clean up it -f pollution - worldradiohistory.com · 2019. 7. 17. · introduced our vp3 color...

A MACTIER PUBLICATION DECEMBER 1969

BROADCAST MANAGEMENTINGINEERING

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To improve your color transmission qualityand to insure trouble free operation specifyRHG equipment fully described in Bulletin 69C.Call for "no obligation" demonstration.

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Circle 100 on Reader Service Card

VP3COLORCAMERA

Better great than never."Where were you when ..." was the resound-ing cry heard throughout the industry when weintroduced our VP3 color camera. and nowonder.VP3 offers so many major advancesand advantages, it has got to betelevision's next standard. It givesyou field unit handling, yet it's asophisticated studio system. It goesfrom a cold start to full operationwithin minutes. It gives you quick,slip -out tube changing, with no needto move yoke or optics. And much

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December, 1969-BM/E

Circle 101 on Reader Service Card3

DECEMBER 1969/VOLUME 5/NUMBER 12 6 Broadcast Industry News

15 Interpreting FCC Rules & RegulationsNew Developments in Pay -TV

22 Convention LogAES Papers and Products

BM/E 26 Convention LogBroadcast engineers hear ideas on cleaning up signals.

SPECIAL SECTION: CLEAN UP RF POLLUTION

BROADCASTMANAGEMENT/ENGINEERING

Editor:JAMES A. LIPPKE

Managing Editor:WALTER G. SALM

Associate Editor:THOMAS R. HASKETT

Assistant Editor:HILARY E. ABRAMSON

Art Director:KAREN WEINSTEIN

Editorial Director:GEORGE ROSTKY

Production Manager:ARLINE G. JACOBS

Production Assistant:DIANE K. ELEY

Circulation and Reader Service Manager:RITA MARKEL

Sales Promotion Manager:RHODA GLENNER

Research Manager:IRENE CHERVIN

Marketing Director:JACK LOW

President:RALPH E. RICHARDSON

This month's cover: Cleaning up yourstation's signal is pretty important-especially if you're beginning to soundlike station KRUD on this month'scover by Art Sudduth. Some impor-tant things to consider for both radioand TV are covered in the specialsection on pages 31-46.

31 Keep Your Stereo PhasedFazed by stereo phasing? Erase those costly phase differ-ences with sound engineering practices.

34 Sweep -Frequency Measurements for Broadcast SystemsA sweep gen and scope are among the engineer's mostuseful tools for accurate adjustments.

38 Now It's Blinking LightsBlinking lights aren't so hot, says one monitoring specialist,but that's what the FCC wants.

40 Quality Control of the Color TV SignalHere's a new test technique for getting a clean color pic-ture from camera to antenna.

49 Should CATV Be a Utility?Since cable hookup is a luxury, should it be classified asand regulated the way utilities are?

55 Management RoundtableTechniques that Sell-Part 2

57 Focus on CATV

59 Broadcast Equipment

68 New Literature

70 FCC Actions

72 EditorialThe Engineer as Executive

74 Crosstalk

80 Product Index

Mactier Publishing Corp.820 Second Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017, 212 661-0450Also publishers of:BROADCAST EQUIPMENT BUYERS GUIDEEEEELECTRO-PROCUREMENT

El PA

BM/ E, Broadcast Management/Engineering, is published monthly byMactier Publishing Corp. All notices pertaining to undeliverable mailor subscriptions should be addressed to 820 Second Ave., New York,N.Y. 10017.BM/E is circulated without charge to those responsible for stationoperation and for specifying and authorizing the purchase of equip-ment used in broadcast facilities. These facilities include a -m, fm,and TV broadcast stations; CATV systems; ETV stations, networksand studios; audio and video recording studios; consultants, etc.Subscription prices to others are: U.S., its possessions and Canada-$10.00 one year, $18.00 two years; elsewhere-$15.00 one year,$25.00 two years.Copyright © 1969 by Mactier Publishing Corp., New York City.Controlled Circulation postage paid at Duluth, Minn.

4 December, I 969-BM/E

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December, 1969-BM/E 5

INDUSTRY

CBS domestic satellite system plangets no opposition from Comsat or AT&TFor the first time in four years,the Communications Satellite Cor-poration and the American Tele-phone & Telegraph Company havevoiced no opposition to a pro-posal for a single -purpose TVdomestic satellite system.

The proposal-that the net-works and the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting join in sever-ing ties with AT&T and creatingthe first privately operated domes-

CBS' Dr. Frank Stanton addressing AES.

tic satellite system for the U.S.and offshore islands-was madeby Frank Stanton, president ofCBS, on October 15 at the 37thconvention of the Audio Engi-neering Society.

Stanton presented the CBS pro-posal in the context of AT&T's$20 million increase a year in net-work charges (which brings thethree networks' total AT&Tcharges per year to $65 million)for about 45,000 miles of AT&Trelay facilities, and against thebackground of what he called "anational waste"-nearly five yearsof industry discussion and "bu-reaucratic inaction."

If the federal government gives

the plan the go-ahead, said Stan-ton, the system could be opera-tional as early as 1972 for aninitial cost of $100 million. Theplan calls for the networks to paythe National Aeronautics andSpace Administration for launchingthe satellites-about $3 millionper launch. ABC, NBC and CBSwould each pay one-third of thetotal cost; noncommercial televi-sion, which presently pays reduced

rates on a temporary basis to thepublic utility, would have an equalvoice in directing the consortiumand would not be charged forchannels. About 500 ground sta-tions connected to broadcastingoutlets would transmit live TV andradio programming throughout theU.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Ricoand the Virgin Islands on anaround -the -clock basis. Stantonsaid that "because of the costslevied on the networks," CBSleases AT&T lines only for 14 to18 hours a day and that the off-shore islands "now have to settlefor delayed programming."

Comsat and AT&T reactionswere positive-far from their tra-

ditional responses. To date, Corn -sat has been meeting with the net-works in efforts to land the jobof building and operating its ownsystem which it believes couldsatisfy the networks' needs. Pre-dating the talks was ComsatChairman James McCormack'surging Presidential Special Assist-ant Clay T. Whitehead to declas-sify for the talks a Comsat plansubmitted last September. Thisplan would make the utility a fullcarrier that could offer its domes-tic service to CATV and press as-sociations as well as to television;for the plan calls for the elimina-tion of commercial carriers nowrequired by the FCC to work be-tween the networks and interna-tional satellite services. In pro-posing direct access to the systemfor users, the Comsat plan wouldthus relieve the networks frompaying the initial $100 million andthe cost of maintenance crews. Thesystem could carry up to 14 TVchannels, any of which couldhandle simultaneously as many1800 telephone calls if AT&Tground facilities should becomeovercrowded, according to theplan. Comsat said that for the sakeof efficiency it should own groundstations that would deal with satel-lite signals.

AT&T's new position was thatany organization or group shouldbe allowed to set up a domesticcommunications satellite system;it also indicated that the satellitesystem's economics may not be asfavorable as has been thought. Al-though it hadn't studied the CBSproposal before saying, "It wouldappear to merit consideration inthe context of a careful appraisalof the most efficient use of thefrequency spectrum and orbitspace, as well as other relevanttechnical and economic factors,"AT&T said it believed "this ap-proach would allow flexibility andincentive for creative private initi-ative and would provide the most

6 Circle 103 on Reader Service Card

The big ump in short hops

This is the year, as you all know toowell, for going over the arithmetic on owningyour own microwave relay equipment

Last year we sold our relay linksbecause they were all solid state, put-outbeautiful, stable color, and because they wereeconomical. The relay links meet "proof ofperformance" standards, and are ultra -reliable,even when operating unattended in remoteareas. Customers bought the links because they

came single or dual,. at 2, 7, or 13 GHz, for STL,TSL, network, inter -city, spurs and portable TVpick-up. But that was last year.

This year, we also sell on straightprice versus leased Dine charges. Write. We'lleven help with the arithmetic. The lease cost ofa year or two moght pay for your own system.

peTMICROWAVE ASSOCIATESBurlington, Mass. 01803

appropriate means for an orderlydevelopment of domestic satel-lites." The public utility said, too,that its "recent studies indicatethat satellite costs currently maybe less favorable compared to ter-restrial costs than appeared to bethe case some years ago."

Reacting to a proposal that TVnetworks operate their own com-munications satellites is nothingnew for either utility. Their earli-est such confrontation was in1965, when ABC and the FordFoundation proposed setting updomestic communications partic-ularly for TV. Comsat and AT&Tconsequently argued for a Comsatowned -and -operated, multi-pu r -pose domestic satellite system thatwould relay telephone as well astelevision communications. Theutilities differed, however, onwhether Comsat or carriers likeAT&T and Western Union shouldown the ground stations. It is saidthat under its new policy, AT&Tbelieves it could own its satellites.

House takes surpriseaction on pay TV billFor the second time during thepresent session, the House Com-merce Committee has voted tosend an anti -pay TV bill to itsCommunications Subcommittee,which is said to be less againstpay television than the full com-mittee. Of 23 anti -toll TV billsintroduced this session, one-theinitial measure presented by Rep-resentative John D. Dingell (D-Mich.)-is on record as havingbeen referred to the subcommittee.

