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Congress for Racial Equality (CORECongress for Racial Equality (CORE): ): sit-ins sit-ins as protests as protests to desegregate restaurants & other public facilities to desegregate restaurants & other public facilities Sit-Ins Sit-Ins were effective in many restaurants that denied blacks service; if refused, were effective in many restaurants that denied blacks service; if refused,

protesters sat down & did not move from their seat; the restaurant would be protesters sat down & did not move from their seat; the restaurant would be labeled a labeled a ““racistracist”” establishment and, as a result, lose business and credibility in establishment and, as a result, lose business and credibility in the community. the community.

1960 sit-in at Woolworth’s store starting with 4 students 1960 sit-in at Woolworth’s store starting with 4 students sit-ins sit-ins across the nation at segregated stores, restaurants, theaters, across the nation at segregated stores, restaurants, theaters, hotels & poolshotels & pools

Sit-ins bring idealistic college students into the civil rights struggleSit-ins bring idealistic college students into the civil rights struggle At first, NAACP & SCLC nervous about sit-ins, fearing students At first, NAACP & SCLC nervous about sit-ins, fearing students

would lack discipline to remain nonviolent (proved wrong) would lack discipline to remain nonviolent (proved wrong) Kicked, beaten, burned with coffee, cigarettes, and acid but Kicked, beaten, burned with coffee, cigarettes, and acid but

remained peaceful remained peaceful heroism captures national attention heroism captures national attention

CHALLENGING SEGREGATION – SIT CHALLENGING SEGREGATION – SIT INSINS

Ella Baker,Ella Baker, executive director of the executive director of the SCLC, urged students to create their own SCLC, urged students to create their own organization to coordinate sit-ins organization to coordinate sit-ins Students formed the Students formed the Student Nonviolent Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee (SNCC) (SNCC) Early leaders = Early leaders = Marion Barry Marion Barry & John & John

LewisLewis Members = mostly African American Members = mostly African American

college students from South (also college students from South (also whites)whites)

Desegregates public facilities & sends Desegregates public facilities & sends volunteers into rural Deep South to volunteers into rural Deep South to register African American voters register African American voters (extremely dangerous)(extremely dangerous)

Fannie Lou HammerFannie Lou Hammer: SNCC organizer : SNCC organizer arrested & beaten by police while in jail for arrested & beaten by police while in jail for encouraging voter registration in encouraging voter registration in Mississippi, helps organize the Mississippi Mississippi, helps organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyFreedom Democratic Party

CHALLENGING SEGREGATION – CHALLENGING SEGREGATION – SNCCSNCC

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMdSYxZqIXc

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders = teams of Af Ams & whites to travel into = teams of Af Ams & whites to travel into South to draw attention to the South’s refusal to integrate bus South to draw attention to the South’s refusal to integrate bus terminals (organized by CORE leader James Farmer 1961)terminals (organized by CORE leader James Farmer 1961) Rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to Rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to

challenge segregation in public bus terminals.challenge segregation in public bus terminals. In a previous Supreme Court case, the courts had ruled that when In a previous Supreme Court case, the courts had ruled that when

traveling across state lines, passengers could disregard (ignore) public traveling across state lines, passengers could disregard (ignore) public bus terminal segregation so long as the bus’s original point of departure bus terminal segregation so long as the bus’s original point of departure came from a came from a desegregateddesegregated bus terminal. The Freedom Riders set out to bus terminal. The Freedom Riders set out to the south to test just how far the law would back them.the south to test just how far the law would back them.

Attacked by mobs & arrested on phony charges– rocks & Attacked by mobs & arrested on phony charges– rocks & firebombs thrown, tires slashed, gangs with bats, chains, & firebombs thrown, tires slashed, gangs with bats, chains, & lead pipeslead pipes ““You couldn’t see their faces through the blood.”You couldn’t see their faces through the blood.” Violence draws national attention & shocks many Violence draws national attention & shocks many

Americans Americans 1962 segregation in interstate travel ends with pressure from 1962 segregation in interstate travel ends with pressure from

CORE, the ICC, & Justice Department CORE, the ICC, & Justice Department

CHALLENGING SEGREGATION – CHALLENGING SEGREGATION – FREEDOM RIDERSFREEDOM RIDERS

JFK appoints Af Ams to high-level federal JFK appoints Af Ams to high-level federal gov positionsgov positions

JFK creates JFK creates Committee on Equal Committee on Equal Employment OpportunityEmployment Opportunity (CEEO): stop (CEEO): stop fed bureaucracy from discriminating fed bureaucracy from discriminating against Af Ams when hiring/promoting against Af Ams when hiring/promoting

Justice Dept., headed by brother Robert, Justice Dept., headed by brother Robert, actively supported civil rights movement – actively supported civil rights movement – register voters, file lawsuits throughout register voters, file lawsuits throughout SouthSouth

JFK orders thousands of army troops to JFK orders thousands of army troops to allow allow James MeredithJames Meredith, an Af Am air force , an Af Am air force veteran, to attend University of Mississippi veteran, to attend University of Mississippi after the 500 federal marshals he sent were after the 500 federal marshals he sent were attacked by an angry white mob & riots attacked by an angry white mob & riots eruptederupted

