climate change & california’s water...
TRANSCRIPT
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Climate Change &California’s Water Future
Jay R. Lund, Tingju Zhu, Stacy K. Tanaka, Marion W. Jenkins, Richard E. Howitt, Manuel Pulido,
Melanie Taubert, Randall Ritzema, Inês Ferreira, Sarah Null
Civil & Environmental EngineeringAgricultural & Resource Economics
University of California, Davis
1http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/CALVIN/
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Tantalus
2
In Hades, thirsty Tantalus was burdened to have water rise to his neck threatening to drown him, but receded when he stooped to drink. Above him was a boulder, threatening to crush him at some uncertain future time.
How like California water management!
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Change
3
"Change has considerable psychological impact …. To the fearful it is threatening because …things may get worse. To the hopeful it is encouraging because things may get better. To the confident it is inspiring because the challenge exists to make things better. … One’s character and frame of mind determine how readily he brings about change and how he reacts to change that is imposed on him." - King Whitney Jr.
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Overview
4
1. Climate Change in CaliforniaHistorical, Pre-historical, Future
2. Adaptation to Climate WarmingWarming and water demand scenarios Options for adaptationAnalysis for promising adaptations and performance
3. Conclusions
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Historical climate variability
5
Roughly 100 years of recordTwo 6-year droughtsOne 2-year droughtOther odd dry yearsCorrelation of droughts with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) – Scripps, and others
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Pre-historical variability
6
1) Last 1,000 yearsa) Scott Stine - Lake with long droughts b) Meko – Streamflow fluctuations – tree ringsc) Others – Long term lake fluctuations – PDO
connection for some droughts
2) Earlier Holocene (10,000 years)a) Multi-decade and Multi-century droughts –
lake and estuary sedimentsb) Tahoe reaches sill 3,000 years ago
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Past sea level rise
7
Steady long-term rise since Ice Age’s endDelta is a drowned river valley, < 10,000 years old
California has always been a dynamic place?
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Future Climate Changes
8
1) Sea level rise
2) Climate Variability
3) Climate Warming
4) Other forms of climate change?
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Future sea level rise
9
Certain occurrenceRate is significant, but somewhat uncertain (about 1ft/century?)
Some coastal implicationsPotential Delta water quality and flooding implications in 50-100 years (Anderson)
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Future Climate Variability
10
Almost certain to continue.
El Nino Southern Oscillation – ENSOPacific Decadal Oscillation – PDOOther forms of variability?
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Climate Warming
11
1) Seems very likely
2) Some effects already seen in California?
Earlier snowmelt in recent decadesIs it greenhouse warming or PDO change?
3) Wet or dry warming?
4) CO2 and other changes…
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Climate Warming Effects?
12
1) Shift in snowmelt season
2) Changes in:Crop ETAW and yieldsWatershed and reservoir ETUrban water useEcosystems (T, nutrients, CO2, etc.)
3) Wet or dry warming?Some changes are clear, others uncertain.
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Other forms of climate change?
13
Who knows?Varying solar intensity, …
Still a new subject.
How will different forms of climate change combine?
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Conclusions about climate change
14
California’s climate has always changedMaybe last century was luckyAdditional climate changes seem likelyChanges will affect water system operations
Would changes affect system performance?How can our water system adapt?
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Climate Warming and Water Management
Preliminary study of climate warming for water management in California2100 climate warming and population growth scenarios CALVIN model identifies promising adaptations to climate and population changesPreliminary resultsConclusions
Thanks to California Energy Commission for funding!15
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2100 Climate Changes
16
1. Water availability changes estimated for 12 climate warming scenarios (based on LBNL).
2. Water supply impacts estimated for:a. Major mountain inflowsb. Groundwater inflowsc. Local streamsd. Reservoir evaporation
3. Effects estimated for 113 inflows distributed throughout California
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2100 Climate Changes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Calendar Month
Tota
l Mon
thly
Mea
n R
im In
flow
(TA
F)
1.5T 0%P 1.5T 9%P3.0T 0%P 3.0T 18%P5.0T 0%P 5.0T 30PHCM 2010-2039 HCM 2050-2079HCM 2080-2099 PCM 2010-2039PCM 2050-2079 PCM 2080-2099Historical
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2100 Raw Water Availability
18
Climate Scenario
Average Annual Water Availability Climate
Scenario
Average Annual Water Availability
Vol. maf
Changemaf
Volume maf
Changemaf
1) 1.5T 0%P 35.7 -2.1 7) HCM 2025 41.9 4.1
2) 1.5T 9%P 37.7 -0.1 8) HCM 2065 40.5 2.7
3) 3.0T 0%P 33.7 -4.1 9) HCM 2100 42.4 4.6
4) 3.0T 18%P 37.1 -0.8 10) PCM 2025 35.7 -2.1
5) 5.0T 0%P 31.6 -6.2 11) PCM 2065 32.9 -4.9
6) 5.0T 30%P 36.2 -1.6 12) PCM 2100 28.5 -9.4
Historical 37.8 0.0
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2100 Population & Land Use
19
1. Future population and land use will greatly affect water demands.
2. With growth to 92 million (UCB), urban demands grow by ~ 7.2 maf/yr
3. Urbanization of irrigated land reduces agricultural demands by ~ 2.7 maf/yr
4. Net effect is big (+4.5 maf/yr) and economically important
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What is CALVIN?
