Enhanced Plasma Gasification – A Climate Change Innovative Environmental Technology Solution For Processing Solid Waste Resources Into Clean Renewable Energy – A NOW Opportunity for NS, Canada and the Developing World “Addressing  Climate  Change  by  Reducing  Harmful  Methane  Green-­‐House-­‐Gas  Emissions,  Eliminating  Landfill  Dependency  &  Creating  Innovative  Technology  Jobs  and  Clean  Renewable  Energy  in  Canada  and  Developing  Countries!”  

Nova Waste Solutions Inc., an entity of Fourth State Energy 30 JANUARY 2016

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Table  of  Contents  Introduction  ..............................................................................................................................  3  Plasma  Gasification  .................................................................................................................  4  Comparing  Incineration  to  Plasma  Gasification  ...........................................................  6  Clean  Renewable  Energy  .......................................................................................................  7  The  Innovative  Technology  Solution  ................................................................................  8  Collaborative  Regulatory  Changes  .....................................................................................  9  A  Climate  Change  Impacting  Opportunity  ....................................................................  10  

NWSI/FSE  System  Solution  Outcomes:  ................................................................................................  10  Conclusion  ...............................................................................................................................  10  

Carbon Impact The carbon impact of plasma gasification is significantly lower than other waste treatment methods. It is rated to have a negative carbon impact, especially when compared to allowing methane to form in landfills. Gasification is also an important enabling technology for carbon separation. It is primarily a carbon processing technology; it transforms solid carbon into gas form.

Syngas is comprised of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The hydrogen readily separates from the carbon monoxide allowing the hydrogen to be used while the carbon is sequestered. The US Department of Energy has identified gasification through its clean coal projects as a critical tool to enable carbon capture 1

Zero Waste “Zero-waste is the recycling of all materials back into nature or the marketplace in a manner that protects human health and the environment.”2

1http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1431395.files/PLASMA%20GASIFICATION_Clean%20enewable%20Fuel%20Through%20Vaporization%20of%20Waste.pdf 2 http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/index.html

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Introduction Enhanced Plasma Gasification represents an immediate opportunity to address climate change in one sector, solid waste.

• Immediate action on climate change by reducing the most harmful Green-House-Gas (GHG), methane, which escapes from every landfill;

• Utilizes innovative technology to eliminate landfill dependency and the harmful negative environmental impacts associated with landfilling;

• Creates new skilled technology jobs in Canada and developing countries; • Re-uses unmarketable resources for clean, renewable energy rather than

having them decompose in the ground for decades creating lasting legacy environmental impacts; and

• Puts communities on the path to ZERO WASTE through responsible environmental stewardship.

Enhanced plasma gasification of solid waste resources can achieve all of these opportunities. Its cost effective, proven and can have an immediate impact on climate change efforts to reduce GHG in Canada and in developing countries. In addition, this innovative technology solution can reduce municipal service program costs, reducing strained fiscal budget pressures in communities across Canada and create much needed new skilled job opportunities. Nova Waste Solutions Inc. (NWSI), an entity of Fourth State Energy (FSE) has a proven enhanced plasma gasification solution that will achieve all of these priorities.

Figure 1 - National Inventory Graphs - 2015 NIR

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Escaping methane gas from landfills is recognized as one of the most harmful GHG emissions. Globally, solid waste landfills receive over 70% of solid waste resources from municipalities.3 In developing countries, landfill is often the only option, with few modern environmental containment measures. Landfilling is a harmful contributing factor to climate change and environmental pollution, especially in developing countries. The Canadian National Inventory Report 2015, 2015NIR identifies waste as representing 4% of national climate change emissions. Nova Scotia closely resembles the national breakdown.

"Ten years from now the world’s rapidly increasing urban population will generate nearly 3 billion tons of MSW per year, representing an estimated 240GW of untapped energy potential." Senior Research Analyst Mackinnon Lawrence.

Those hundreds of millions of tonnes of waste resources represent a significant clean renewable energy, economic development, and job creation opportunity in Canada and developing countries.

Plasma Gasification “Enhanced plasma gasification technology system solutions” (“the system”) can reduce municipal service program costs, improve environmental stewardship, eliminate landfill dependency and achieve zero waste. Plasma gasification is a proven, commercially operational, clean renewable energy from waste resource conversion solution.