Cuban Missile Crisis becomes White House Cuban Missile Crisis becomes White House focus focus King disappointed King disappointedJFK & CIVIL RIGHTSJFK & CIVIL RIGHTS

King upset federal gov only gets involved when violence/disorder gets King upset federal gov only gets involved when violence/disorder gets out of hand out of hand 1963 launches demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama 1963 launches demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama

MLK Jr arrested -“Letter From a Birmingham Jail”: defense of MLK Jr arrested -“Letter From a Birmingham Jail”: defense of nonviolent protestnonviolent protest Although protestors breaking the law, they were following a higher Although protestors breaking the law, they were following a higher

moral law based on divine justicemoral law based on divine justice Injustice must be exposed “to the light of human conscience and the Injustice must be exposed “to the light of human conscience and the

air of national opinion before it can be cured.”air of national opinion before it can be cured.” Bull Connor orders police to use clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure Bull Connor orders police to use clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure

fire hoses on the demonstrators fire hoses on the demonstrators millions see graphic violence on tv - millions see graphic violence on tv -> fear of gov losing control leads to a new civil rights bill (1964) > fear of gov losing control leads to a new civil rights bill (1964)

VIOLENCE IN VIOLENCE IN BIRMINGHAMBIRMINGHAM

Violence in Birmingham + Alabama governor George Wallace – Violence in Birmingham + Alabama governor George Wallace – “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!” + “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!” + murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evers in Mississippi murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evers in Mississippi JFK JFK announces his civil rights billannounces his civil rights bill

March on Washington March on Washington organized by King helps lobby Congress & organized by King helps lobby Congress & build public support – in 1963 over 200,000 demonstrate at nation’s build public support – in 1963 over 200,000 demonstrate at nation’s capital capital King gives “I have a dream” speech King gives “I have a dream” speech

Issues with the Senate: Issues with the Senate: filibusterfilibuster = occurs when a small group of = occurs when a small group of senators take turns speaking and refuse to stop to allow a bill to senators take turns speaking and refuse to stop to allow a bill to come to a votecome to a vote

President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963 President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963 Johnson as Johnson as President familiar with Congress & committed to JFK’s civil rights President familiar with Congress & committed to JFK’s civil rights billbill

1964 Johnson signs the 1964 Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law = gave into law = gave fed gov broad power to stop racial discrimination in the segregation fed gov broad power to stop racial discrimination in the segregation in public places, to bring lawsuits to end school segregation, & to in public places, to bring lawsuits to end school segregation, & to require employers to end discrimination in the workplace with the require employers to end discrimination in the workplace with the creation of the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEqual Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)(EEOC)CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF

19641964http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_HBdrJkmDE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdTpU5WZHHM

Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964) = eliminated Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964) = eliminated poll taxespoll taxes = fees = fees paid in order to vote, in fed (but not state) electionspaid in order to vote, in fed (but not state) elections

SCLC & SNCC voter registration efforts met with violence – SCLC & SNCC voter registration efforts met with violence – beatings, murders, bombings, arsonbeatings, murders, bombings, arson

The Selma March: “march for freedom” from Selma to The Selma March: “march for freedom” from Selma to Montgomery Alabama organized by King & SNCC to focus on Montgomery Alabama organized by King & SNCC to focus on voting rightsvoting rights Marchers knelt in prayer at the Edmund Pettus Bridge out of Marchers knelt in prayer at the Edmund Pettus Bridge out of

Selma as state troopers under Sheriff Clark attacked themSelma as state troopers under Sheriff Clark attacked them ““Bloody Sunday” stunned nation & infuriated Johnson Bloody Sunday” stunned nation & infuriated Johnson Voting Voting

Rights Act of 1965 publically announced Rights Act of 1965 publically announced

STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS ––THE SELMA MARCHTHE SELMA MARCH

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 = authorized the attorney general = authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters, to send federal examiners to register qualified voters, bypassing local officials who often refused to register Af Ams, bypassing local officials who often refused to register Af Ams, & suspended discriminatory devices like literacy tests& suspended discriminatory devices like literacy tests Almost 250,000 Af Ams registered to vote by the end of the Almost 250,000 Af Ams registered to vote by the end of the

year & # Af Ams elected in the South increased year & # Af Ams elected in the South increased Marked turning point in civil rights movement -> now Marked turning point in civil rights movement -> now

segregation outlawed & new federal laws protected voting segregation outlawed & new federal laws protected voting rights so focus shifts to economic equality rights so focus shifts to economic equality

STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS – – VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s00-OoZAWno

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Changing the law couldn’t change Changing the law couldn’t change people’s attitudes immediately – people’s attitudes immediately – racismracism = prejudice or discrimination = prejudice or discrimination toward someone because of their race, toward someone because of their race, still common still common

