clean vehicles

8/6/2019 Clean Vehicles

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Presented at

Indo Japanese Conferenceon

Fuel Quality and Vehicular Emissions17-18th March 2009, New Delhi

K.K.GandhiExecutive Director ( Technical )

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Delhi

Clean Vehicles : Automobile Industry Perspective


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Society of Indian AutomobileManufacturers

Non-profit organization representing 44 vehicle & vehicular

engine manufacturers

Advocacy: Economic Policy, Technical Policy & Public Policy

Networking Stakeholders National / International

Seminars / Conferences Technical, Trade & Economic, Road

Safety

Statistical services Production, Sales and Exports

Auto Expo

Promotes sustainable development of Indian automobile industry


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SIAM Members


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Auto Industry Growth TrajectoryVehicle Sales : 1972 onwards

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Million

1990

2.3 mn units

1998

4.1 mn units

2001

5.2 mn units

2006

10.9 mn units

1979

0.4 mn units


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Auto Industry Today

PassengerVehicles

43%

ThreeWheelers

2%

Two

Wheelers

25%

Commercial

Vehicles

30%

Domestic Sales ~ US $ 33.78 bn

Exports ~ US $ 3.46 bn

Estimated; All figures for 2007-08

2W0.5

8.02

3WCVPV

1.76

0.54


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Total Registered Vehicles ~ 109 Mn

CommercialVehicles*

13%

PassengerVehicles

13%

Two

Wheelers74%

As on March 2008

Source: Govt. of India Statistics of Registered Vehicles & SIAM estimates

Vehicle Parc

* Include tractor, trailer, three wheelers and others


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CHALLENGES


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Challenges before theAutomotive Industry

Air quality

Energy diversification

Climate Change


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Air quality

Energydiversification

Climate Change


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IDLEEMI

FAS(DIESEL)

CMVR 91(PETROL)

CMVR 92

(DIESEL)

CMVR 96 (DIESEL)

EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)

BS-I(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II

(NCR)

BS-II

(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-III

(11 CITIES)

BS-III

(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-IV

REVIEW

BS-I(NCR)

BS-II

(3 CITIES)

CURRENT SCENARIO

BS-II

(8 CITIES)

BS-II

(2 CITIES)

CNG BUSES(DELHI)

BS-IV

(SELECT CITIES)

1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010

India Unique


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IDLEEMI

FAS(DIESEL)

CMVR 91(PETROL)

CMVR 92

(DIESEL)

CMVR 96 (DIESEL)

EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)

BS-I(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II

(NCR)

BS-II

(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-III

(11 CITIES)

BS-III

(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-IV

REVIEW

BS-I(NCR)

BS-II

(3 CITIES)

CURRENT SCENARIO

BS-II

(8 CITIES)

BS-II

(2 CITIES)

CNG BUSES(DELHI)

BS-IV

(SELECT CITIES)

1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010

India Unique

Need to evolve future road map


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Air quality

Energydiversification

Climate Change


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Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels

Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphur

Diesel / Petrol


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CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuelsBio-diesel 5%Ethanol

Electric/


Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphur

Diesel / Petrol

CURRENT


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CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels

Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/


Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphur

Diesel / Petrol

Th I di Bi F l


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The Indian Bio Fuel

Program


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Among Biofuels, Ethanol & bio diesel are promising

renewable fuels which can be used as blending component

with petrol & diesel up to a specified percentage intransport sector without any modification in the existing

set of engines.

Ethanol Programme in India


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Ethanol Programme in India

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 9 States& 4 UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 9 States& 4 UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.2002

20022002

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 3 UTs subject to

commercial viability & ethanol availability

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 3 UTs subject to

commercial viability & ethanol availability200420042004

5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country(except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability

w.e.f 01.11.2006

5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country(except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability

w.e.f 01.11.2006

200620062006

CCEA decides to implement:Voluntary 10% ethanol blending from Oct 07Mandatory 10% ethanol blending from Oct 08

CCEA decides to implement:Voluntary 10% ethanol blending from Oct 07Mandatory 10% ethanol blending from Oct 08

200720072007

SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced throughtwo Depots one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla(UP)

SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced throughtwo Depots one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla(UP)

Dec2008Dec2008Dec2008

T t R lt


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Test Results ( Performance / Emission )(Y2K Compliant vehicles-2W)

Legends : -OK within Spec.Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency observed

MODEL A

Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

CO , gm / km 40 ~ 78 % drop

HC , gm / km 0 ~ 5 % increase

NOx , gm / km 17 ~ 25 % increase

HC + NOx , gm / km 7 ~ 8.5 % Increase

Remarks :- Drop in CO , gm / km, Increase in Nox , gm/km

Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

Power , kW No significant variation

Acceleration , Sec Comparable

Max Speed , kmph

FE , kmpl 2 ~ 7% drop

Comparable

Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) :


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Remarks :- Drop in CO, & Increase in HC, Nox gm / km

Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

CO , gm / km 30 ~ 64 % drop

HC , gm / km 9.5 ~ 24 % Increase

NOx , gm / km 10 ~ 32 % Increase

HC + NOx , gm / km 10 ~ 27 % Increase

Legends : -OK within Spec

Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency & Acceleration observed

Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) :(Y2K Compliant vehicles 2W)

MODEL BVehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

Power , kW Increase

Acceleration , Sec 5.5 ~ 7% drop

Max Speed , kmph Comparable

FE , kmpl 2 ~ 4% drop

E10 Studies on Four wheelers


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E10 Studies on Four wheelers

Driveability of ethanol is lower because of Distillation characteristics & RVP of ethanolblended fuel. Reduced Cold & Hot Startability & Acceleration performance.

E10 fuel affects material compatibility, engine wear & life. Rubber swelling & metalcorrosion increases.

Intake valve deposits & stickiness, combustion chamber deposits increases,subsequently leads to loss of compression & reduction in engine performance.

International experience confirms 3% Increase in Fuel consumption due to lowerenergy value of ethanol.

Evaporative emissions increases drastically.

InIn Sweden, about 40% of in, about 40% of in--use vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporativeuse vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporativeemission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blendemission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blend ((Source: WP29 informal document)

Misfire (in some cases)

Ethanol can absorb water; If water enters the fuel tank It dilutes ethanol, reducing its valueas a fuel. It causes problems ofphase separation in fuel.

Ethanol absorbs dirts & carries inside the fuel lines and fuel tank, thus contaminatingthe car engine system.

Most of the In-use vehicles are not compatible with E10 fuel

General Trends:

E10 Studies on 4 wheelers


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E10 Studies on 4 wheelers

In India, not much vehicle testing taken place to date however the following impact isexpected. ( performance and emissions impact is highly dependent on application )

Driveability

Potential deterioration in startability & cold driveability. Closed loop vehicles can tolerate

to some extent.

HC, CO Decreases significantly. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration.

NOx Increases. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration.

Evaporative emissions Increases drastically to the extent of 40-50%.

Inspection / Maintenance Negligible change.

Rubber / plastics Increased degradation (fuel lines, injectors, seals, connectors)

Aluminum Increased corrosion (fuel rail, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage of E10 fuel.

SteelIncreased corrosion (fuel lines, fuel tank, pressure regulator, pump, filler neck, etc.).

Effect worsens with prolonged storage.

Deposits Increased intake system deposits.

Vehicle Emissions

Hardware durability

General Trends:

ustra a, apan tu es on


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ustra a, apan tu es onImpacts

(4 Wheelers) USA JAPANParameters

Fuel Injected

model

Carburetted

model

Vehicle Performance

Mileage (or) Fuel economy Drop up to 2.4%

Driveability Drop up to 0.8% Drop up to 2.3% Acceleration delay

Cold Startability Drop up to 2.0% Drop up to 2.5%

Hot Startability Drop up to 1.0% Drop up to 3.5%Vehicle Emission Parameters

Mass emission

CO 10 - 11% drop decreases

HC 15 -16% drop decreases

NOx 3 - 7% increase increases

PM 30 - 42% drop

Evaporative emission Increases Increases

Material compatibility -

Rubber - -decrease in hardness

Aluminium -Corrosion such as

Complete dissolution,

reduction in mass

Durability -

Engine life -

Valve & Combustion chamber

seposits-

Fuel system durability -

AUSTRALIA

-

Increases by 2.8%

Drop by 32%

Drop by 12%

Increases by 1%

valve stickiness increases, loss of

compression

- Fuel filter clogs- pump life deteriorates

- injector drifts

Doubtful / Unsatisfactory

- Distortion, stiffening happens in

diaphragms.

- Crumbling of rubber

(breakdown)

- Leakage from hoses

Doubtful / Unsatisfactory

Reduces

-

10 - 40% increase

10% Eth l bl d d G li


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10% Ethanol-blended Gasoline

Concerns Very large number of in-use vehicles are not compatible with 10%

blend. Hence, this issue needs to be addressed.

For the use of E-10 , as fuel compression ratio needs to be increased tocompensate for the FE loss, hence the use of E-0 (in case of adiscontinued supply of E-10) may cause knocking.

The consumers / vehicle manufacturers should be given assurance of a

sustained supply of 10% blend.

There should be a clear Road Map for implementation with sufficientlead time for the vehicle manufacturers

Assured supply Defined percentage

Labeled


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Pilot E10 Blending Program

SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced throughtwo Depots one each at Belgaum from Desur (Karnataka)and in Bareilly from Aonla (UP) w.e.f. 15th December 2008

SIAM study of the field situation in Bareilly Labeling of Dispensing Units by Oil Companies is more or less

being followed, but needs to be streamlined.