The vote on anti -pay TV billH.R. 420, it is said, was takenin the absence of about one-thirdof the committee members at ameeting called routinely in lateOctober to finalize an airport fa-cilities bill. According to reports,Communications SubcommitteeChairman Torbert H. Macdonald(D -Mass.) moved that anti -tollTV bills should go to his com-mittee after Commerce CommitteeChairman Harley 0. Staggers (D -W. Va.) mentioned pay televisionin reviewing the committee's cal-ender. It is said that the committeepassed Macdonald's motion on a12-9 vote in the face of Staggers'ruling Macdonald out of order andafter the committee voted 10-10to kill a motion to table Mac-donald's motion. Macdonald hassaid that his subcommittee willhold public hearings on the bill.

Numerous pay TV proponentshave interpreted the CommerceCommittee action as another boostfor their cause, in pointing to therecent FCC and Court of Appealsauthorization of pay television (seeBM/E, November, 1969, p. 8)and to Staggers' early Octoberletter to the FCC urging delay ofpay TV application grants untilat least after January 31 for thesake of "orderly congressional con-sideration of the matter."

The National Association ofTheater Owners, for whom theFCC may also be holding up payTV application grants, has askedthe Appeals Court for a stay ofits decision upholding the Com-mission's pay TV authorization.

WCBS-FM de -automatesWCBS-FM, the CBS -owned fm sta-tion in New York, dropped the"Young Sound" tape service andwent "live" with six air personali-ties on October 20.

When the FCC forced split pro-gramming for commonly owneda -m and fm stations in major mar-kets three years ago, WCBS-FMelected the least costly separateprogramming route-automation.Now, Herbert W. McCord,WCBS-FM station manager, says itwishes to become a full -service ra-dio station.

The six WCBS-FM air personali-ties are: Tom Clay, K.O. Bailey,Steve O'Shea, Bobby Wayne, BillBrown and Gus Gossert. Gossert,who's also the station's programdirector, emphasized that WCBS-FM'S playlist will contain musicfrom albums and hit singles on thebasis of quality, taste and com-patibility with the station's totalsound.

McCord says this means a muchbroader range of music and lessrepetition of selections than is thepractice at WOR-FM, New York'stop ranked fm station (See BM/E,October, 1969, page 8). Commer-cials should be restricted to eightper hour. The news operation isto draw from the till -news sistera -m station, WCBS Radio 88, butthe delivery should be modified tobe compatible with the station'soverall image.

Educasting triesits thing with TVFm stations may become visual aswell as audio instructional outlets.Educasting Systems Inc., which

has already developed the use ofSCA subcarriers for audio pro-grammed learning systems (seeBM/E, February, 1969, pp. 26-27), has recently received an okayfrom the FCC to go ahead withfeasibility tests for sending still andmoving television pictures on fmstations' subcarriers.

Joining with Educasung in test-ing the feasibility of broadcastingslow -scan television on subchan-nels of the Flint, Michigan, educa-tional fm station, is the Depart-ment of Education of the State ofMichigan. The fm subcarrier sys-tem, assembling a 525 -line -picturein 16 seconds, uses a 5 -kHz band-width for the picture channel. Pic-ture and sound for the programsare prerecorded on cartridge tapes.

The other test-using a regularTV station-involves New YorkCity's municipally owned uhf chan-nel 31, WNYC-TV. Action on thescreen stops periodically and upto four multiple-choice answersflash on the screen in four quad-rants; the student chooses the an-swer by pressing a numbered but-ton. The selected answer stays onthe screen, while the other answersdisappear. Whether and why theanswer is correct is explained bythe audio subcarrier.

NAB and Hollywoodask new flick lawAfter more than four months ofdiscussing CATV regulation andcopyright matters with and with-out the NCTA-before and afterthe NCTA walked out of a negoti-ating session in September-theNAB and film copyright ownershave formalized their respectiverecommendations and have pre-sented them to Senator John L.McClellan's Subcommittee onCopyright.

To date, the only word fromthe subcommittee is that it's mostlikely that the long-awaited, re-vised general copyright bill willbe presented to the full Senateby the end of the month. Unlikethe copyright bill passed by theHouse of Representatives lastyear, this bill would specificallydeal with copyrights and cabletelevision.

Signed by Willard E. Walbridge,chairman of the joint NAB boards,the NAB letter to the Senator saidthat copyright and regulatory legis-lation are "inexorably intertwined"and thus must be passed simulta-neously. Copyright proposals ofthe group of film producers and

8 December, 1969-BM/E

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syndicators were submitted to theSenator by New York attorneyLouis Nizer as a draft of a revisedSection III of the pending copy-right revision bill.

The only proposal not presentedpreviously by the NAB was itssuggestion that a CATV systemget an FCC license-like thebroadcaster-if it wants to origi-nate entertainment programming.Not meant for CATV automatedprograms like weather, time andnews, the NAB recommendationsaid that like broadcasters whocannot own more than one stationin a community, cable televisionoperators originating non auto-mated programs should be barredfrom operating more than oneorigination channel. Other recom-mendations in the NAB proposalwere that:

CAI Vs more than 45 milesfrom any top -100 TV market or 60miles from any other TV market,shouldn't have any restrictions onthe number of distant signals theycan carry. CATV systems within 45 milesof the top -25 markets should carrythree network signals, three inde-pendents and one ETV. The formula for markets 26-50 would be three -two -one, andwould be three -one -one for mar-kets 51-100. CATV systems should substi-tute any new, closer stations fordistant stations they were carrying. Leap -frogging, advertising andinterconnection should be pro-hibited. CPs should be counted as"stations" for three years andwould then be discounted if thestations weren't built. Special charges-per programor per channel-shouldn't be per-mitted. Except where the FCC grantedwaivers, CATV should be grand -fathered regarding signals theyhave carried since December 20,1968. As to copyright liability, sys-tems should pay "reasonable com-pensation; very small systemsshould be exempted from copy-right payments, based on a speci-fied number of subscribers; sta-tion exclusivity should be providedthroughout their service areas;station live originations should befully copyrightable; sports black-outs-including nonprofessionaland nonteam events-must be ob-served by systems; translatorswithin Grade B contours should

be exempt, but fully liable if out-side Grade B contours.

Among the film distributors'legislative proposals were recom-mendations that:

CATV systems with 500 orless subscribers should be exemptfrom liability for copyright in-fringement. Exclusivity periods should beestablished to protect contractswith TV stations in markets wherethe CATV system uses distantsignals. Starting with the date thatthe off -network show is offeredto stations, a two-year protectionperiod for network programs putinto syndication should be insti-tuted. CATVs in the top -75 marketsshould carry only Grade B sig-nals; if they overlap, they shouldn'teven carry these. CATVs should carry up tothree network signals and oneindependent in markets smallerthan the 75th. Compulsory licensing should beasked only of local signals in thetop 75 markets. Leap -frogging should be pro-hibited. Copyright owners should get apercentage of CATVs' gross as

and distributed by theRegister of Copyrights.

NCTA reaction? Editors of theNCTA Membership Bulletin wroteon October 7: "Both groups areto be congratulated for the greatexpense and effort they have put

forth together to see that CATVkeeps its place . . . boy."

Uhf gets $500,000color mobile unitAs part of station plans to developas a local TV facility and telecastin color next year, Kaiser Broad-casting's KBSC-TV, channel 52, Co-rona -Los Angeles, has investedhalf -a -million dollars in a colormobile unit.

The September "acquisition ofthis unit is evidence of KaiserBroadcasting's commitment to de-velop channel 52 as a local tele-vision service and facility," saidGeneral Manager Richard Jolliffe.

Equipment in the $500,000 mo-bile unit includes: three RCA TK-44A cameras with 10-1 zoomlenses; RCA switcher with 12 in-puts, mix, preview, clean feedbuses, Ball special effects; 10 -inputaudio console, RCA cartridge tape;RCA TR-4HB TV tape machine;RCA PK-310 camera with KodakCarousel projector with 75 slidecapacity; and a three -channel in-tercom system.

FCC amends SCA filingTo simplify the filing proceduresfor assignment or transfer of anexisting Subsidiary Communica-tions Authorization, (SCA), theCommission has amended sectionsof the rules by deleting require-ments for filing FCC Form 318.

Student finer tackles communication blackout

Strike and occupation aren't th3 only tactics college students are usi-g to createminority community within communities. University of Buffalo's WBFO-FM, forinstance, has been trying for it with a minority -originated -oriented Saturdayformat financed through a $30,000 CPB grant. Above, satellite studio managerEarl Sinclair prepares for 18 hours of programming. Part of the motivation, saysWBFO-FM manager, is offering whit "something besides the sound of a brickshattering a plate -glass window.

December, 1969-BM/E Circle 106 on Reader Service Card -+

//-

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December, 1969-BM/E

INTERPRETING THE&

REGULATIONS

New Developments in Pay -TVIN DECEMBER, 1968, the FCC issued its FourthReport & Order, 15 F.C.C. 2nd 466 (1968),authorizing virtual nationwide subscription (pay)television (see BM/E, February, 1969, p. 14).