20
• Model of entire inter-tied California water system• Surface and groundwater systems; supply and demands• Economics-driven optimization model
– Economic Values for Agricultural, Urban, & Hydropower Uses– Flow Constraints for Environmental Uses
• Prescribes monthly system operation over a 72-year representative hydrology
Maximizes economic performance within constraints
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Over 1,200 spatial elements51 Surface reservoirs 28 Ground water reservoirs600+ Conveyance Links 88% of irrigated acreage92% of population
CALVIN’s Spatial Coverage
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Economic Values for Water
22
• Agricultural: Production model SWAP• Urban: Demand model based on price elasticities• Hydropower• Operating Costs: Pumping, treatment, water quality,
etc.
Environmental flows and deliveries as constraints –with first priority
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Data Flow for the CALVIN Model
Databases of Input & Meta- Data
HECPRM Solution Model
Surface and ground water hydrology
Environmental flow constraints
Urban values of water (elasticities)
Agricultural values of water (SWAP)
Physical facilities & capacities
Values of increased facility capacities
Conjunctive use & cooperative operations
Water operations & delivery reliabilities
Willingness-to-pay for additional water & reliability
Value of more flexible operations
Economic benefits of alternatives
Operating costs
CALVIN Economic Optimization Model:
23
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Integrated Adaptation Options
24
• Water allocation (markets & exchanges)• System operations
• Conjunctive use• Coordinated operations
• Urban conservation/use efficiencies• Cropping changes and fallowing• Agricultural water use efficiencies• New technologies
• Wastewater reuse• Seawater desalination
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Model Limitations1) Data:
Base hydrology, Tulare Basin, monthly agricultural demands, etc.
2) Network flow formulation, simplifiedcosts, water quality, environmental requirements, hydraulics, hydrologic foresight and coordination
3) Limited range of benefitsNo flood control or recreation
25
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Alternative Conditions
1) Base 2020 – Current policies for 2020
2) SWM 2020 – Statewide water market 2020
3) SWM 2100 – SWM2020 with 2100 demands
4) PCM 2100 – SWM2100 with dry warming
5) HCM 2100 – SWM2100 with wet warming
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Climate Scenarios by Region
27
11.3
15.6
8.49.9
4.5
8.8
11.8
6.4
8.5
4.2
17.6
26.6
15.216.5
4.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Upper Sac. L.Sac&BayDelta S.Joaq&S.Bay Tulare So.CalAcc
retio
ns -
Dep
letio
ns +
Rim
Inflo
ws
+ G
roun
dwat
er In
flow
s - R
eser
voir
Evap
(maf
/yr)
Historical PCM2100 HCM2100
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Some Early Results
28
• Delivery, Scarcity, and Economic Performance
• Conjunctive Use and other Operations
• New Technologies
• Costs of Environmental Flows
• Flood Frequency
• Hydropower Performance
• Economic Value of Facility Changes
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Scarcity, Operating, & Total Costs($ million/yr)
CostBase 2020
SWM2020
SWM2100
PCM2100
HCM2100
Urban Scarcity 1,564 170 785 872 782
Agric. Scarcity 32 29 198 1,774 180Operating 2,581 2,580 5,918 6,065 5,681Total Costs 4,176 2,780 6,902 8,711 6,643
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Total Deliveries and Scarcities
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Ba
se20
20SW
M20
20SW
M21
00PC
M21
00H
CM
2100
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Ann
ual A
vera
ge D
eliv
ery
and
Scar
city
(maf
/yr) Scarcity
Deliveries
Upper Sac L.Sac&BayDelta S.Joaq&So.Bay Tulare So.Cal Statewide
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Agricultural Deliveries & Scarcities
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Ba
se20
20SW
M20
20SW
M21
00PC
M21
00H
CM
2100
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Base
2020
SWM
2020
SWM
2100
PCM
2100
HC
M21
00
Ann
ual A
vera
ge A
gric
ultu
ral D
eliv
ery
and
Scar
city
(maf
/yr)
Scarcity
Deliveries
Upper Sac L.Sac&BayDelta S.Joaq&So.Bay Tulare So.Cal Statewide
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Scarcity Costs by Sector
1564
32
170
29
785
198
872
1774
782.1
179.7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Total Urban Total Agriculture
