climate change and endangered species · climate change and endangered species ignite at esa 2013:...
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Climate Change and
Endangered Species
Ignite at ESA 2013: The Endangered Species Act Turns 40: Lessons Learned for Conservation of Threatened and Endangered Species in the USA
Camille Parmesan
National Marine Aquarium Chair in Public Understanding of Oceans and Human Health, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, England
Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
Declines and Range Contract ions of Sea Ice-Species in Arct ic & Antarct ic
Ringed Seal
Adelie & Emperor penguins
Antarctic
2002-2007 NOAA
Ice-dependent penguins declining by 70 - 95%
Ice-dependent penguins increasing or smaller declines (<20%)
Smith et al. Bioscience 1999; Fraser et al. Polar Biol. 1992; Emslie et al. Ant. Science 1998
2007 NOAA
Arctic
apollo, Europe & Nepal
Parmesan Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2006
white lemuroid possum , Australia
- extinct
pika, USA & Nepal
IUCN: 23% amphibians at risk of extinction from climate change (1431 sp)
golden toad, Costa Rica - extinct
Mountaintop Species
• Many spec ies have con t rac ted upward
• F i rs t ex t inc t ions
Purple emperor (Apatura iris)
Ryrholm unpub.; Kaila & Kullberg pers. Comm.; Henriksen & Kreutzer 1982 Parmesan et al. Nature, 1999
2 independent invasions
65% of 52 butterf l ies colonized northward at northern range boundary (30-200 km, 30-100 years, 0.6°C warming)
Birds and but ter f l ies moving f rom Afr ica in to Europe
Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus)
Desert orange tip (Colotis evagore)
Haeger, Shilap 1999
Jordano et al. J. Biogeog. 1991
.... and from Mexico into Texas and California
Mexican Green Jay
Dauphin et al., Lep Soc 2005; P Schappert pers comm
Poloczanska et al Nature Climate Change 2013; Chen et al. Science 2011; Parmesan & Yohe Nature 2003; Parmesan Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2006
Species Shi f t ing in to Histor ica l ly Cooler Lands and Waters (~4000 species)
Marine: 75 km/decade
Terrestrial: 6.1 - 17 km/decade
Butterflies > 200 km in 5 yrs
Purple emperor
Birds migrant to resident in < 10 yrs
Rufous hummingbird
bony fish: >200 km/dec Atlantic cod
Phytoplankton > 400 km/dec
Poloczanska et al Nature Climate Change 2013; Chen et al. Science 2011; Parmesan & Yohe Nature 2003; Parmesan Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2006
Marine: 75 km/decade
Terrestrial: 6.1 - 17 km/decade
Butterflies > 200 km in 5 yrs
Purple emperor
Birds migrant to resident in < 10 yrs
Rufous hummingbird
bony fish: >200 km/dec Atlantic cod
Phytoplankton > 400 km/dec
Species Shi f t ing in to Histor ica l ly Cooler Lands and Waters (~4000 species)
Impacts of climate change: 0.7°C globally since 1900
• ~ half of species have shifted their ranges poleward "(50 - 1600 km) and/or upward (up to 400 m) "
• ~ two-thirds of species studied have shifted towards " "earlier spring breeding, migrating, blooming…."
• Every major group studied has been affected"• trees, herbs, butterflies, birds, mammals, amphibians, "corals, invertebrates, fish, marine mammals & plankton "
• Impacts have occurred on every major continent and in every major ocean""
Poloczanska et al Nature Climate Change 2013; Rosenzweig et al Nature 2008; IPCC 2007; Parmesan AREES 2006; Root et al. Nature 2003; Parmesan & Yohe Nature 2003
Cl imate Change Invasion: From Austra l ia to Tasmania
l ong-sp ined sea u rch in (Cent ros tephanus rodgers i i ) des t roys Tasman ian ke lp
wat
er
tem
pera
ture
°C
Ocean o f f Tasman ia warmed above 12 °C th resho ld fo r Cr urch in reproduc t ion
Ling et al Global Change Biol 2008; Ling et al. GCB 2009, Ling et al. PNAS 2009, Ling & Johnson Ecol Appl 2012.
Spiny Lobster Jasus edwards i i :
• Only p reda to r la rge enough to feed on la rge invas ive u rch in
• Urch in no t invas ive in Mar ine Pro tec ted Areas w i th hea l thy lobs te r popu la t ions
Recovery of Coral Reefs Reduced by Over- f ish ing
- Grea t Bar r ie r ree f b leached in 1998 E l N iño - Recovery 5 years la te r on ly in hea l thy ree fs
Unhealthy Reef • Few fish • Algal growth prevents
coral recovery
Healthy Reef • Fish eat algae • Coral recovering
Hughes et al. Current Biology 2007
More Extreme High Ocean Temperatures have caused Bleaching of Reefs Globally
• ~30 % of world’s reefs have not recovered after bleaching
• Stressed reefs recover poorly (lower resilience)
• How much would we have lost if all reefs had been healthy? less than we have
How much can we save by improving health & increasing both resistance and resilience?
Endangered Sub-species of Euphydryas editha
E. editha taylori
E. editha bayensis
E. editha quino
Endangered species - Quino checkerspot butterfly
• Endangered in S California by urban growth • Threatened in Mexico by warming/drying climate
Assisted Colonization
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. Science 2008
Surpr ise! Endangered quino checkerspot adapting to cl imate change?
Newly discovered colonies outside of species’ historical range - slated for protection (Parmesan & Anderson, J Fish Wildlife Management in revision)
Keir Morse
Surpr ise! Endangered quino checkerspot adapting to cl imate change?
Newly discovered colonies outside of species’ historical range - slated for protection (Parmesan & Anderson, J Fish Wildlife Management in revision)
Keir Morse
Native tropical lowland rainforest
Peatlands
Native sea grass
10 ft
Deep Roots
Native Little bluestem
Restoration needed to provide habitat & corridors
- Allows species to track shifting climate
Native American Prairie
Malhi & Grace 2000; Mahaney et al. 2008; Franzluebbers 2005; Poteet unpubl; H. Joosten COP15
Native tropical lowland rainforest 406 tons C/hectare
Peatlands
7x-10x more C-storage
Native sea grass 710 tons C/hectare
10 ft
Deep Roots
Native Little bluestem
• ~ 1/6 global CO2 from land conversion • Native, healthy systems store more carbon
than cropland, degraded fields & coasts
From Conservation “Adaptation” to Mitigation?
Native American Prairie