discussion + collaboration)
Flexibility (time + place + pace)
Changing Educational Paradigmslearner-centered, interactive, hypermedia
cooperative, customized, just-in-time
Maturity
Visibility
Trough ofDisillusionment
Slope ofEnlightenment
Plateau ofProductivity
TechnologyTrigger
Peak of Inflated
Expectations
Portals
Speech RecognitionSmart Cards
Biometrics
Digital Ink
SyntheticCharacters
Knowledge Management
WearableComputers
XML
Voice Over IP
E-CashText Mining
Jini
xDSL/Cable Modems
PDAs
3D Web
LinuxBluetooth
Data Mining
JavaLanguage
Quantum Computing
X
X
X
X
X
KeyWill reach the “plateau” in:
Less than two years
Two to five years
Five to 10 years
More than 10 years
X
The Technology Hype Cycle
The Technology Hype Cycle
Critical• breakdown of time & space• mass education• easy and interactive access
to learning resources• tools for fast search &
retrieval of information• learning on demand• learning communities
Critical• breakdown of time & space• mass education• easy and interactive access
to learning resources• tools for fast search &
retrieval of information• learning on demand• learning communities
Improvements• choice of learning style• personalized learning
materials & services• individualized tracking of
learning processes• assessments & monitoring• communications between
learners and teachers
Improvements• choice of learning style• personalized learning
materials & services• individualized tracking of
learning processes• assessments & monitoring• communications between
learners and teachers
Applications of IT in Education
Trends & Issues
pedagogylearner oriented, emphasis on interactive,
collaborative, peer, and just-in-time learning
technologyless print oriented, less classroom bound,
less labor intensive, more modular & portable
challengesdistribution, scalability, laboratory work,
integration of technology & pedagogy
Problems & Issues (I)Problems & Issues (I)
institutionallack of expertise & resources; resistance to
change; ingrained infrastructure
miscellaneous copyright issues; censorship against access academic staff: heavy workload, no incentive
pedagogicalpedagogical effectiveness not proven
not suitable for certain subjects
Problems & Issues (II)Problems & Issues (II)
technologicalbandwidth: availability, distribution
language: input method, search engine, software
socialrich vs. poor: affordability
digital divide --- have’s & have-not’s
culturallanguage barrier: most websites are in English computer illiteracy: lack basic computer skills
What is e-learning ?
It isa learning environment
for deliveringinteractive multimedia
educationusing the WWW as a
communication medium.
What is e-learning ?
It isa learning environment
for deliveringinteractive multimedia
educationusing the WWW as a
communication medium.
information
study material
communication
assessment
management
E - LearningE - Learning
Learning involves communications !
Learner
Provider
knowledge(medium)
delivery method
feedback mechanism
Learning EnvironmentLearning Environment
Teaching & Learning
wisdom
data
information
knowledge
teac
hin
g /
pe
da
go
gy
learn
ing
/ antra
go
gy
Learning is a process !
numbers graphs interpretation
cyber
digital
electronic (e)
Internet (i)
online
virtual
Web-based
education
learning
instruction
teaching
training
data information knowledge wisdom
Terminology
Balanced Scorecard
FinancialCustomer
InternalProcess
Learning&
Innovation
Developed by David Norton & Robert Kaplan in early 1990s.
(when applied to an organization)
What is the trend ?
• Shift toward Web-centric teaching/learning• Fast adoption of distance-learning
technologies by traditional universities• Commercialization of “high-profit” courses
and programs• Proliferation of online course offerings• Adoption of e-business practices
Lifelong learning: How much time or
effort ?
Learning required by a knowledge worker:• a college degree every 27 years
• 4-1/2 weeks per year• 45 minutes every work day
Astronomy,
IT
&
Managemen
t
Astronomy,
IT
&
Managemen
t
• IT is the technology associated with information handling and processing (e.g., collection or production, manipulation or organization, recording, storage, retrieval, display, interpretation, transmission, and distribution).
• IT results from the merging or convergence of three technologies:
computing, telecommunications, and microelectronics.
• UNESCO definition: IT is the scientific, technological and engineering disciplines and the management techniques used in information handling and processing, their applications, computers and their interaction with men and machines, and associated social, economic and cultural matters.
What is Information Technology ?
What is Multimedia ?
Use of a computer
to present andcombine
• text• graphics /
images• animation• sound• video
with links & tools
that let the user
• navigate• create• communica
te• collaborate
[interact]Multimedia is not mixed media !
What is NOT Multimedia ?
• mixed media
• bookshelf
• movie
• television *
• no computer to provide interactivity
• no links to indicate structure & dimension
• no navigational tools to decide course of action
• cannot create and contribute one’s ideas
* You can navigate a TV by switching channels.