Ann
ual A
vera
ge P
enal
ty ($
M/y
r)
Base2020 SWM2020 SWM2100 PCM2100 HCM2100
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Groundwater Operations
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550O
ct-2
1
Oct
-24
Oct
-27
Oct
-30
Oct
-33
Oct
-36
Oct
-39
Oct
-42
Oct
-45
Oct
-48
Oct
-51
Oct
-54
Oct
-57
Oct
-60
Oct
-63
Oct
-66
Oct
-69
Oct
-72
Oct
-75
Oct
-78
Oct
-81
Oct
-84
Oct
-87
Oct
-90
Gro
undw
ater
Sto
rage
(maf
/mon
)
Base2020 SWM2020 SWM2100PCM2100 HCM2100
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Conjunctive Use
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Annual Exceedence Probability
Tota
l Ann
ual S
uppl
y - %
Gou
ndw
ater
Base2020 SWM2020 SWM2100 PCM2100 HCM2100
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New Source Technologies
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,80019
22
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1940
1943
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
Tota
l Vol
ume
of D
esal
inat
ion
or R
euse
(taf
/yr)
SWM2100-Reuse SWM2100-Desal
PCM2100-Reuse PCM2100-Desal
HCM2100-Reuse HCM2100-Desal
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Environmental Flow Costs
36
Average WTP ($/af) Minimum Instream Flows SWM2020 SWM2100 PCM2100 HCM2100
Trinity River 0.6 45.4 1010.9 28.9 Sac. R. at Keswick 0.1 3.9 665.2 3.2 Mokelumne River 0.1 20.7 332.0 0.0
Yuba River 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.0 Merced River 0.7 16.9 70.0 1.2
Mono Lake Inflows 819.0 1254.5 1301.0 63.9 Owens Lk. Dust Mitigation 610.4 1019.1 1046.1 2.5
Refuges Sac West Refuge 0.3 11.1 231.0 0.1
SJ/Mendota Refuges 14.7 32.6 249.7 10.6 Pixley Refuge 24.8 50.6 339.5 12.3 Kern refuge 33.4 57.0 376.9 35.9
Delta Outflow 0.1 9.7 228.9 0.0
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Trinity River Shadow Costs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991Time
Non
-PC
M21
00 S
hado
w C
osts
of I
nstr
eam
Flo
w ($
/af)
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000SWM2020 SWM2100 HCM2100 PCM2100
PCM
2100
Sha
dow
Cos
ts o
f Ins
trea
m F
low
($/a
f)
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Annual Flood Frequency(Lower American River)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Annual Exceedence Probability
3-D
ay A
vera
ged
Floo
d Fl
ow (c
fs)
Historical Record
HCM 2090
PCM 2090
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Hydropower Generation
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
2000019
22
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
Ann
ual E
nerg
y G
ener
atio
n (G
Whr
/yr)
Base2020 SWM2100 PCM2100 HCM2100
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Economic Value of Facility Changes($/unit-yr)
Surface Reservoir (taf) SWM2100 PCM HCM Turlock Reservoir 69 202 56 Santa Clara Aggregate 69 202 56 Pardee Reservoir 68 202 56 Pine Flat Reservoir 66 198 56 New Bullards Bar Reservoir 65 196 56 Conveyance (taf/mo) Lower Cherry Creek Aqueduct 7886 8144 7025All American Canal 7379 7613 6528Putah S. Canal 7378 7611 6528Mokelumne Aqueduct 7180 7609 6301Coachella Canal 3804 3487 3618Colorado Aqueduct 1063 970 759 California Aqueduct 669 1823 452
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Conclusions from Results
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1) Climate warming’s hydrologic effects are substantiated and generalized.
2) Future water demands matter too! Similar magnitude to climate warming effects.
3) Must also allow future adaptations –Optimization.
4) California’s system can adapt, at some cost.
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Conclusions from Results (con’t)
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5) Central Valley agriculture sensitive to dry warming
6) Urban S. Calif. less sensitive to warming7) Flooding problems8) Adaptation would be challenging
Institutional flexibility needed to respond to both population and climate changes.
9) Study has limitations. But it is worthwhile considering management and policy changes.
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Glimpse at Long-term Future
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1) Integrated mix of management options:Water use efficiency, conjunctive use, water transfers, reuse, desalination, …
2) Importance of local and regional actions in a statewide context.
3) Long-term importance of flexibility.
4) Some scarcity is optimal.
http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/CALVIN/