“While some still confuse modern waste-to-energy plants with incinerators of the past, the environmental performance of the industry is beyond reproach. Studies have shown:

• communities that employ waste-to-energy technology have higher recycling rates than communities that do not utilize waste-to-energy. • recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous metals from waste-to-energy plants for recycling is strong and growing each year. • numerous studies have determined that waste-to-energy plants actually reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere.”

Salman Zafar, Renewable Energy Expert Plasma gasification is NOT incineration. Incineration is oxygen and fuel accelerated combustion burning of waste in massive furnaces. It is being used for both garbage and biomass electrical generation. However, it is not seen as

3 WWW; http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/06/06/report-shows-alarming-rise-in-amount-costs-of-garbage; 10 January 2016.

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efficient or an environmental solution. The process generates significant quantities of toxic emissions requiring extensive filtration systems and large quantities of toxic by-products with only marginal energy recovery (<~15%). The most obvious distinction is the massive exhaust stacks.

By comparison, modern plasma gasification facilities have no huge exhaust emission control stacks.

Figure 2 - incineration plants

Figure 3 - Plasma Gasification Plants

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This innovative technology solution can be incorporated into communities to support job creation, and other critical societal needs, such as supporting greenhouses to grow food. As a result, there is growing interest in this solution for northern communities where power, waste and fresh food are critical issues.

Comparing Incineration to Plasma Gasification Waste incineration generates a residual hazardous fly-ash toxic residue up-to 30% of the original municipal solid waste (MSW) weight. The fly-ash must be sent to a hazardous waste landfill. The facility’s harmful toxic emissions must be filtered through expensive exhaust filtration systems. As a result of these outcomes, incineration projects require extensive Environmental Impact Assessment reviews and can take upwards of a decade to develop to completion. Plasma gasification generates no toxic emissions, residues or by-products. The systems are scalable, enabling projects for tonnages below 50,000 tonnes per year and larger projects in excess of 100,000 tonnes per year. The scalability enables incorporation of multiple non-traditional and traditional waste streams given the thermal processing and ability to manage special and contaminated wastes.

Figure 4 - Incineration Schematic

Figure 5- Plasma Gasification Schematic

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Clean Renewable Energy “Plasma gasification can create more renewable energy than the projected energy from solar, wind, landfill gas, and geothermal energies combined.”

Georgia Institute of Technology. { Green Tech - Jun 30, 2011; http://www.energydigital.com/greentech/1798/Plasma-Gasification-Turns-WastetoEnergy }

The NWSI system solution generates an industry leading clean renewable energy efficiency rate of ~40%. This represents over 11 Mega Watts of power from an annual tonnage of approximately 100,000 tonnes of waste resources. By comparison, assessed highly efficient incineration systems only achieve energy recovery efficiency in the mid-teens as a result of using fuel to accelerate the combustion and the indirect usage of heat to produce steam to energy. This marginal energy return, and the negative outcomes of hazardous fly-ash requiring landfilling, supports the environmentalist’s position that incineration waste to energy is not a stewardship solution. However, academic, scientific and municipal communities are coming to realise the opportunity that enhanced plasma gasification represents. 4

4 http://www.energy.ca.gov/proceedings/2008-ALT-1/documents/2009-02-17_workshop/presentations/Louis_Circeo-Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute.pdf

Figure 6 - CO2 Emission for Energy Generation Comparative Graph

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The Innovative Technology Solution The “systems” promote recovery and diversion of resources consistent with Nova Scotia’s waste program objectives. Pre-processing of collected and delivered materials captures marketable recyclables, including those currently ending up in landfill. The facilities are also self-sustaining for energy requirements. The multi-phased enhanced plasma gasification system is a patented unique combination of plasma gasification technology vessels. Once marketable recyclables are captured, the remaining materials are processed for introduction into the system. Special handling systems depending on the materials to be processed are incorporated to manage special wastes in advance of their thermal processing. The systems have become cost effective due to multiple revenue generation mechanisms. Tip fees are established based on market demand and materials received. Marketable recyclables are diverted and sold. Non-marketable waste resources are processed into derived fuel and re-used to generate clean syngas. European data shows diversion of recyclables increases with advanced technology systems as a result of pre-processing and recyclables screening. Energy from heat and syngas generates revenue from either the generation of power or the sale of polished syngas direct into natural gas pipelines. The patented system can be separated into three distinct process phases:

1. Non-recyclable waste resource materials processed into fuel; 2. Processed fuel transformed into syngas; and 3. Syngas used to generate clean renewable energy or sold to industry.

