clinical study humeral shaft fractures secondary to hand

Hindawi Publishing CorporationISRN OrthopedicsVolume 2013 Article ID 962609 3 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013962609

Clinical StudyHumeral Shaft Fractures Secondary to Hand Grenade Throwing

Bahattin Kerem Aydin1 Ramazan Akmese2 and Mustafa Agar3

1 Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic 42070 Konya Turkey2 Ankara Ataturk Educational Hospital Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic 06100 Ankara Turkey3 Denizli State Hospital Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic 20110 Denizli Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Bahattin Kerem Aydin bkaydinyahoocom

Received 10 March 2013 Accepted 3 April 2013

Academic Editors A Combalıa and T Matsumoto

Copyright copy 2013 Bahattin Kerem Aydin et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

A series of five cases were presented in which similar fractures of the shaft of the humerus occurred during the hand grenadethrowing activity during the military education All the fractures were in the 13 distal humeral shaft and butterfly fragmentswere accompanying in two soldiers All the fractures healed without any clinical complications with conservative treatment Themechanism of the fracture is discussed with reference to the recent literature

1 Introduction

Humerus fractures are generally secondary to the directtrauma [1 2] Fractures of the shaft of the humerus as aresult of muscular violence are uncommon Spiral fracturesof the humerus have been reported in throwing sports suchas baseball softballs handballs javelins and hand grenades[3ndash5] This type of fractures is also reported among the handwrestlers [6] Sometimes especially in teenagers and geriatricpopulation this type of violence can cause spiral fractureswho has oncologic bone disease Throwing fractures of thehumeral shaft are controversial whether they are related toa stress fracture or a sudden intense torsional load Stressfracture patients generally have complaints of arm painand repeating throwing activity before the fracture But intorsional stress group there is always a history of suddenintense torsional activity just before the fracture

In the present study spiral humeral shaft fractures aresecondary to the hand grenade throwing in five militaryrecruits The causes of these fractures and the literaturerelated to the hand grenade throwing were also reviewed

2 Materials and Methods

Between August 2008 and January 2009 5 male militaryrecruits were admitted to the Emergency Department of Agrı

Military Hospital with the right humerus shaft fractures dur-ing hand grenade throwing training period Average patientage was 202 years (range 19ndash22) All the patients were right-handed and none of them had an experience in throwingsports before their military obligation The recruits reportedthat they used the maximum strength when throwing thehand grenade According to their history all the fracturesoccurred just before the hand grenade release

All fractures were closed and extra-articular All thefractures were at the junction of the middle and distal thirdof the humeral shaft (Figure 1) Two of them had a butterflyfragment No patient had a neurovascular injury

All patients were admitted to the clinic on the day ofinjury Initial fracture stabilization was achieved with U-splint and the Velpeau bandage for all patients Patientswere systematically examined for accompanying any mus-culoskeletal disease Because pathologic fracture was notsuspected on plain radiographs any further imaging tech-niques were not performed On radiographs average varus-valgus angulation was 121015840 [7ndash15] and anterior-posteriorangulation was 1121015840 [9ndash13] All the patients underwentnonsurgical treatment Three-week U-splint and Velpeaubandage and then custom-made prefabricated functionalbrace were applied (Figure 2) Average time to union timewas 106 [9ndash13] weeks Functional examination according tothe Hunter Classification was G5 [7] No patient had lack ofelbow motion No patient required formal physical therapy

2 ISRN Orthopedics

Figure 1 X-rays at the first application to the emergency service

Figure 2 X-rays with U-splint and just after removal

following brace removal (Figure 3) No patient had radialnerve palsy during treatment or due to entrapment in thecallus of healed fracture

3 Discussion

There are several cases of humerus fracture during the throw-ing activity Several theories exist for the cause of this typeof fracture including uncoordinated muscular antagonismlack of a regular exercise program inadequate throwingtechnique andmuscle fatigue [8 9] And also stress fracturecan be a problem with the history of rhythmic repeatedand subthreshold exercise as overuse injuries However it isdifficult to determine the independent effect of each of thesefactors

Figure 3 X-rays after brace removal

Allen reported one humeral shaft fracture that resultedfrom pitching He described this as the ldquowindow of vulnera-bilityrdquo during the early stages of bone remodeling [10]