About the OUHK
Facts & Figures
• Kowloon, Hong Kong • established in 1989 (OLI)• university status in 1997• self-financing, non-profit• open & distance learning• open to anyone >17 years of age (working adults)• over 22,000 students• average student age: 33• 520 staff + 1300 pt tutors• about 120 academic staff• annual budget: HK$500M
Facts & Figures
• Kowloon, Hong Kong • established in 1989 (OLI)• university status in 1997• self-financing, non-profit• open & distance learning• open to anyone >17 years of age (working adults)• over 22,000 students• average student age: 33• 520 staff + 1300 pt tutors• about 120 academic staff• annual budget: HK$500M
Academic Program
• 4 Schools• Science & Technology• Business & Admin.• Arts & Social Sciences• Education & Languages
• LiPACE (continuing & professional)
• CRIDAL (research)• 110 sub-degree & degree
programs• 380 credit-bearing courses• No face-to-face instruction
Academic Program
• 4 Schools• Science & Technology• Business & Admin.• Arts & Social Sciences• Education & Languages
• LiPACE (continuing & professional)
• CRIDAL (research)• 110 sub-degree & degree
programs• 380 credit-bearing courses• No face-to-face instruction
To create an environment and culture
in which appropriate technologies can be
effectively deployed to support and
enhance all OUHK activities, both in
learning and support for our students
and in administration for our staff.
To create an environment and culture
in which appropriate technologies can be
effectively deployed to support and
enhance all OUHK activities, both in
learning and support for our students
and in administration for our staff.
Use IT to enhance interaction, promote communication, or facilitate operations.
Vision of IT Development
studentlearning
environment
studentsupportservices
staffsupport &IT training
externalrelations
Take a holistic approach !
Period: 3 years (2000-03)
Budget: HK$100M
Over 70 projects/tasks
IT Development PlanIT Development Plan
Measure of SuccessMeasure of Success
efficiency effectiveness
quality ofexperience
You cannot manage or improve what you do not measure.
Take a holistic approach !
Criterion for Effective Use
To what extent has the new technology been deployed to
perform tasks that cannot be accomplished with the
old one ?[If you can still go backward, you have not really succeeded in moving forward.]
Examples: electronic presentation vs. transparencies motion picture vs. live stage performance
Some Final
Thoughts
Some Final
Thoughts
Some Other Thoughts
• Serendipity and human networking• Order-of-magnitude estimates to
decision-making• Research vs. administration
– solve own problems vs. others’ problems– deal with inanimate objects vs. people– wreck your brain vs. your guts
Thank you !Thank you !
Questions ?Questions ?
Agricultural Age
Industrial Age
Information Age
Knowledge Age
Incr
easi
ng
C
om
ple
xity
Time
Evolution of Economic Growth
Evolution of Economic Growth
Outline
• Higher Education Trends in Hong Kong
• OUHK’s Strategies in Hong Kong
• Higher Education Trends in Mainland China
• OUHK’s Strategies in Mainland China
• IT development at the OUHK
publishinformation, advertizing, marketing
interactforms, registration, games
transactqueries, payments, funds transfer
collaborate (process)workflow, fulfillment, settlement
Incr
easi
ng
F
un
ctio
nal
ity
Time or Maturity
Evolving Web Functionality
RTE: enterprise that compete by using up-to-date information to progressively remove delays in managing and executing its critical business processes.
RTE: enterprise that compete by using up-to-date information to progressively remove delays in managing and executing its critical business processes.
Real-Time Enterprise (RTE)
Time is money !
Objective: do business faster and smarter.
OUHK Mission & Vision
• Mission– To make higher education available to adults, principally through a
system of open access and distance education• Key Values
– believe in open access of HE to all those aspiring to it, regardless of previous qualification, gender or race
– provide a variety of courses to meet lifelong learning needs– strive for excellence in teaching, scholarship, research and
public service– provide sustainable courses & programs affordable to students– use appropriate ICT to support learning
• Vision– Strive to be a leader among universities providing learning
opportunities by open and distance education, and to excel as a provider of HE in general
Commitment (what separates excellence from mediocrity)
Communication (secret to success; pass it on)
Cooperation (problems becomes opportunities)
Courage (taking a chance in spite of our fears)
Critical Success Factors
Creativity (the best way to predict the future is to create it)
Change into something greater than we already are !