Vehicle Dealers are generally aware that E10 blended

Gasoline is being sold. There is a wide variation in the Ethanol percentages in

Bareilly; from 0% to 10% from the samples tested by SIAM

Since this variation largely depends on the availability ofEthanol by each Depot, at any particular time, this variation is

likely to continue. It may be difficult for SIAM members to conclude the extent of

impact of E10 fuel on vehicles due to this inconsistency.

On-line blending is not being done at IOC Depot at Aonla.

E l f E10 Sti k Di i U it


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Examples of E10 Sticker on Dispensing Unitsat Bareilly

)


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)

No labels were observed in the Petrol Station


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Bio Diesel studies

Observations during the road test


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Observations during the road test

A car running on Biodiesel shows no particular deviation from a car runningon fossil diesel as far as vehicle performance is considered.

The vehicle fueled with Biodiesel meets the Euro III emission standard and

therefore also the effective Bharat Stage II (EU II) norms with a sufficientmargin.

Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are comparable to that of fossildiesel. However, carbon monoxide emissions tend to increase.

Particulate emissions from the vehicle have shown significant reductions tothose of a car running on fossil diesel.

The storage stability of the Biodiesel is a parameter which needs to bestudied further as increased emissions were observed with aged Biodiesel.

In order to come to a more conclusive understanding of the performance ofJME Biodiesel in Mercedes-Benz Common Rail Diesel engines additional testare being further conducted.


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The Tough gets going !!


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Field Trials by OEMs


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Field Trials on State Transport Buses

Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways,

Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors

Haryana Roadways 20 buses running on 5%

Biodiesel blend for almost one year

Driveability performance observed satisfactory and

smoke found lower

Based on the success of trials so far HaryanaRoadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and

Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel


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CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels

Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/


Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphur

Diesel / Petrol


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Propulsion TechnologyPropulsion Technology

HEVHEV EVEV HH22 FEVFEVHH--CNGCNG

Battery TechnologyBattery Technology ::


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Battery TechnologyBattery Technology ::

Heart of EV+Heart of EV+

EVsEVs

Fuel CellFuel Cell

HH22ICEICEHH--CNGCNG

Diesel /Diesel /PetrolPetrol

CNG/LPGCNG/LPG


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Hydrogen CentricHydrogen Centric

ActivitiesActivities

The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:


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The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:

For HFor H22ICE DevelopmentICE Development

Incubation of HIncubation of H22ICEICE

SeedingSeeding

Pilot FleetPilot Fleet

Tech DemoTech Demo

JanJan 0909 JanJan 1010 JanJan 1111 JanJan 1313

For Fuel Cell DevelopmentFor Fuel Cell Development

Incubation

Tech Demo

Pilot Trials

JanJan0909 JanJan12/1312/13 JanJan1515 JanJan1717

OROR

A roadmap for


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A roadmap fordevelopment and implementation of

zero emission vehicles

HCNG EV/HCNGHCNG EV/HCNG H2/Fuel CellsH2/Fuel Cells

Hybrids & H2EVHybrids & H2EVss

YrYr

20082008

YrYr

20102010

YrYr

2011/122011/12

YrYr

20202020

YrYr

20302030

ChallengesChallenges: Production, Storage and Transportat ion

To sum up


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To sum up.

1. 5 percent Ethanol Petrol blend introduced in India but

sustained availability a concern

2. Issues concerning Fuel Quality & Engine Durability fornew & in use vehicles has to be adequately resolved for 10

% blends.

3. Bio diesel is an environmentally & Technically Feasible

Alternative Fuel for India

4. Need to evolve standards for Bio Fuels in line with

International regulations

5. Prepare roadmap for sustained availability in consultationwith all stake holders

6. Electric Vehicles & Hydrogen hold the key for the

sustained development of Industry

Commitment of All Stakeholders


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Commitment of All Stakeholders

GovernmentDepartments

Vehicle

Manufacturers

OilCompanies

Judiciary

VehicleUsers

NGOs

Clean Vehicles /Air &

Energy Security

Research

Institutions

Visit us at www.siam.in


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Society of Indian Automobile ManufacturersCore 4B, 5th Floor

India Habitat Centre

Lodi Road, New Delhi

Phone: +91 11 2464 7810 - 12

Fax: +91 11 2464 8222E-mail: [email protected]

Cold weather High altitude


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Biodiesel testing

The Himalaya-trials with Biodiesel

was in continuation of road trials in

2004

2 C-Class cars & 1 Viano van wereutilized for the Cold weather + High

Altitude testing of Biodiesel.

Encouraging results from trials

Mileage comparable to normal diesel (8-9 km/l for C-Class & 7.5 km/l for Viano).

Engine performance comparable- and marginally better than conventional diesel.

Low particulate emissions: one-third of normal diesel. Complete combustion (black smoke).

Power loss observed. Not attributable to Biodiesel but due to oxygen rarity at highaltitude.

Fuel sample taken for every 1000kms & sent to Daimler for testing & analysis.

clean vehicles

Documents