Soon afterwards, the National Association ofTheater Owners petitioned the FCC for a stayin the effective date (June 12, 1969) of the non-technical rules. When this was denied, the peti-tioners went to the U.S. Court of Appeals for theDistrict of Columbia' where the Commission'sFourth Report was upheld without reservation.

To petitioner's allegations that the Communi-cations Act precluded the FCC from approvingSTV, the Court answered: "The Act seems de-signed to foster diversity in the financial orga-nization and modus operandi of broadcasting sta-tions as well as in the content of programs."

The Court also dealt swiftly and succinctlywith the petitioners' other allegations: that theFCC lacked authority to regulate STV rates, thatits failure to give adequate reasons for the deci-sions in the Fourth Report was artibtrary andcapricious, and that it acted in restraint of freespeech. The Court then cautioned the Commis-sion that "regulations which are vague and over-broad, create a risk of chilling free speech, whilerules which are too finely drawn will arouse judi-cial suspicion that they are designed to suppressuncongenial ideas."

The Court felt convinced, however, that theFCC had acted within proper limits in promulgat-ing rules for STV and, without dissent, affirmedthe Fourth Report in its entirety on September30, 1969.

Fifth Report and Order

Pending the Court of Appeals decision, theCommission adopted the first technical standardsfor STV and also specified procedural require-ments for STV applicants (Fifth Report and Or-

* der, FCC 69-950. Docket No. 11279; releasedSeptember 11, 1969). In this Report the Com-mission declared that no applications for STVauthorizations would be granted until 60 daysafter the Court's decision, although they wouldbe accepted for filing immediately.

Technical Considerations

As noted in its Fourth Report, the Commis-sion had originally intended to issue technicalrules before the effective date of June 12, 1969.

But in denying the petition to stay the effec-tive date of the non -technical rules and to with -1. National Association of Theatre Owners v. F.C.C., F. 2d(Case No. 22,623 [1969]).

hold grants of new authorizations until the Courtrendered its opinion, the Commission decidedto issue technical standards "as soon as possiblebut not necessarily before June 12, 1969." Thus,the initial standards discussed below were adoptedSeptember 4, 1969.

Voluminous comments had been filed withthe Commission by various manufacturers (e.g.Zenith, Teco, Inc.). At least one manufacturer(Motorola, Inc.) was concerned over the addi-tional power STV transmission would need sothat the STV signal would be identical to conven-tional TV signals reaching the television receiver.2To this, the Commission declared:

"We expect to ascertain the relative amount ofextra power, if any, to be transmitted in the STVsystems for the encoding information. We antici-pate that, in STV stations, the authorized values ofpeak power for the visual signal, average powerfor the aural signal, and the effective radiatedpowers of each, as based on these values, will notbe increased above values which would be author-ized for the conventional transmission."

If higher average power is actually transmittedby the applicant, the Commission will considerthat fact in evaluating the system for approval.Because exact judgments concerning relative in-terference -causing capability and interferencesusceptibility of STV systems may not be prac-ticable in type -acceptance applications, the Com-mission modified the proposed rule on type -ac-ceptance 073.644) to permit FCC evaluation ofactual STV-system performance..

The Commission held that the type -acceptancerules provide authority to request field test infor-mation, if necessary, as a prerequisite to approval.

Interim procedures were also adopted foradvance approval for STV systems-the schemesfor generating and decoding STV signals. Butsuch approvals will not apply to specific items ofencoding or decoding equipment. The Commis-sion will require use of type -accepted TV broad-cast transmitters. However, just as type acceptanceof conventional synchronizing signal generatorsor color input signal generating equipment neednot now be obtained, no type acceptance will berequired for encoding or decoding STV equip-ment.

Thus. engineering showings in STV authoriza-tion applications must identify the STV systemto be used. which must have been approved pur-suant to §73.644. For STV systems not alreadyapproved, the applicant must submit information2. The STV encoding information (which "scrambles" the videoand aural signals so ordinary TV sets cannot receive them) re-quires additional power which might increase signal -to -interfer-ence ratios with possible co -channel or adjacent channel inter-ference.


The new Sony DXC-5000 video camera is amarvel of simplicity.

To begin with, it uses two tubes instead offour to produce a high -quality picture: onetube for luminance, the other to generate allthree color signals, red, green, and blue.

This saving in tubes alone might simplify theoperating problems, but the matter doesn't endthere. The DXC-5000 has completely automaticcolor temperature compensation and gain con-trol, which does away with all the endlessset-up procedures and readjustments called forby changes in light levels and color tempera-ture. Because of these automatic controls, anyone can learn how to operate the camera inabout three minutes (as opposed to six monthsfor a conventional color camera). And becausethis camera has relatively few parts, it's rea-sonably priced, extremely compact, and weighsa mere 29 pounds.

VIDEO

CAMERASHAVE

SOME

30CONTROLS.

OURS

HAS3.

And what are the DXC-5000's three controls?Vertical registration, horizontal registration,and electronic focusing. As many controls, itso happens, as it takes minutes to learn tooperate the camera.

We urge you to take a quick lesson at yourSony color video camera dealer.

SONY..the better one

SONY CORPORATION OF AMERICA47-47 Van Dam St., Long Island City, New York 11101

I

16Circle 108 on Reader Service Card December, 1969-BINE

necessary for approval under the pertinent pro-visions of §73.644. Applications must also specify,by manufacturer and type number, the proposedSTV equipment (encoders and decoders).

General Application Information

STV authorizations will be granted only tolicensees or permittees of television broadcaststations. If the licensee grants a franchise (forexample, to install and maintain the decodingequipment in the STV subscribers' homes) to abusiness entity which is connected with the opera-tion but is nonetheless a separate and distinctentity from the licensee or permittee, authorizationgoes to the licensee or permittee, and not to thefranchise holder-even if the entities are com-monly owned.

The Commission does not plan to adopt aspecific FCC Form for STV applications. Quali-fied broadcast licensees or permittees must there-fore file a separate STV application, in letterform, in triplicate, with a $150 filing fee. STVapplicants without appropriate broadcast author-izations (see BM/E, Feb. 1969) must file an FCCForm 301 for construction permit, also, in tripli-cate with a filing fee of $150.

The Commission will give public notice of ac-ceptance for filing and will make no grants earlierthan thirty days after the issuance of this publicnotice.

STV applicants must follow rules applicableto local notice of filing set forth in §1.580.

The application must describe definitively theSTV's proposed operations, including:

(1) the methods for disseminating and decoding in-formation needed by subscribers, and for billingand collecting charges, including installationcharges, monthly charges, per -program charges, orany other charges payable by subscribers;

(2) the terms and conditions under which con-tracts will be entered into with subscribers; and

(3) the approproximate number of subscribers itis estimated will be served during the period ofauthorization. It shall also state whether a fran-chise holder, which is a separate business entityfrom the applicant, is to be involved in the pro-posed operation, and, if so, whether and to whatextent the franchise holder and applicant are com-monly owned. If a separate entity is a franchiseholder, the application shall show exactly whatthe responsibilities and functions of the applicantand the franchise holder will be: e.g., who willinstall the scrambling equipment; who will installthe unscrambling equipment attached to sets ofsubscribers; who will service and maintain thatequipment; who will provide information to sub-scribers so that they will know how to adjust theunscrambling equipment to obtain desired pro-grams; who will collect and disburse revenuesobtained from subscribers; who will be chargedwith the responsibility of obtaining programming;and who will be responsible for promotion andsoliciting subscribers. An executed copy of anyagreement, arrangement, or unerstanding betweenthe applicant and the franchise holder concerningtheir respective functions shall be submitted withthe application.

Programming

The Fourth Report contains an exhaustivestudy of programming requirements, one of whichis that stations engaged in STV operations must

CF2 FILMCONDITIONING

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TELEVISION STATIONSThe NEW CF2 film conditioning systemautomatically-CLEANS - LUBRICATES-COATS-CONDITIONS motion picturefilm, providing full brilliance, resolution andclarity to soiled and damaged films andcommercials for TV transmission.

COATS-fills film scratches and surface de-fects, preventing further build-up of dirt, anduniformly coats both cell and emulsion sides.

CLEANS-ultrasonic cleaning removes allsurface contamination, even from scratches andabrasions, providing clean, static -free film.

LUBRICATES- makes brittle film pliable,less liable to cracking, breaking and sprocketslippage during transmission.

Drastic reduction in kinescope maintenancecosts by reducing projector wear caused byabrasive film, particularly on film gates.

CF2 pre -projection run-through permits inspec-tion and repair of open splicing and brokenperforations eliminating embarrassing andexpensive downtime while "on the air".

Afier conditioning, film may be stored for pro-longed periods of time, available for immediatere -use.

This new system was developed from the patentedLipsner-Smith CF2 Ultrasonic Film Cleaner which is"standard equipment" in every major film laboratoryin the U.S. and 46 other countries the world over.

For full details, write or call

LIPSNER-SMITH CORPORATION7334 No. Clark St., Chicago, Ill. 60626 312 338-3040

11803

December, 969-BM/ECircle 109 on Reader Service Card

17

Now there are 14 differentPlumbicon TV CameraTubes.

