CLIMATALOGY WARM AND HUMID

KANCHENJUNGA APARTMENTS,MUMBAI COMPOSITE

INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN, DELHI

CLIMATALOGY 1

CLIMATALOGY 2

CLIMATE AND ITS CLASSIFICATION Climate( from Greek: klima) is defined by the oxford dictionary as ‘region with certain conditions of temperature, dryness, wind, light etc. A somewhat more scientific definition is : ‘ an integration in time of the physical states of the atmospheric environment, characteristic of geographical location’. Various attempts have been made to classify the climates of the earth into climatic regions. One notable is of Aristotle's into temperate, torrid and frigid zones. Introduced in 1928 as a wall map co-authored with student Rudolph Geiger, the koppen system of classification was updated and modified by koppen until his death. The modified climatic classification uses six letters to divide the world into six climatic zones.

KOPPEN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

A. TROPICAL HUMID

B.DRY C.MILD MID LATITUDE

D.SEVERE MID

LATITUDE

E.POLAR

Each category is further divided into sub-categories based on temperature and precipitation.

The warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country. Some cities that fall under this zone are Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The high humidity encourages abundant vegetation in these regions. The diffuse fraction of solar radiation is quite high due to cloud cover, and the radiation can be intense on clear days. In summer, temperatures can reach as high as 30 – 35 ºC during the day, and 25 – 30 ºC at night. In winter, the maximum temperature is between 25 to 30 ºC during the day and 20 to 25 ºC at night. Although the temperatures are not excessive, the high humidity causes discomfort. An important characteristic of this region is the relative humidity, which is generally very high, about 70 – 90 % throughout the year. Precipitation is also high, being about 1200 mm per year, or even more. Hence, the provision for quick drainage of water is essential in this zone.

CLIMATALOGY 3

WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE:

CLIMATALOGY 4

BUILDING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE :

• Resist heat gain :

Decrease exposed surface area by proper orientation and shape of the building; increase thermal resistance by roof and wall insulation; increase buffer spaces by providing balconies and verandas; increase shading of walls and glazing by overhangs, fins etc. Increase surface reflectivity by light coloured surfaces and broken china mosaic tiles on rooftop.

• Promote heat loss:

Proper ventilation through windows and exhausts is essential. Increase air exchange rate (during the day) by ventilated roof construction, courtyards, wind towers and arrangement of openings.

• Design considerations for day-lighting for warm and humid region:

Larger openings facilitate ventilation with large overhangs, wide overhanging eaves, or other shading devices by cutting off solar radiation. Specially-designed louver systems permit view of the sky and ground near the horizon only. Elongated plan with windows opening towards verandahs or galleries. High-level windows (with sill above eye level) light shelves that would admit reflected light to the interior. Low-level windows are acceptable, as shading of all vertical surfaces is beneficial provided they are well shaded with broad overhanging eaves or open towards verandahs. Window sill should be reflective

CLIMATALOGY 5

KANCHENJUNGA APARTMENTS, MUMBAI

INTRODUCTION

The Kanchenjunga apartments is a direct response to the present society, the escalating urbanisation, and the climatic conditions for the region.

The Kanchenjunga apartments is a twenty eight storey building containing 32 luxury apartments ranging in size from 3 to 6 bedrooms. These apartments are built within a lower towards the east and the west to take advantage of the prevailing breezes and views of the Arabian sea and the surrounding harbours. The orientation is also troublesome because it exposes the building to the hot sun and the monsoon rains. This was mediated through the unit design in the traditional bungalow style. The bungalow wrapped a protective layer of verandah around the main living space providing two lines of defence against the climate of the area.

Area : 441 sqm

Site and situation: City landscape surrounded by mid-rise and high-rise structures.

CLIMATALOGY 6

CLIMATE - Warm and humid

Since Mumbai is a coastal city, the weather is mostly humid year round. Also as it is in tropics, it never gets very cold and the yearly extremes lie within a 30 degree Celsius range.