Branch et al reported 12 humeral shaft fractures in 12baseball players and they thought that the lack of exerciseperiod and prolonged layoff periods are the main causes forthis type of fractures [8]

Ogawa and Yoshida suggested that this type of humerusfractures is secondary to the practice limitations and theypresented this as an external rotation fracture in 90 baseballplayers [9]

Throwing humeral shaft fractures can be secondary to thestress loading as called stress fracture At this situation theremust be pain at the rest and also there must be a historyof repeating exercise program Throwers who had fracturewith no previous experience of throwing generally had noprodromal pain as in this study

The fracture site and type support the suggestions ofOgawa and Yoshida that these fractures occur due to mainlyexternal rotation force on the distal humerus at the accelera-tion throw phase as the proximal end internally rotates [9]

In military education of hand grenade throwing recruitsare told to extend the elbow during the entire accelerationphase This style does not create an external rotation forceon the distal humerus and only the proximal end internallyrotates In a faulty throwing style if the elbow is flexed at theearly acceleration throw phase the distal humerus is exposedto external rotation force as the elbow is extended at thelate acceleration phaseThis antagonismof rotational torquesbecause of faulty throwing style is themain cause of throwingfractures in military recruits [11]

Malignant metastatic tumours are the most neoplasmsof bone These lesions whether metastatic or primary ormalignant or benign can be the reason for humeral patho-logical fractures As humerus is the second most frequentlyinvolving metatstatic lesions patients ages generally areover 50 years old [12] Benign lesions are generally seen in

ISRN Orthopedics 3

the teenager population at the proximal third of the humerusMost authors agree that as long as the plain radiographs donot show any evidence of pathological bone further workupis not indicated [13]

In extra-articular humerus shaft fracture treatment mo-dalities the first choice is nonsurgical treatment methods weused to begin the treatment with U-splint and the Velpeaubandage for 3 weeks and after then we applied functionalbrace as the Sarminento brace This treatment method haslow morbidity and high success rate

Rotational deformities decrease at the fracture site bycontraction of the flexors and extensors [14] Angulatorydeformities of the humeral shaft up to 251015840 can be toleratedfunctionally and cosmetically because of the large soft tissuemass around the humerus and range of movement of theadjacent joints [15]

4 Conclusion

Whatever the condition of the humeral shaft before anovert fracture the true cause of throwing fracture of thehumerus is a rotational force at the acceleration phase of thethrow Almost all the throwing fractures as in this presentstudy are spiral fractures with or without butterfly fragmentand the course of the fracture line shows that they areexternal rotation fractures The fracture site usually is at thejunction of the middle and distal third of the humerus [8ndash10] Conservative methods are the first choice of treatment asit offers good functional and cosmetically results and also lowcost with high union rate

References

[1] L L Marshall ldquoFracture of the shaft of the humerusrdquo TheMedical journal of Australia vol 32 pp 920ndash922 1965

[2] M J Stewart ldquoFractures of the humeral shaftrdquo Current Practicein Orthopaedic Surgery vol 2 pp 140ndash162 1964

[3] C L Wilmoth ldquoRecurrent fracture of the humerus due tosudden extreme muscular actionrdquo The Journal of Bone amp JointSurgery vol 12 pp 168ndash169 1930

[4] RM Linn and LA Kriegshauser ldquoBall throwerrsquos fracture of thehumerus A case reportrdquo American Journal of Sports Medicinevol 19 no 2 pp 194ndash197 1991

[5] H N Gregersen ldquoFractures of the humerus from muscularviolencerdquo Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica vol 42 no 6 pp506ndash512 1971

[6] B Y Low and J Lim ldquoFracture of humerus during armwrestlingreport of 5 casesrdquo Singapore Medical Journal vol 32 no 1 pp47ndash49 1991

[7] S G Hunter ldquoThe closed treatment of fractures of the humeralshaftrdquo Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research vol 164 pp192ndash198 1982

[8] T Branch C Partin P Chamberland E Emeterio and MSabetelle ldquoSpontaneous fractures of the humerus during pitch-ing A series of 12 casesrdquo American Journal of Sports Medicinevol 20 no 4 pp 468ndash470 1992