1965 75% Af Am lived in large cities – 1965 75% Af Am lived in large cities – poverty, segregated neighborhoods, poverty, segregated neighborhoods, low-paying jobs or unemployedlow-paying jobs or unemployed

Frustration that civil rights movement Frustration that civil rights movement achievements not changing living achievements not changing living conditions conditions violence with the Watts violence with the Watts Riot (LA) & riots spread throughout Riot (LA) & riots spread throughout U.S. (Detroit 1967 the worst)U.S. (Detroit 1967 the worst)

The Kerner CommissionThe Kerner Commission = = conducted detailed study of the conducted detailed study of the causes of the urban riots & blamed causes of the urban riots & blamed white society/white racism for the white society/white racism for the inner city problemsinner city problemsPROBLEMS FACING PROBLEMS FACING

URBAN AFRICAN URBAN AFRICAN AMERICANSAMERICANS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=my3doRW-HWA

By mid-1960s, Dr. Martin Luther By mid-1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was criticized for his King, Jr., was criticized for his nonviolent strategy because it had nonviolent strategy because it had failed to improve the economic failed to improve the economic condition of Af Ams condition of Af Ams focus on focus on economic issues economic issues

The The Chicago MovementChicago Movement was an was an effort to call attention to the effort to call attention to the deplorable housing conditions that deplorable housing conditions that many Af Ams faced.many Af Ams faced. King moves into a slum King moves into a slum

apartment in an Af Am apartment in an Af Am neighborhood in Chicago & led neighborhood in Chicago & led march through the white suburb march through the white suburb of Marquette Park to of Marquette Park to demonstrate the need for open demonstrate the need for open housing.housing.

Mayor Mayor Richard DaleyRichard Daley had had police protect the marchers, & police protect the marchers, & Daley met with King to propose Daley met with King to propose a new program to clean up a new program to clean up slums.slums.

SHIFT TO ECONOMIC SHIFT TO ECONOMIC RIGHTSRIGHTS

After 1965 turn away from the nonviolent teachings of Dr. After 1965 turn away from the nonviolent teachings of Dr. King King new strategies, which included self-defense & the new strategies, which included self-defense & the idea that Af Ams should live free from the presence of whitesidea that Af Ams should live free from the presence of whites

Young Af Ams called for Young Af Ams called for black powerblack power, a term that had many , a term that had many different meanings – Early 1960s, different meanings – Early 1960s, Malcolm XMalcolm X had become a had become a symbol of the Black Power movement, which stressed symbol of the Black Power movement, which stressed defense against violence (not passive resistance) & defense against violence (not passive resistance) & more more militant militant methods of seeking justice and equality. methods of seeking justice and equality.

Black power stressed pride in the African American culture Black power stressed pride in the African American culture & opposed & opposed cultural assimilation =cultural assimilation = philosophy of philosophy of incorporating different racial/cultural groups into the incorporating different racial/cultural groups into the dominant societydominant society Popular in poor urban neighborhoods, although Dr. King Popular in poor urban neighborhoods, although Dr. King

& many Af Am leaders were critical of black power& many Af Am leaders were critical of black power The formation of the The formation of the Black PanthersBlack Panthers was the result of a was the result of a

new generation of militant African American leaders new generation of militant African American leaders preaching black power, black nationalism, & economic self-preaching black power, black nationalism, & economic self-sufficiency. sufficiency. The group believed that a revolution was necessary to The group believed that a revolution was necessary to

gain equal rights.gain equal rights.BLACK POWERBLACK POWER

Early 1960s, Early 1960s, Malcolm XMalcolm X had become a symbol of the Black had become a symbol of the Black Power movement Power movement Member of the Member of the Nation of Islam,Nation of Islam, known as the Black known as the Black

Muslims, who believed that Af Ams should separate Muslims, who believed that Af Ams should separate themselves from whites & form their own self-governing themselves from whites & form their own self-governing communitiescommunities

Later broke from the Nation of Islam & began to believe Later broke from the Nation of Islam & began to believe an integrated society was possible an integrated society was possible 1965 3 Nation 1965 3 Nation members shot/killed Malcolm Xmembers shot/killed Malcolm X

Malcolm X remembered for view that although Af Ams had Malcolm X remembered for view that although Af Ams had been victims in the past, they did not have to allow racism to been victims in the past, they did not have to allow racism to victimize them nowvictimize them now

BLACK POWER – BLACK POWER – MALCOLM XMALCOLM X

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4PqLKWuwyU

By the late 1960s, the civil rights movement had fragmented By the late 1960s, the civil rights movement had fragmented into many competing organizations into many competing organizations no further legislation no further legislation to help African Americansto help African Americans

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated by a sniper on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated by a sniper on April 4, 1968, creating national mourning as well as riots in April 4, 1968, creating national mourning as well as riots in more than 100 cities.more than 100 cities.

In the aftermath of KingIn the aftermath of King’’s death, Congress passed the Civil s death, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which contained a fair housing provision.Rights Act of 1968, which contained a fair housing provision.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. - ASSASSINATIONJR. - ASSASSINATION

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PalIIpfhw_g

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akMBm-ZpI9A