diamond
color
cut
costclarity
carat
• No. of providers:– 150 educational institutions (UK, Australia,…)– 40 professional bodies
• Qualifications offered:– degrees: bachelor, master & doctoral– professional memberships
• Programs: 645 total– 327 registered (via HK Council for Academic
Accreditation)– 318 exempted (via local institutions)
Non-local HE Providers
Trends & Challenges
pedagogylearner oriented, emphasis on interactive,
collaborative, peer, and just-in-time learning
technologyless print oriented, less classroom bound,
less labor intensive, more modular & portable
challengesdistribution, scalability, laboratory work,
integration of technology & pedagogy
New
: in
tera
ctiv
e le
arni
ng
Tra
ditio
nal:
broa
dcas
t le
arni
ng
learner-centeredteacher-centered
teacher as facilitatorteacher as transmitter
construction, discoveryinstruction
learning how to learnabsorbing materials
hypermedia learninglinear, sequential
cooperative learningindividual work
interdisciplinaryspecialized, disciplinary
just-in-time learningstable content
customizedone-size-fits-all
continuous, life-longone-time learning
Changing Paradigm for Learning
Governance of Public Universities
• Education and Manpower Bureau (EMB)– funded: 7 universities & 1 institute
• (HKU, CUHK, HKUST, CityU, PolyU, Baptist U, Lingnan U, HKIEd)
– self-financing: OUHK• Five advisors
– Education Commission– University Grants Committee (UGC)– Research Grants Council (RGC)– HK Council for Academic Accreditation (HKCAA)– Vocational Training Council (VTC)
1991 - 92 1996 - 97 2000 - 01Sub-degree 14,001 14,540 13,212
Undergraduate 29,199 45,965 45,645
Postgraduate 4,279 8,517 9,939
Total (FTE) 47,480 69,022 68,796
Total (headcount) 64,942 85,550 81,472
Participation rate (*) 13.0% 18.1% 16.7%
Total Grant (HK$B) $6.46 $11.64 $14.06
Cost per FTE student $136K $168K $204K
% of education expend. 33.2% 30.8% 27.2%
% of public expenditure 6.0% 5.5% 5.1%
(*) = % of age group (age 17-20) provided with FYFD places
UGC Institutions - Statistics
EC’s Reform Proposal (2000)
• Establish a lifelong learning ladder– a “diversified higher education system”
• universities• post-secondary colleges• continuing education
– characteristics• student-focused• flexible academic structure• a transferable credit unit and qualification system• diversity• multiple entry and exit points
• Move towards a four-year university system
Higher Education Trends in HK
• Education is top priority (Government pledge)• Diversified higher education sector:
– multiple entry, multiple exit– change of funding mechanism and model
• By 2010, 60% of secondary school graduates will have access to post-secondary education
• Emergence of Associate Degree • HK$5B Continuing Education Fund
Widening Access: 60% Target
100%: 9 Year Education up to S3
85%: S3 proceed to S4/5
30%: to S6/7
18% FYFD
12% FYSD
30%: post-secondary
Deg
ree 18%
First-year first-degree
Su
b-de
gree
About 12%
First-year sub-degree
About 30% Degree Higher
Diploma Associate
degree Professional
diploma
Public Private
Associate Degree• community college concept• self-financing• $1000 land, interest-free loan
as start up incentive• 2001, first year: 2400 places• 2002: > 4000 new places• almost all public universities
offer it
Associate Degree• community college concept• self-financing• $1000 land, interest-free loan
as start up incentive• 2001, first year: 2400 places• 2002: > 4000 new places• almost all public universities
offer it
Continuing Ed. Fund• total: HK$5B• up to HK$10K per applicant• degree holders not eligible• at least 500,000 to benefit• limited to 6 sectors:
China Business, Design, Language, Logistics, Tourism, Financial Services
Continuing Ed. Fund• total: HK$5B• up to HK$10K per applicant• degree holders not eligible• at least 500,000 to benefit• limited to 6 sectors:
China Business, Design, Language, Logistics, Tourism, Financial Services
Recent Government Initiatives
Rationale ImplicationEstablish a credit accumulation and transfer system
• facilitate articulation of AD recipients • enhance student mobility among
institutions
funding dictated by student enrollment ( more competition)
UGC’s Higher Education Review
Maintain dual funding system & expand role of RGC
• UGC block grant for infrastructural support; competitive project funds through RGC
• RGC as vetting agent for other sources of research funding
expanding role of of RGC to other research funding sources ( more uniform funding criteria)
UGC to conduct periodic self-audit and another HE review in 5 years
• review responsibilities & operations; adjust to changing needs
long-term existence of UGC ensured
Strategies of
the OUHK in
Hong Kong
Strategies of
the OUHK in
Hong Kong
To create an environment and culture
in which appropriate technologies can be
effectively deployed to support and
enhance all OUHK activities, both in
learning and support for our students
and in administration for our staff.
To create an environment and culture
in which appropriate technologies can be
effectively deployed to support and
enhance all OUHK activities, both in
learning and support for our students
and in administration for our staff.
Vision of IT Plan
Thank you !
Professor Chun Ming LEUNG
Vice President (Technology & Development)
The Open University of Hong Kong
30 Good Shepherd Street, Homantin
Kowloon, HONG KONG
Email: [email protected]