Figure 7 - CHO Power Patented System Schematic

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Collaborative Regulatory Changes The federal government has made it clear in several recent messages that provincial leadership and ongoing initiatives are strongly supported. NWSI has taken a pro-active approach working with the Province of Nova Scotia in advancing this environmental solution alternative to landfill. Numerous other provinces {Alberta, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia} are exploring plasma gasification as the practical alternative to landfilling. Recent discussions with the Department of Environment and pronouncements from the Minister of Environment (23 October 2015) confirm Nova Scotia’s support in recognizing advanced alternative thermal processes as distinct from incineration and a positive alternative to landfills.

“We also intend to take steps to make it easier to move ahead with new technologies such as through Waste to Energy municipal solid waste.

We will distinguish new technologies to ensure that projects actually produce beneficial energy and are not simply incinerators by another name.

And, together with a package of regulations, we will designate a class one EA review for new thermal treatment systems rather than the class two that is currently in place.”5

The adoption of these systems will enable the Nova Scotia to surpass its diversion targets and significantly advance numerous climate change, environmental and economic prosperity objectives. These projects will also enable reducing fiscal pressures in municipal jurisdictions where waste management programs are streamlined, and costly processing of non-marketable materials is eliminated. NWSI is already in talks with communities to complete feasibility studies to confirm program costs and economic development opportunities. Each new system can create more than 65 jobs. Depending on the processing design, and special resource materials included in the facility operations, additional jobs would be required. The development of facilities in NS and across Canada and in other jurisdictions in the Caribbean and other developing countries would support skilled fabrication jobs. The envisioned four-system model for Nova Scotia would create over 300 jobs in four communities. These systems would also enable processing of contaminated and special wastes addressing several provincial environmental priorities at reduced costs.

5 Speaking Notes, Honourable Andrew Younger Minister of Environment, Event UNSM Extended Producer Responsibility Workshop Greetings Location Holiday Inn, 437 Prince Street, Truro, Date and Time Oct. 23, 2015, 9:30.

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A Climate Change Impacting Opportunity NWSI/FSE System Solution Outcomes:

1. Reduce harmful methane GHG emissions associated with landfilling. 2. Reduce GHG emissions from MSW collection systems through

streamlined programs, combination trucks and non-intrusive facilities located closer to communities.

3. Improve solid waste environmental outcomes through eliminating/reducing landfill dependency.

4. Create innovative technology jobs and economic development opportunities in Canada and developing countries.

5. Increase recovery of marketable recyclable resources. 6. Re-use waste resource materials destined for landfill (up to 95%) as a

clean renewable energy source. 7. Reduce municipal service program costs through streamlining collection,

processing, and marketing of resource materials and generate new revenue from syngas used for energy or sold to industry.

8. Create 65 plus permanent jobs at each plasma gasification and waste resource processing facility.

9. Develop expertise and new technology jobs in system component fabrication.

10. Build on projects currently in development in Canada, the Caribbean and other developing world jurisdictions.

Conclusion Enhanced plasma gasification integrated solid waste management processing systems can have an immediate impact on climate change, carbon impact, innovative technology and economic development in Canada and developing countries. Industry and governments have recognized the potential of this solution. The proof is in the growing number of facilities being developed globally. These systems will reduce service program and long-term environmental costs. There is direct and immediate impact on climate change initiatives by reducing harmful methane GHG from the closure of landfills. These systems can eliminate the need to further damage the environment by developing new landfills. Finally, the projects will create hundreds of new skilled permanent jobs and establish new industrial fabrication opportunities in Canadian communities.

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There is growing public interest in examining practical, proven cost effective environmental alternatives to landfill. The time is NOW with a new national leadership focus on climate change and technological innovation for environmental economic development. Plasma gasification for processing solid waste resources is an climate change, environmental and economic development opportunity for Nova Scotia and Canada. If you would like to meet to discuss this opportunity, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss this exciting and worthy opportunity. Gord Helm, Chief Technical Officer Nova Waste Solutions Inc. An entity of Fourth State Energy (902) 266-3523 ghelm@fourthstateenergy.com www.fourthstateenergy.com “Addressing Climate Change, Closing Landfills through Technological Innovation & Improving Resource Stewardship One Program at a Time!”