The Plumbicon family, which made itscommercial debut only three years agowith the "Emmy-winning 55875," hasgrowr to include many new and neededtypes for the expanding TV industry.

The line, now in production or devel-opment. includes tubes for both conven-tional and 'miniature' TV Plumbiconcameras, for retrofitting in Vidicon cam-eras and for image -intensification andother specialized requirements for med-ical, ndustria.: and educational ClosedCircuit Television applications.55875: The original, Emmy-award winningTV camera tube; magnetic deflection andfocus; integral mesh; 1.25 inch diameter.XQI020: Separate mesh version of 55875.X01023: Extended -red -spectral -responseversion of X01020.X41025: Similar to X01023 with additionof infra -red cutoff -filter.7XQ: Fiber -optics faceplate version of

X01020, for use with image intensifier inlow light level television.7XQ/ACT: Same as 7XQ but with 'anti -comet -tail" gun to eliminate "blooming"of super -highlight images.16XQ/XQ1070: One inch retrofit for mostvidicon cameras.19XQ: "Anti -comet -tail" gun version of16XQ/X01070.30XQ: Fiber -optics faceplate version of16X0/X(11070.31X0: Ruggedized version of 16X0/XQ1070.3XQ: 30mm. tube with electrostatic focusand magnetic deflection.15XQ: 30mm., all -electrostatic tube forcameras of reduced size and weight.12XQ: % inch tube with electrostaticfocus and magnetic deflection...for min-iature cameras.21XQ: Extended -red -spectral -responseversion of 12X0.


Selected versions of several of thefourteen types shown above are avail-able for educational, industrial and med-ical closed circuit TV systems. To learnmore, contact us by mail or by phone:Electro-Optical Devices Division,Amperex Electronic Corp.Slatersville, R.I. 02876Telephone:401-762-3800

AmperexTOMORROW'S THINKING IN TODAY'S PRODUCTS

A NORTH AMERICAN PHILIPS COMPANY

broadcast a minimum schedule of non-STV pro-grams (BM/E, February 1969) in addition to theSTV programs.

An applicant simultaneously filing FCC form301 (construction permit), 303 (renewal), 314(assignment), or 315 (transfer), must completeSection IV -B of the required Form as to non-STV programming. Proposed STV programmingmust be included (and segregated from non-STVprogramming) in Part III, Proposed Programming,Section IV -B.

Applicants seeking STV authorization for anexisting station, but not in conjunction with FCCForm 301, 303, 314 or 315, must similarly re-spond, but need not complete that portion ofIV -B relating to Ascertainment of CommunityNeeds unless the non-STV programming (i.e.,news, public affairs and other fare) will be re-duced to a substantial degree.

The new or existing station applicant "shallstate the methods used to ascertain the [STV pro-gramming] needs and interests of the community. . . [and it] shall also show how the proposedSTV programming will fulfill these needs andinterests."

The applicant must also show what percentageof STV time per year will be devoted to each typeof STV programming (e.g., ballet, sports, opera,feature films) including a breakdown, by type, ofprogramming shown from the hours of 8:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m., from 6:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m., andof programs shown during all other hours de-voted to STV programming in a typical week.

Records supporting the representations of pro-posed STV programming must be kept on file at

the station and be open for inspection by theCommission for at least 3 years from the date offiling.

Financial Showing

The Commission has ordered the Ultravisionstandards applicable to STV applicants.3 Thus, anSTV application must show information sufficientfor the Commission to decide that the applicantand franchise holder, whether or not commonlyowned, have the financial capacity to operate forone year following construction.

The application must also contain:

(1) An estimate of costs for installation of STVtransmitting facilities, in place and ready for serv-ice. This estimate should include labor, supplies,etc.(2) A separate notation of installation costs fordecoding equipment in the subscriber's home, aswell as advertising and promotion costs.(3) Estimated costs of operation, on a month -by -month basis during the first year.(4) A showing of enough cash and/or liquid assetsin excess of current liabilities for any construc-tion of STV transmitting equipment for which itmay be responsible (as well as additional ex-penses). The funds must be sufficient for opera-tion for one year.

Furthermore:"If the proposed STV operation involves a fran-chise holder (whether under common ownership

Continued on page 74

3. Ultravision Broadcasting Co., 1 FCC 2d 544, 5 RR 25:1 343[19651.

TOP PERFORMERSSPARTA professional turn-tables demand the finestin Phono Cartridges. TheShure M232 tonearm isspecially designed to meetSPARTA'S professionalstandards. Tracking forcesfrom 11/2 to 5 grams areinstantly adjustable toaccommodate the Shurecartridge of your choice.

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A DIVISION OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT CORPORATION

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this industry standard will be seen inradio stations everywhere. Suppliedas standard on SPARTA systems.

Circle I!! on Reader Service Card

December, 1969-BM/E Circle 112 on Reader Servic

When you care

enough to send the very best.

We could tell you that our microwave systems are performance is so good they're even used for trans -the world's greatest. But you'd expect us to be partial. continental routes.

So we'll just give you some facts and let you judge It's no coincidence that you'll find Lenkurt micro -for yourself. . wave systems in AUTOVON, AUTODIN, INTELSAT, and

For example, our new 78A for the telephone indus- COMSAT networks.try. It's pretty much like everybody else's 960 -channel Or that more than 200 commercial, industrial, andsystem. Except that the linearity and delay character- government customers are operating more than 600istics are so good that it handles 25% more voice chan- separate Lenkurt microwave systems in 40 countries.nets. That's 1200 on short -haul routes. It's the only Over a quarter of a million route miles.baseband system that does. There are plenty of "good" microwave systems

Or our 75C and new 78J for government applica- around. But maybe you're in the market for somethingtions. They're the only heterodyne and baseband sys- more. Call it experience. Call it reputation. Whatever ittems of their kind that can handle 600 DCS circuits with is, a lot of people think Lenkurt has it.100% data loading. So if you care enough to send the very

Then there's our 76 and 78 base- LEAfirghlr FIEL7-Ric best, just tell us your application.band systems for railroads, electric GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS We'll do the rest. Lenkurt Electric Co.,utilities, pipe lines,and TV.Their noise Inc., San Carlos, California.

Microwave Systems from Lenkurt

t'ONVENTION

II uminated peak -reading meter is incorporated into new Altec console.

Spectra Son cs like amp module (left) arsd 30 watt amp (right).

For tape duplicatcrs only-Ampex BLM-200 (above). New Melcor module (below)is model CSM charnel select.

Heard at the AES

Here's a thumbnail rundown onsome significant papers read at thisyear's AES Convention.

Dynamic Presence Equalizer. Thispaper describes the work of Rich-ard G. Allen, Emil L. Torick andBenjamin B. Bauer of CBS Labo-ratories. They have made a newdevice to overcome the deficienciesof poor audio transmission,wherein midrange and high fre-4uency information is lost. Typicalexamples include the tiny speakerin a transistor portable radio, thenoisy interior of a radio -equippedcar, and the head misalignment ofa tape reproducer. In each case,speech becomes less intelligibleand listeners must strain to under-stand words.

The dynamic presence equalizer

BM/E Photos

either expands or compresses mid-range and high -frequency audio,depending on the incoming re-sponse as measured by the equal-izer. A speech -music discriminatordisables the device for music andrecognizes speech by its staccatonature and short-term wide dy-namic range.

The equalizer overcomes loss ofhigh frequencies in speech by acorresponding boost, so that theoverall presence enhances intelligi-bility. The equalization is inhibitedfor music, where it is not needed.

A New Method of AutomaticallyControlling Audio Levels. Pre-sented by Arno M. Meyer of BelarElectronics Laboratory, this paperdescribes the Mod Minder, a newtype of level -control device. Itmonitors the number of audiopeaks per unit time interval. Thenit adjusts the gain according to apreset number. The idea behindthis device is to permit a certainnumber of peaks to get throughin order to increase the dynamicrange in broadcasting while havingsome control over the overall level.

Loudness Measurement and Con-trol in Sound Broadcasting. Pre-pared by R. A. Hackley, H. F.Olson and J. A. Wissner of RCA,this paper described the develop-ment of a loudness meter andcontroller. In the equipment, sub-jective loudness is measured bysplitting it into octave bands, takingnote of the equal -loudness con-tours of the human ear. Whenthe sound pressure level in each


band is determined, the bands aresummed and a total measurementis obtained. The device also givessuitable weighting to the durationof sound impulses, for time alsoaffects loudness.

The development of the loud-ness meter led to a further refine-

known as the loudness con-troller. It is basically an AGCamplifier which controls-and iscontrolled by-loudness ratherthan volume.

The Harmonic Compressor, a Sys-tem for Doubling InformationRates of Speech. This paper de-scribed work done by John W.Breuel and Leo M. Levens of theAmerican Foundation for theBlind. The Foundation suppliesrecorded books to blind persons,some of whom have expressed adesire for an aural equivalent ofspeed-reading. The equipmentdemonstrated enables speed -hear-ing by doubling the rate of speechof the person recording the book.The harmonic compressor is en-tirely electronic, and works bychopping the incoming waveformin half and synthesizing the omittedhalf waves from the remainingones. If input material is presentedat twice the normal speed, thefrequency divider restores theoriginal pitch while the speech rateis retained at double the original.A filter bank is used to removetransients introduced by the split-ting and synthesizing.