Mumbai’s weather can be divided into 4 seasons – winter ( dec- feb ), summer ( mar- may) , monsoon (june-sept), withdrawal season(oct- dec).

During winters the temperature goes down to the minimum of 15 degree Celsius. Summer temperature ranges from 20 degree Celsius to 35 degree Celsius. Monsoons affect the residents of Bombay with heavy showers. Water logging is a major problem in the city during this season.

CLIMATALOGY 7

CLIMATALOGY 8

ORIENTATION In Bombay a building has to be oriented east-west to catch the prevailing sea breezes and open up the best views in the city : the Arabian sea on one side and the harbour on the other. But these unfortunately are also the directions of the hot sun and the heavy monsoon rains. The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a protective layer of verandahs around the main living areas, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defence against the elements. Kanchenjunga ,an attempt to apply these principles to high rise buildings is a condominium of 32 luxury apartments of four different types varying from 3 to 6 bedrooms each. The interlock of these variations are expressed externally by the shear and walls that hold up the cantilevers. The tower has a proportion of 1:4 ( being 21 metres square and 84 metres high ). Its minimalist unbroken surfaces are cut away to open up the double height terrace gardens at the corners, thus revealing some hint of complex spatial organisation of living spaces that lie within the tower.

To th

e east To th

e sou

th To

the n

orth

To th

e west

INTERLOCKING BUNGALOW SYSTEM

CLIMATALOGY 9

MODULARITY Lot size approx : 5260 sq m Footprint of the tower : 441 sq m Number of residences : 32 Number of floors: 28 - A unit 3 bedrooms x 10 : 294 sqm - B unit 3 bedrooms x 12 : 242 sqm - C unit 5 bedrooms x 8 : 373 sq m - D unit 4 bedrooms x 4 : 361 sqm 32 flats – 200 people

CLIMATALOGY 10

DIMENSION STRUCTURE

MATERIALS AND COLOURS

With its concrete construction and large areas of white panels, it bears a strong resemblance to modern apartment buildings in the West. However, the garden terraces of Kanchenjunga Apartments are actually a modern interpretation of a feature of the traditional Indian bungalow: the verandah.In a bungalow, the verandah wraps the main living area. The color expert says that the quality of sunlight, climate and culture influence color choices: hence one would observe a preference for blue and its shades in theWest while in India and other Asian countries one finds a pre dominance of reds and yellows.

CLIMATALOGY 11

2 of 4 types of the apartments are oriented to the west view to the harbours and the other half of them to the east to the Arabian sea.62.5 percent of the total verandahs are oriented to the view of the harbours( east).It is also the correct orienting for the sunshine instead of west. The types occur at the top and ground floor are a little bit chanced because of their position.

DAY LIGHT AND BREEZE

The following criteria were used for selection of the rooms to be simulated:

• The highest solar gain receiving

rooms are selected. The rooms, which

are used most of the time by the

occupants.

• To check the variation in

airflow rate with respect to height, the

living and dining space and North west

bed room (receive high solar gain) of

ground floor, 12th floor and 24th floor .

• To check the variation in

airflow rates according to change in

orientation, both the living and dining

space in each flats on ground floor, 12th

floor and 24th floor (since two flats in

one floor are facing opposite to each

other)

• Southeast bedroom on upper floors such as 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 19th, 22nd and 25th.

CLIMATALOGY 12

RANGE OF THERMAL COMFORT Mean minimum and mean maximum temperature in the Summer: 26.2°C, 33.3 °C °C & Indoor comfort Temperature (Summer): 25 °C - 32 °C, mean minimum and mean maximum temperature in the Winter: 16.3 °C, 26.2 °C & Indoor comfort temperature (winter): 22°C - 27 °C.

DESIGN SIMULATION :

ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING DESIGN :

Average monthly, Summer period : March and April (wind direction from Northwest) & May (wind direction from Northwest and Southwest)

Window to Wall ratio: The living and dining space – 48%, NW bed rm. - 34% & SE Master bed rm. - 45%.

Shading devices: Each openings are well shaded with balcony and terrace gardens.