[9] K Ogawa and A Yoshida ldquoThrowing fracture of the humeralshaft an analysis of 90 patientsrdquo American Journal of SportsMedicine vol 26 no 2 pp 242ndash246 1998

[10] M E Allen ldquoStress fracture of the humerus A case studyrdquoAmerican Journal of Sports Medicine vol 12 no 3 pp 244ndash2451984

[11] O Pehlivan A Kiral I Akmaz C Solakoglu O Arpaciogluand H Kaplan ldquoHumeral shaft fractures secondary to throw-ingrdquo Orthopedics vol 26 no 11 pp 1139ndash1142 2003

[12] J M Lancaster L A Koman A G Gristina et al ldquoPathologicfractures of the humerusrdquo Southern Medical Journal vol 81 no1 pp 52ndash55 1988

[13] W J Reed and R W Mueller ldquoSpiral fracture of the humerusin a ball throwerrdquoAmerican Journal of EmergencyMedicine vol16 no 3 pp 306ndash308 1998

[14] O Pehlivan ldquoFunctional treatment of the distal third humeralshaft fracturesrdquo Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeryvol 122 no 7 pp 390ndash395 2002

[15] T Wallny K Westermann C Sagebiel M Reimer and UA Wagner ldquoFunctional treatment of humeral shaft fracturesindications and resultsrdquo Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma vol 11no 4 pp 283ndash287 1997

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Stem CellsInternational

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


Behavioural Neurology

EndocrinologyInternational Journal of



Disease Markers


BioMed Research International

OncologyJournal of



Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity


PPAR Research

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

ObesityJournal of



Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

OphthalmologyJournal of


Diabetes ResearchJournal of



Research and TreatmentAIDS


Gastroenterology Research and Practice


Parkinsonrsquos Disease

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

2 ISRN Orthopedics

Figure 1 X-rays at the first application to the emergency service

Figure 2 X-rays with U-splint and just after removal

following brace removal (Figure 3) No patient had radialnerve palsy during treatment or due to entrapment in thecallus of healed fracture

3 Discussion

There are several cases of humerus fracture during the throw-ing activity Several theories exist for the cause of this typeof fracture including uncoordinated muscular antagonismlack of a regular exercise program inadequate throwingtechnique andmuscle fatigue [8 9] And also stress fracturecan be a problem with the history of rhythmic repeatedand subthreshold exercise as overuse injuries However it isdifficult to determine the independent effect of each of thesefactors

Figure 3 X-rays after brace removal

Allen reported one humeral shaft fracture that resultedfrom pitching He described this as the ldquowindow of vulnera-bilityrdquo during the early stages of bone remodeling [10]

Branch et al reported 12 humeral shaft fractures in 12baseball players and they thought that the lack of exerciseperiod and prolonged layoff periods are the main causes forthis type of fractures [8]

Ogawa and Yoshida suggested that this type of humerusfractures is secondary to the practice limitations and theypresented this as an external rotation fracture in 90 baseballplayers [9]

Throwing humeral shaft fractures can be secondary to thestress loading as called stress fracture At this situation theremust be pain at the rest and also there must be a historyof repeating exercise program Throwers who had fracturewith no previous experience of throwing generally had noprodromal pain as in this study

The fracture site and type support the suggestions ofOgawa and Yoshida that these fractures occur due to mainlyexternal rotation force on the distal humerus at the accelera-tion throw phase as the proximal end internally rotates [9]

In military education of hand grenade throwing recruitsare told to extend the elbow during the entire accelerationphase This style does not create an external rotation forceon the distal humerus and only the proximal end internallyrotates In a faulty throwing style if the elbow is flexed at theearly acceleration throw phase the distal humerus is exposedto external rotation force as the elbow is extended at thelate acceleration phaseThis antagonismof rotational torquesbecause of faulty throwing style is themain cause of throwingfractures in military recruits [11]

Malignant metastatic tumours are the most neoplasmsof bone These lesions whether metastatic or primary ormalignant or benign can be the reason for humeral patho-logical fractures As humerus is the second most frequentlyinvolving metatstatic lesions patients ages generally areover 50 years old [12] Benign lesions are generally seen in

ISRN Orthopedics 3




4 Conclusion


References





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















ISRN Orthopedics 3




4 Conclusion


References





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















clinical study humeral shaft fractures secondary to hand

Documents