Several demonstration tapeswere played. The harmonic com-

December, 1969-BM/E

Compression amplifier type 5752 and 5753 from Norelco/Pye, uses pulse modulation.

Shotgun dynamic mike from AKG sells for $149.

BM/E Photos

pressor is still experimental andgenerates an appreciable amountof distortion.

AES: More StereoTHE NEW YORK Audio Engineer-ing Society Convention was againan unqualified success with some2300 visitors viewing productsshown by some 60 exhibitors occu-pying tar more floor space thanever before. AES officials feel thatnext year's convention will requireeven more space as the conventiongrows in size, interest and com-plexity.

Professional interest in newequipment and techniques at theconvention reached a new high,with concern for the Mets/OriolesWorld Series running a close sec-ond. Indeed, some exhibitors wentto great lengths to pipe in thegames in their display areas, de -

Three -in -one Weigand console has 14 in-puts for 8 -track recorchng. Unit also hasremix capability.

Unveiled by Electrodyne, lighted level in-dicator comes as separate unit, can beadded to most systems.

New head for Neumann KMA mike was shown by Gotham Audio.

BM/E Photos

Dynamic, cartridge type mike model BK-14A, was shown by RCA.

- "R.Super -professional Koss phones, type ESP -6,contain self -energizing polarizing source.

- NO ILFour -channel panpot rack mountable unitwas introduced by Gately.

spite the Society's ban on loud-speakers on the exhibit floor.

Multi -Track Burgeons

Even more than last year, multi-track recording stood out as afront-runner. There were the Am-pexes, 3Ms and Scullys, but therewere also newcomers-names likeGauss Electrophysics, Creatronicsand United Research Laboratory.There were consoles, big and small,with many emphasizing multitrack.Big boards were shown by Electro-dyne, Audio Designs, Weigand,Gotham Audio, Automated Proc-esses and RCA. Smaller consolettesand mixers highlighted displaysby Shure, Gately, Fairchild andGotham. Building-block moduleswere displayed by Moser, SpectraSonics, Quad -Eight and Melcor.

Equipment by Ampex includedthe MM -1000 two-inch recorderwith capacity up to 24 tracks.This recorder was shown at lastyear's AES, but until recently, wasnot in actual production. Also inthe Ampex booth was an endless -loop master tape bin for cassetteand 8 -track cart duplication. Thebin, model BLM-200, uses a one -

inch master at 60 or 120 ips. Bincapacity is 1200 feet.

Scully showed current versionsof its multitrack equipment, withthe added feature of cleaning gauzeautomatically dispensed during re-cording. Also re -exhibiting itsmultitrack gear was 3M. New thisyear was a redesigned remote con-trol panel for the recorder.

Multitrack consoles made up ofdiscrete modules and buildi ngblocks were shown by Weigand,Fairchild (with a new portableconsole), Electrodyne, Audio De-signs, RCA, Automated Processesand Gotham Audio. Mini -mixerswere shown by Shure and Gately.

Variations on the theme-non-multitrack recorders were shownby: Nagra-the Mark IV, shownlast year, but not available untilnow; Philips with multi -channelloggers as well as last year's two-channel 1/4 -inch machine; Tand-berg with its portable which offersa film -sync option; Stellavox-notthat new but with a homegrownDIN/Cannon plug converter; andLang with a new transport mech-anism for studio recording.

New peak indicators usinggraduated lights were shown forthe first time by both Altec Lans-ing (as part of its console) andElectrodyne. Console moduleswere displayed by Moser, SpectraSonics, Quad -Eight and Melcor.

More companies were involvedwith instrumentation. On displaywas measuring equipment fromHewlett-Packard, General Radio,Philips (Pye), Crown Internationaland Creatronics.

Microphones were featured byShure, RCA, AKG (Philips), Elec-tro-Voice, Neumann (Gotham) andSennheiser. New tape formulationswere talked about at 3M, Amperand BASF. Unusual performerswere a disc -calibrating p h onopickup by Stanton Magnetics anda stereo synthesizer from Para -sound. BM/E

24 December, 1969 BM/E

For the finestin solid state amplifiers

...look and listento Gates

AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL AMPLIFIERThe most flexible unit you can buy! Features include: Selective "fast, medium, slow"recovery times; a better than 30: 1 compression ratio; up to 15 dB expansion; separateexpansion and compression disable switches; separate input and outputattenuators. All silicon solid state andfield tested. Model No. 994-6629.

FM LIMITER

Instant peak control! Features include: 30 dB extended control range; fast attack time;low distortion; selectable "fast, medium, slow" recovery times; a higher than 30:1compression ratio; separate input and output attenuators; readily accessible circuitcomponents; unique dynamic recoverycircuit. All silicon solid state andfield tested. Model No. 994-6631.

AM PEAK LIMITERPeak limiting without clipping! Features include: 3 to 5 micro -second attack time; 30:1compression ratio allows 99.5% negative modulation without over -modulation; automaticphase reversal with asymmetrical limiting and positive peak modulation levels of 110% or120% with negative peaks limitedto 100%. Completely solid state andfield tested. Model No. 994-6543.

For more information, write Gates Radio Company.Quincy, Illinois 62301.

HARRISINTERTYPE

CORPORAT.OH

GA TESA DIVISION OF HARRIS-INTERTYPE

December, 1969-BM/ECircle 113 on Reader Service Card

25

CONVENTIOiNG

Broadcast Engineers Hear Ideas on Cleaning up Signals

PRESENTATIONS at IEEE 19th An-nual Broadcast Symposium couldgenerally be classed one of twoways: how -to -do -it -easier or how-to -do -it -better. There was no cen-tral theme and coverage of radio,TV and CATV was balanced.Since BM/E's theme this issue iscleaning up signals, we'll reviewthe how -to -do -it -better ideas first.

The need to do a lot better isnecessary judging from the resultsof an experiment reported by Wen-dell C. Morrison of RCA for theJCIC Ad Hoc Committee on ColorTV. Morrision described hue andsaturation differences transmittedby three different Chicago stationswhich were getting identical feeds.The differences were analyzed oneight receivers at three differentreceiving sites. Phase shifts of asmuch as 19.9 degrees and satura-tion variations of 27.3 percent be-tween stations were logged at theeight different receivers. Morrisondrew these conclusions: Transmitter performance andmonitoring techniques are inade-quate. Portions of the system affectthe signal significantly. The transmission system alonedoes not account for the changesfrequently observed-the propaga-tion path is a factor.

Morrison pointed out that whenreceivers incorporate automaticchroma control circuits the satura-tion changes are not as pronouncedas those observed in the test.

Measurements were collected atfour test points within the system:output of signal sources, input tothe station's live and distributionamplifiers, output of transmitter(as detected by diode demodula-tors), input to receiver (after an-tenna, 10 -dB pad and demod-ulator). The stations did not followidentical practices during theirsetup procedures, Morrison re-ported, hence variations were tobe expected.

Observations and advice thatemerged from the panel discussion,"How Can We Improve Our ColorImage?" included these points:

Studio and Field: Standardizeon methods of matching cameracharacteristics and lining up equip-ment to eliminate differences thatoccur due to varying operator andtechnician styles. Do a better jobof lining up the video system. Per-mit no picture painting for studioconditions-Blair Benson, CBS. Transmitter Equipment: Trans-mitters are more stable than inearlier years. New transmitters willhave tighter specs. Progress inimproving correction equipment,demodulators and measuring equip-ment is expected. Short-term andlong-term variations depend on op-erating procedures. Do VITS test-ing. Continuous monitoring is amust. Old transmitters can be ad-justed, holding the adjustment isthe challenge.-Frank Bias, GE Long Lines. Since there are4000 repeaters in use throughoutthe U.S.A., it is difficult to specifystandard network performance ex-cept on a statistical basis. Ob-jectives contained in NTC ReportNo. 5 call for differential gainshifts of no more than 15 percentand differential phase variations ofno more than 5 degrees. Most re-peaters do better and none doworse (each repeater is servicedonce every four months). There'sa good cooperation between thenetworks and the telco, but net-works never sit still (for example,a football program has local, re-gional and national inputs).-Charles Carter, AT&T Receivers. Receiver manufac-turers tinker with circuitry untilthe picture looks good. Engineersdon't design according to stand-ards, but to get a true flesh tone.But, standards shouldn't be aban-doned. Prior to 1953, receiverswere broad band and had I.Q. de-coders, but these were abandonedbecause of their high cost. Soona true I.Q. receiver will again bepossible at a low cost due to ad-vances in integrated circuits. Thus,transmitter engineers should ob-serve NTSC standards even thoughset designers haven't. Good liaisonbetween broadcasters and receiver

BM/E Photo

John H. DeWitt, Jr. shows his power linenoise source locator, available from In-ternational Nuclear Corp.

manufacturers can improve the pic-ture-Norman Parker, Motorola. Telecine: Color variability in16mm commercial film is wide andit's impossible to anticipate whatcorrection should be applied topiggy -backed commercials. How-ever, if the telecine is set up toaccurately reproduce the film, thenfilm standards on color balance,etc., could be established and ob-served.-Roger J. Ross, CBC

Ben Wolfe, moderator of thepanel, recommended that TV sta-tions periodically do a proof -of -performance check even thoughnot required by the FCC. In adiscussion of color standards, CBSand CBC reported better controlby setting color monitors to 6500K.