Building Materials and Construction: As per base condition and earlier study (U value of external facade ranges from 0.3 W/m2 0C to 3.6 W/m2 0C) Roof: 150mm Reinforced Cement Concrete (U=7.45 W/m2C), Floor/Ceiling: 150mm R. C. C + tiles (U=3.07 W/m2 0C), Additional construction materials, plaster, white paint etc. are also taken in to consideration.

CLIMATALOGY 13

Occupancy pattern, Planning and Program: By interviewing the occupants. The living and dining space: Occupied period (morning - 7 AM to 10 AM) and evening (6 PM to11 PM) North West bedroom: Occupied period (11 PM to 07 AM) at night-time only. South East Master bed room: Occupied period (11 PM to 07 AM) at night time only Internal Conditions: As per occupancy The living and dining space: Three occupants, North West bedroom: one occupant, South East Master bedroom: two occupants Schedule of opening: Full day ventilation: Doors and window openings are 50% open 24 hours Night-time only ventilation: Doors and window openings are 50% open during night time i.e. from evening 6 PM to morning 10 AM Night time only ventilation: Doors and window openings are increased from 50% to 75% open during night-time i.e. from evening 6 PM to morning 10AM

CLIMATALOGY 14

INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAVAN

COMPOSITE CLIMATE:

The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities that experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. A variable landscape and seasonal vegetation characterize this zone. The intensity of solar radiation is very high in summer with diffuse radiation amounting to a small fraction of the total. In monsoons, the intensity is low with predominantly diffuse radiation. The maximum daytime temperature in summers is in the range of 32 – 43 o C, and night time values are from 27 to 32 o C. In winter, the values are between 10 to 25 o C during the day and 4 to 10 o C at night.

The relative humidity is about 20 – 25 % in dry periods and 55 – 95 % in wet periods. Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 – 1300 mm per year. This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the south-east and dry cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds are hot and dusty. The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon, clear in winter and frequently hazy in summer.

CLIMATALOGY 15

BUILDING DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR COMPOSITE CLIMATE :

• Orient the buildings with longer axes in the east-west direction. Ensure adequate shading on the south side to cut off direct solar radiation during summers and permit winter sun. Avoid externally reflected light from ground and other surfaces. Prefer internally reflected light using light shelves or windows at a high level. Roof insulation, wall insulation and cavity walls must be opted for.

• Promote heat loss in summer monsoon: Courtyards, wind towers and arrangement of openings; trees and water ponds for evaporative cooling; light outer colour and glazed china mosaic tiles on rooftop are the best approaches.

CLIMATALOGY 16

SUNPATH DIAGRAM FOR INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAVAN

• Design considerations for day-lighting in composite region: Area of the openings should be determined by the duration of the predominant season in this climate. Compact internal planning in the form of courtyard type (with large projecting eaves and wide verandahs) is preferable for this climate type. High-level windows (with the sill above eye level) or light shelves that would admit reflected light towards the ceiling are preferable. Low level window openings towards the verandahs or courtyard are acceptable.

• Light-coloured reflective ceiling either spectral or mirrored for well diffused interior lighting is preferred.

CLIMATALOGY 17

Fenestrations are planned to ensure good cross-ventilation which helps in reducing the load on the cooling devices in summer. The cool air that enters from the lower windows becomes warm and exits from top, maintaining airflow. Windows are deeply recessed in the walls to provide adequate shading from direct sunlight. Natural light is provided to all spaces as far as possible. Interiors are plastered and painted white to get better reflectivity. Energy-efficient lighting equipment is provided to minimise energy consumption.

CLIMATALOGY 18

INTRODUCTION :

This is a project of ministry of environment and forests for construction of new office building at New Delhi. The basic design concept of the project is to make the net zero energy green building. Plot: 9565 sq m Maximum ground coverage : 30% Built up area : 3,1400 sq m ( 18726 sq m –superstructure and 12675 sq m – basement)

LOCATION: The site is surrounded on east by NDMC housing and 15M. Row, on west by 12M row , on south GPRA colony of Aliganj. The plot is easily approachable from Aurobindo Marg and Lodhi road. A metro station “Jorbagh “ is at walkable distance of about 300 M from this place.