Other sessions in the how -to -do -it -better category covered use ofthe flashing light programmingmodulation monitor (see BM/E,June 1969, page 50) and a newway to detect sources of powerline interference. John DeWitt, Jr.described how to use a portablenoise source locator to detect noiseemanating from faulty power lines.Using a combination loop anddipole antenna, the noise locatoridentifies the direction from whichthe noise is coming. The superhetreceiver feeds both a dB meter anda loudspeaker. Weighing only 51/2


26 Circle 14 on Reader Service Card -4.

Under $10,

The PK-730 -smaller, lighter, less expensive thanany color studio camera yet available. Uniquesingle tube, solid-state design features full -fidelitycolor, unsurpasse 1 operating ease. Unskilledoperators can handle this ea hero with ease sinceonly five controls are needed_ It weighs less than50 pounds and is r o bigger than conventionalmonochrome cameras.Price includes: Camera, Viewfinder6:1 Zoom Lens for smooth transitions fromwide-angle shots in extreme close-ups,NTSC Compatible Encoder, 50' Camera Cable,Remote Control Panel and Cable.

CPCUIT

Now, even the low -budget CATV user canafford to switch from the "gray" world of mono-chrome to the high -impact, attention -grabbing."real" world of color! RCA has created colorcameras capable of achieving superb color TVperformance with non-professional personnelat the lowest price ever!

Since color is now the accepted means of viewingtelevision. colorful CATV is the trerd of the times.And now it's ever -so -easy to be a pacesetter withRCA's new color cameras that topple the costbarriers for local programming in color.Now's the time to join the color revolution. Youcan "tell it like it is" and save thousands!

The PFS-710, a complete system made especially for colorpresentations of 16mm sound films and 35mm slides. It includeseverything you need-camera, prcjectors and multiplexer -in amobile cart just 4 feet long and 2 feet deep.And it's about as easy to use as showing home movies.

Price includes: Camera, Optical System, NTSC Compatible Encoder,PFP-1600 16mm Film Projector, Slide Projector,Camera Control Panel, Projector Control Panel, Mobile Cart.

RCA 800 Series VTRs have bat, record andplayback capability and produce pleasing high -resolution coor pictures. Pushbutton controls andsimple threacing enhance ease of operation. Useas a portable or rack -mount unit. Can be remote -controlled. S op motion is standad. Slow motionand electronic editing are also available. Onehour of conti-wous recording car be made on an8 -inch NAB reel, using 1 -inch tape.

Price includes tape recorder, complete withcolor module..

111111111111111.1111

137

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The PK-610 is a solid state, 3-vidicon camera forthose who require maximum quality at moderatecost. Designed specifically for film use, it givestruly professional results. A full complement ofcontrols permits precise operation at the cameraor remotely from a console. And, since it isvirtually impossible to misalign the system,registration is reduced to a "touch-up". Combinedwith a new optical multiplexer, professional 16mmand slide projectors, the PK-610 is a superbsystem, producing sparkling, vibrant colors andcrisp, audience -pleasing images.

Color will improve

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One possible way to read out stereo phase is fo use VU meter summing L R from off -the -a r monitor.

Keep Your Stereo PhasedFazed by stereo phasing? Erase thosecostly phase differences with sound engi-neering practices and with motivatedcombo men.

THE STEREO FM BROAD-CASTER is constantlyplagued by the vagariesof proper phasing. Evenbigger than this prob-lem is the fact thatmany fm-ers are com-pletely unaware that theproblem exists. So saysRobert Richer, vicepresident and generalmanager of Quality Me-dia, Inc., a supplier of

packaged programs to broadcast stations.There are phase difficulties in varying degrees

-from five degrees to as much as 180 degrees.If your station's signal should go as far as 180°out of phase, the result is murder for monophoniclisteners-by far the biggest segment of today'sfm audience. The received mono signal in suchcases is not a full L -F R program, but in fact ismissing key elements that have been cancelledout. The effect is the same as if your transmitterpower had suddenly dropped. There's also dis-tortion, the music sounds thin and unappealing

and announcers sound as if they have a speechimpediment.

No Time for Phasing

Richer caught a very prominent phasing prob-lem while listening recently to a station in amajor market. He called the station owner totell him about it, and was told, "Yes, I know. Thestation's been out of phase for about a week now,but I've just been so darned busy, I haven't hada chance to get to it." Richer wonders how muchof its audience that station has held onto. We'rewondering, too.

Actually, correcting a serious phase outagecan be quick, simple and painless, if the outageis 180°. Simply reverse the patch plug (if you'reusing standard dual -prong audio plugs) in eitherthe left or right channel. That's a quick and dirtymethod that helps preserve your mono audience.Getting at the root of the phase problem canbe a much more complicated matter.

There are several possible causes of phaseoutages: Tape head misalignment. Out -of -phase tapes or records. Out -of -phase elements in the control consoleand other station equipment in the circuit. Telco line problems between the studio andtransmitter.

Richer believes that the extreme case of 180°

December, I 969-BM/E 31

is no longer the major difficulty today. His con-tention is backed up by many sterT broadcasterswho have this problem pretty well undef conaol.It's the slight phase differences that are the mostacute ones, since they produce an annoyancerather an obviously bad or attenuated signal.Given enough of these petty annoyances, or asteady diet of phase outage, and your audiencecan dwindle very rapidly. First thing they'll dois twirl the dial looking for a station that soundsgood to them and fits their taste. If there justisn't any such station, the next step in the listenerrevolt is to turn the radio off.

Engineers Must Care

Too many stations suffer from lackadaisicalengineering practices. You can install a phasemeter-a simple matter of hooking a bridge acrossthe stereo monitor's output to feed an outboardVU meter. But if that meter's going to do anygood, someone has to look at it. Will your combonight man simply ignore the meter, walk out ofthe control room when a 15 -minute tape is on,and just forget about good practice in general?Attitude is at least as important as technicalcapability.

If you suspect a chronic phase problem, byall means hook up the circuit and VU metershown in the schematic. At least your desk manwill have an opportunity to know what's goingon. If you find that 180° phase outage is a con-tinuing problem with records and tapes, theninstall a phase -reversing switch on the board tobe flipped when the meter does not deflect upwardwith modulation.

Another check is an oscilloscope fed by bothstereo channels. The scope will show phasechanges instantly with a high degree of precision.At least one station, Chicago's WFMT, uses Mar-antz 10B stereo tuners for monitoring in thestation and in the homes of key station personnel.This tuner features a one -inch oscilloscope screenused as a tuning and stereo indicator. It will alsolet you know if the station is out of phase andhow the stereo balance and separation are. AlfredAntlitz, WFMT's manager of engineering, says thatthe station is now in the process of installinglarge -screen scopes in both of its control roomsto improve the monitoring situation.

Some engineers prefer to monitor the boardrather than off the air; it sounds better, they say.This can be suicide! First, you must knowwhether or not you're on the air. Second, therecould be some phase shift in the telco line be-tween your studio and the transmitter. Off -the -airmonitoring would certainly show up telco lineproblems right away, and you might be able tocompensate for them at the studio temporarilyuntil the trouble is cleared up.

Mono (L+R) off -the -air monitors feed speak-ers in the office areas of many stereo stations.During the day, at least, the station's clerical per-sonnel make an excellent monitoring crew withinstructions to yell for the engineer the minute

they hear anything strange. But this only worksfor eight hours of the broadcasting day. The restof the time, it's up to that man riding the board.

Previewing Averts Disasters

The most common culprits in phase crimi-nology continue to be records and tapes. NewYork's WTFM previews all records, not only instereo but in mono as well. This way, the pre-viewer knows instantly if a disc has a phase prob-lem and can label it as such. Records that failthe phase test go right into the garbage pail atthis station.

According to WTFM's chief engineer, Ed Karl,careful engineering of the studio and its equip-ment will eliminate at least 99 percent of all phaseproblems. One continuing possible source oftrouble, he says, is the dual -prong audio patchcord. At his station, they're color -coded with redon the right side. But there's always that chancethat a plug will be put in reversed. "If I werere -doing the station from scratch," says Karl,"I'd use three -conductor, single -prong plugs forpatching. This way there would be absolutely noopportunity for patching to cause phase prob-lems."

A useful trick is to listen carefully when youcue up a record or tape. In the cue position onmost stereo consoles, the cue speaker gives youa full L -FR signal. If there's a phase problem,and the desk man is interested, he'll spot it in-stantly. Stereo carts can be another problem. AtNew York's WRFM, commercials in stereo tendto have serious phasing errors-often going inand out of phase. As a rule of thumb, that stationuses only mono spots on carts, especially if there'sa jingle or any kind of music on it.