MEASURES FOR SITE :

• Wider Front Setback (22m) to protect front tree line

• Preserve the integrity of the green street

• Preservation of the local ecology, Tree Cutting approvals for 46, but only 19 cut ; 11 Trees Transplanted

• -Excavated Soil reutilized at other construction sites and the Zoo

•The IPB office building for the ministry of environment and forests has been planned in 2 parallel blocks facing the

•north south direction, with a large linear open court in the centre. The Building blocks create a porous block form to optimize.

•air movement .

CLIMATALOGY 19

BUILDING PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION MEASURES Reduce landscape water requirement- •Drip irrigation •Use of native species of shrubs and trees having low water demand in landscaping •Low lawn area so as to reduce water demand. •Reuse of treated water for irrigation Reduce water use in the building •Low discharge fixtures •Dual Flushing cistern •Waste water treatment •Reuse of treated water for irrigation and cooling towers for HVAC •Rain water harvesting Efficient water use during construction •Use of curing compound

CLIMATALOGY 20

DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND DEVELOPMENT:

• Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to keep

building height comparable to the surroundings

• Respecting the Eco-logic of the site ,Building

Punctures to Aid Cross Ventilation

• Building form wrapped around a pedestrian-friendly

shaded green open courtyard

• A continuous green axis from front of site across the

atrium.

• Eco park within the courtyard shall contain a self

sustaining low.

• Large openings in building form on South and North

sides.

• Conservation of natural soil and trees.

• Orientation of building has been planned reduce ingress of solar radiation.

• Large openings North and South faces.

• Green areas have been developed on smaller terraces.

• Shaded landscape areas to reduce ambient temperature.

• Provision of barrier free access .

• Surrounding open area parking free by providing adequate parking in the basement.

WIND MOVEMENT

PEDESTRIAN PATHWAY TO BUILDING

CLIMATALOGY 21

The blue arrow represents the movement of cold wind, while the yellow arrow

represents the movement of hot wind.Because of the opening through the roof the

hot air rises up and moves out of the building leaving behind the cool air.

VENTILATION AND AIR MOVEMENT IN THE BUILDING:

CLIMATALOGY 22

The facade has been designed to receive 70% of

natural daylight.

Shading devices

East, West and South to take care of the solar

radiations especially in summer.

On the Southern side of the building terraces have

been created to take the winter sun

Barrier free access to differently-abled persons.

Automated parking in three level basements

ROOF OVERHANGING ACTS AS SHADING DEVICE

FACADE OF THE BUILDING

CLIMATALOGY 23

ENERGY POSITIVE APPROACH USING SOLAR PANELS

Photovoltaics Stepping towards the south side creating a strong agenda for the future for urban buildings on limited site areas

Provision of Solar Photovoltaics for Net Zero requirement also Shades the Roof

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

CLIMATALOGY 24

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES:

Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort limits-

• Reducing energy consumption while maintaining occupant comfort

• For achieving visual comfort

• Direct line of sight to the outdoor environment to vision glazing for building occupants for more than 90% of the occupied spaces.

• Avoiding Deep floor plates to create maximum daylighted spaces.

• Landscaping planned with native species and water body features in central court and all around the building.

• For achieving thermal comfort.

• All circulation spaces or passages were naturally ventilated / shaded / not air conditioned.

• Energy Efficient Chilled beam based cooling system proposed together with condenser water cooling through ground pipes.

• openable windows were proposed in conditioned areas to be able to utilize favourable outdoor conditions. •insulated walls through using an integrated AAC + Rock wool combination together with high efficiency DGU’S and UPVC.

• frames for the windows.

CLIMATALOGY 25

ENERGY EFFICIENT CHILLED BEAM SYSTEMS

THANK YOU

CLIMATALOGY 26

SUBMITTED BY – DEEKSHA K O 1RW15AT018 SEM 3 SECTION A