WTFM on the other hand, emphasizes stereoall the way, including its commercials. But it too,has had trouble with stereo carts. Major problemhere was the three -channel head. Ed Karl simplycouldn't find a mass-produced three -channel carthead that worked to his satisfaction. He foundthat production -line heads are not only frequentlyout of phase track -to -track, but alignment withinthe head has also tended to be a problem. As aresult, the station has had its stereo cart headsmade to order. Karl says the extra cost amountedto only $15 per head over the price of the mass-produced items.

Ideas for gimmicking up the stereo lines comefast and furious, once you start attacking thephase problem. But all that's really needed issome careful engineering in studio design, and aman on the board who cares. You can have allthe fancy indicators you want, but if that nightman doesn't eyeball them, your station will loselisteners. One last thought: if you want to rideherd on a carefree night man and have personnelproblems (and who doesn't?), you might hook upa repeater for the VU phase meter. The repeatercan be a low-cost strip -chart recorder in a lockedcabinet. Next morning, you can tell at a glance ifthe playboy has been doing his job or not. BM/E


NEW FAIRCHILDREVERBERTRON

Fairchild irtroduces the Reverbertron 659. There aremany reasons why this new artificial reverberator maybe considered outstanding: 1. The sound has the same

natural, real -life quality as the world's finest acousticchambers. The sound capability, with full range

equalization, supersedes all other artificial reverberatorswithin its price range. 2. A switch selects local or remote

operation for 3 deg-ees of reverberation control: (dry,premix 1. premix 2). The 659 also has an

exclusive selector for short, medium or long decay times.3. Frequency response range from 20 hz to 20 Khz on thedry channel (± 1 db) compares with 50 hz to 6 Khz on thereverberation channel with a range of adjustment to 15

db. S'N is 10 db improved over previous models.4. Operation of the Reverbertron 659 is effective for inputlevels as low as -30 dbm; output levels up to +18 dbm.Transformer isolated input and output impedance is 600ohms or 150 ohms balanced or unbalanced. 5. Allelectronics are on easy pug -in P.C. boards; all signalsare metered; controls have continuous mix facilities.6. The Reverbertron 659 is compact; the total spacerequirements are only 223/4" high x 19" wide x 10" deep.7. The price is low. It is a good value because Fairchild isboth a custom designer and a component manufacturer.A number of other advanced features make the newFairchild Reverbertron 659 highly suitable for broadcastor recording purposes. Contact your Fairchild Distributoror write Fairchild for more data. FAIRCHILDRECORDING EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, Dept.BME 12, 10 -4045th Avenue, Long Island City, N.Y. 11101.

U. S. Patent #3436674

DESKTOP MODULE CONSOLE / LUMITEN / REVERBERTRON 658B / INTEGRATED CONTROL MODULE / REVERBERTRON 659 / REMOTE. AUDIO CONSOLE

Circle 133 on Reader Sarvice Card

Sweep -FrequencyMeasurementsfor Broadcast SystemsOne of the most useful methods of making measurements over a band offrequencies is to use a sweep -signal generator and an oscilloscope read-out. The system is fast, accurate within one percent, and instantly displaysthe effect of any adjustment to the device or system under test.

By Jim PlumbSWEEP - FREQUENCYTESTING can be used inbroadcasting to meas-ure such parameters asantenna impedance,video amplitude andphase linearity. Thetechnique describedhere shows amplitudeand phase vs frequencyon an oscilloscopescreen. You can meas-ure input and output

impedances as well as the gain or loss of the de-vice or system under test. The equipment usedhas a phase resolution of less than one degree andamplitude resolution of less than one percent ofthe reference used. An overall accuracy of plusor minus one percent may be obtained if accuratereference impedances are used over a limited fre-quency and amplitude range.

In Section 73.54 of FCC Rules, detailed in-structions are given for measuring the powerinput to an a -m broadcast antenna system. Anantenna or common -point ammeter is used to in-dicate rf current, and power is computed by theformula .

P = 12 Rwhere P is power in watts, I is rms antenna orcommon -point current in amperes, and R is an-tenna or common -point resistance in ohms. TheRules require a series of measurements of bothresistance and reactance at the operating fre-quency and at points 5, 10, 15 and 20 kHz oneither side of the operating frequency. Good en-gineering practice and the Rules require that an-tenna or common -point reactance at the operatingfrequency be reduced as near to zero as practical.

The usual method of measuring antenna orcommon -point resistance and reactance is with anrf signal generator, an rf impedance bridge (suchas the General Radio 1606-B or 916 -AL or theHewlett-Packard 250B) and a communicationsreceiver as a null indicator. While this system hassufficient precision, it's time consuming; several

Jim Plumb is an engineer with the Hewlett-PackardCompany, Loveland, Colorado.

minutes are required to make each measurement,you have to make at least nine readings, and someengineers prefer to take additional measurementsto insure the accuracy of the smooth curve whichis plotted and submitted to the FCC.

In many cases the radiating system must beadjusted to zero reactance, and this requires sev-eral sets of measurements before the goal is ac-complished. These measurements are normallymade late at night when the station is off the air.With the necessity for slow and painstaking work,it's not uncommon for the job to take all night,or even several nights. If your station programs24 hours, the all-night programming must be sus-pended for as long as the measurements and ad-justments take. That deprives the public of abroadcast service, and your company of revenue,for that period.

By contrast, the measurement technique de-scribed here maintains the required accuracy andtakes less time than the bridge method. Also, an-tenna or common -point impedance is displayedon a crt and you can see the effect of system ad-justments immediately.

Measurement Technique

These measurements are made with a sweep -signal generator and its associated tracking de-tector, such as the Hewlett-Packard Model 675A/676A network analyzer. If nighttime skywave in-terference at the antenna is no problem, the Hew-lett-Packard 11138A impedance adapter may beused with the network analyzer to make imped-ance measurements. The circuit arrangement isshown in Fig 1.

The network analyzer is designed to makegain and phase measurements of low -impedance(50 or 75 ohms) amplifiers, filters, cables andsimilar circuits. It does this by supplying a con-stant -level, swept rf signal to the input of the cir-cuit under test, and simultaneously to a reference,which is a precision resistor or a short piece ofcoax. After passing through the two networks, thesignals are fed to the detector portion of the an-alyzer for measurement, and are converted to dcvoltages. One such voltage is proportional to thegain or loss in decibels, another to the phase shift


SWEEPGEN

RF

UN KNOWN

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REFERENCE

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DUALTRACESCOPE

Fig. I. Measuring equipment is connected as shown. Reference may be resistor or short piece of coaxial cable, dependingon parameter being measured by analyzer.

N

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Fig. 2. Dipped trace indicates impedance, ascendingtrace phase angle, of a whip antenna under test.

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25

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25 30FREQUENCY, MHz

Fig. 3. Trace has been expanded vertically over thatshown in Fig. 2 of same antenna.

1 1.5FREQUENCY, MHz

Fig. 5. Impedance of a 1570 -kHz BC antenna. Pips aresignals of stations on nearby channels.

2

20

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100

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in degrees. A third is available which indicates thedifference in gain in decibels between the test andthe reference.

The dc voltages are fed to a dual -trace oscil-loscope whose horizontal input is driven by thesweep generator to display the band of frequenciesof interest.

Generator current I flows in unknown imped-ance Z., (the total resistance and reactance of theantenna or common point under test) and dropsvoltage E. across it. The analyzer measures theamplitude and phase of E0.

The adapter converts the 50 -ohm output ofthe network analyzer into a 33,000 -ohm circuit,changing it from a voltage source to a currentsource. At the same time, it isolates the 50 -ohmterminating impedance of the network analyzer,providing a high -impedance, voltage -sensing portfor the measurement of E0.

In practice, the antenna under test is con-nected to one analyzer channel, and a nonreactive,100 -ohm reference resistor is connected to theother. The result is shown in Fig. 2, where onescope trace indicates impedance in ohms, while theother indicates phase angle in degrees. The tracesshown are for a loaded whip antenna. Measure-ment range can be expanded, as shown in Fig. 3,simply by increasing oscilloscope vertical sensitiv-ity as desired.

The phase measurement is calibrated by press-ing a pushbutton which feeds a fixed 5 -degreesignal (accurate within 0.2 degree) into the cir-cuit, moving the scope trace 5 degrees. There isalso a 100 -degree button for other scales. Am-plitude measurements are calibrated with a preci-sion attenuator in the sweep -signal generator.

Since the impedance adapter converts the net-work analyzer source impedance simply by puttinga high resistance in series with it, available outputcurrent is reduced. As a result, the generator sig-nal may easily be overridden at the antenna byinterfering skywave signals from other broadcaststations. The solution to this problem is an imped-ance adapter using a current -amplifier stage. Fig.4 is the schematic of such an adapter, which isused in place of the one previously described.

Equipment Operation

Fig. 5 shows the results obtained when theanalyzer and adapter were used to measure theimpedance of a broadcast antenna whose operat-ing frequency is 1570 kHz.

When using the bridge method, the operatorreads out resistance and reactance as separatequantities on the bridge dials. You can't do thiswith the analyzer; on the other hand, you canread total impedance and phase angle on the scopescreen.

Notice that in Fig. 5 the antenna is reactiveat its operating frequency of 1570 kHz. For a de-tailed examination of this antenna, the expanded -scale feature was used. The results are shown inFig. 6.

Signals from interfering stations can be seen

in both Figs. 5 and 6; the carrier and sidebandsare clearly visible. More important, though, is thatthe phase angle of the antenna is 37 degrees andits impedance is 100 ohms. The resistance isfound by

R = Z cos = 100 cos 37 = 80 ohmsIn practice, you adjust the antenna system

until the phase angle is reduced substantially tozero, removing nearly all reactance from the sys-tem. At that point, the impedance trace on theoscilloscope indicates the resistance value, whichis used to compute rf power.

The same techniques used to measure antennaimpedance can be used to measure video param-eters. Knowledge of any amplitude and phasedistortion introduced in video processing equip-ment between camera and transmitter is importantto the television broadcast engineer, particularlyin color TV.

To measure amplitude response, connect thedevice under the test into one channel of the net-work analyzer, without using either impedanceadapter described above.

Fig.. 7 is a dual -trace presentation of theamplitude response of a video amplifier. Note thatboth traces contain identical information; the up-per trace shows overall response scaled at 10 dB/div, while the lower is scaled at 1 dB/ div, anduses the amplitude -difference output of the an-alyzer. That output has the greatest precision andresolution, and with a precision attenuator in thereference channel, you can get accuracy of 0.05dB and resolution of 0.02 dB.

Phase Response

An ideal network, whether active or passive,has linear phase response; its phase -vs -frequencycurve is a straight line. But no practical networkhas ideal phase response. Nonlinear phase responsecan be lived with in audio circuits, but in color tele-vision it's a critical factor. If phase response devi-ates seriously from linear, color -TV picture qualityis affected.

To measure phase response, the analyzer com-pares time lag in the unknown with that in thereference channel. The readout looks like Fig. 8.

If the phase response of a network, is linear,its envelope delay (or group delay) is constant.Mathematically, envelope delay is the first deriva-tive of phase shift with respect to angular fre-quency, and is given by

dckD -d(c)

Delay D is in seconds; if angular frequency is con-verted to frequency in Hertz, the equation be-comes

dck 1D - dF 360

The point is that if D is constant, all frequencycomponents of a composite video signal are de -


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Fig. 6. This is both horizontal and vertical scale expan-sion of signals shown in Fig. 7 on page 35.

0 5

FREQUENCY, MHz

Fig. 8. Phase response as measured by the analyzer showseffect of increasing frequency in video amplifier.

layed by the same amount of time. Envelope de-lay is useful because you can measure it mucheasier than phase shift. Thus most phase linearityspecifications are written in terms of seconds ofdelay from some reference. Remember that theabsolute amount of delay is unimportant; onlythe deviation from reference is important.

To relate phase information (which is readout on the scope) to envelope delay information,consider the preceding equation. If do is taken as(0-40 and df as (f2-f,) then a swept band-width of 27.8 MHz provides the correct scalefactor so that (02-01) over the 27.8 -MHz band-width represents envelope delay in 10-i nanosec-onds. That is, each degree of phase shift represents0.1 nanosecond of envelope delay.

Of course, the indicated value will be only themean value for any but linear phase shift. How-ever, if you consider the phase shift for a 2.78

10

20

10

cor, 20

.71 19

CD

18

0

-200

-300

17

0 10

FREQUENCY, MHz20

Fig. 7. Amplitude response of a video amplifier. Upp:irtrace is 10 dB/c5v; lower is I dB/div.

0 27.8FREQUENCY, MHz

Fig. 9. By compa-"ng maximum, mean and minimum slopesof trace you obtain delay deviation from reference.

MHz frequency segment (one scale division onthe scope if it's set up to sweep 27.8 MHz), youwill see that each degree represents 1.0 nanosec-ond of envelope delay. If the phase shift isn'tlinear, use the mean value as the reference delay.Then compare the maximum and minimumslopes, as observed within any 2.78 -MHz segmentof the display, to the mean to obtain deviationfrom the reference.

Fig. 9 shows an example, the nonlinear phaseresponse of a video amplifier. Sweep is set so thateach horizontal division represents 2.78 MHz,and each vertical division represents 50 degrees(50 ns). The envelope delay deviations can thusbe measured with nanosecond resolution.

In Fig. 9, the maximum slope is 45 ns, theminimum 10 ns, and the mean, 25 ns. Envelopedelay is thus 25 + 20 - 15 ns, and envelopedelay distortion is ± 17.5 ns. BM/E


Now It's

PHASE-- SPLITTER

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MONO -STABLEMLN.TIVIBRATOR

METER'DRIVERAMPL.

REFERENCE

REFERENCE

IIEFER

Block diagram of fast -response modulafionmonitor shows circuits that let it read leveldespite signal polarity.

Blinking Lights for TVMEASURING FM MODU-LATION has been a head-ache for the broad-caster as well as theFCC. The broadcastermust use a "Type -Ap-proved" monitor tomeasure his modula-tion while the FCCfield monitoring trucksmay use a number ofdifferent methods tocheck a station's modu-

lation level. And there's the rub-a properlycalibrated fm monitor will agree precisely withthe field truck's measurement when a single toneis broadcast. But if the tone is more complexthan that-the usual condition in today's stereobroadcasting-then the correlation breaks down.

Playing it Safe

To complicate matters further, the broad-caster will use a limiter ahead of the transmitterto keep him "safe" from overmodulating. Butif he uses a conventional limiter, he'll only besafe if he restricts his modulating frequenciesto below 2000 Hz, since the pre -emphasis inthe transmitter causes a rising frequency response.The conventional limiter limits all frequenciesequally, so that for a constant limiter output, themodulation level out of the transmitter for 4000Arno M. Meyer is president of Belar Electronics Lab-oratory, Inc., Upper Darby, Pa.

Hz is 6 dB greater than for 400 Hz; at 15,000Hz the modulation level is 17 dB greater. Theone saving grace that prevents the broadcasterfrom modulating at these astronomical levels isthat most of the program energy is concentratedin a 3 -to -4 -kHz bandwidth. Thus the degree ofovermodulation is only 3 to 6 dB.

Today's limiters have pre -emphasis in thecontrol circuit, which prevents overmodulation.The drawback, however, is that the overall modu-lation level will be low, since the level of the mid -frequencies is depressed. One answer to this isto stop the pre -emphasis in the limiter controlcircuit at 3 to 4 kHz.

If the broadcaster had accurate audio process-ing equipment, the measurement of modulationwould then be academic. But since the broad-caster does not, it becomes most important thathe have accurate monitoring equipment. The mod-ulation monitor should provide two functions:it should accurately indicate modulation peaksas well as the average level.

The FCC rules on multiplex modulation mon-itors require the peak indicator, "peak flasher,"to be independent of modulation polarity. Thepeak flasher must accurately indicate a peak thatexceeds a preset level whether it is positive orncgative. A properly designed peak flasher cir-cuit works very well in indicating this peak. Thepresent rules require that the lamps stay on fromtwo to four seconds, but a number of peaks mayoccur during this time so that the lamp onlyindicates one peak. This causes a lack of cor-relation with other methods of modulation meas-

38 December, 1969 -BM/E

urement. Suggestions have been made to cutthis time down to 50-150 milliseconds.

The FCC rules also call for a metering circuitthat accurately measures the peak value of acomposite multiplex signal. A properly designedpeak modulation meter circuit will not onlymeasure the composite signal but will measureprogram material more accurately. There areproposals that assume that a metering circuit isnot capable of performing the above functionsand strong suggestions have been made to dis-card them in favor of instantaneous lamp indicat-ing devices. But before we throw out the metersand take on new problems, we should know whatis wrong with meters to begin with.

First of all, the metering circuits in today'smonitors respond to only one polarity at a time,the one selected by the polarity switch. Thuswhen the peak flasher indicates a peak, chancesare its polarity was opposite to the modulationmeter polarity. And since there's no way to guessthe polarity of the program material, this con-tinues to be a problem with present systems.

The charging time constant of the peak rec-tifier circuit must be extremely short to respondaccurately to short -duration program peaks. Itis this characteristic in particular that makes amodulation meter differ from a VU meter. En-gineering -wise, it is no great feat to make amodulation meter do this. The decay time con-stant of 500 to 800 milliseconds called for bythe FCC provides good integration to displayaverage level.

Since a peak metering circuit can be designedand economically manufactured to respond ac-curately to short duration peaks (such as theBelar FMM-1) the real problem is to make itindependent of modulation polarity. The blockdiagram shows a modulation measuring systemthat solves these two problems. The basebandsignal is split and applied to a peak detector cir-cuit that automatically selects the higher of thetwo polarities and rectifies the signal to drivethe modulation meter through the meter ampli-fier. The switch permits selection of either thepositive or negative polarity; it also automaticallyselects the higher of the two polarities.

Is it Negative or Positive?

When the metering circuit is busy selecting thepolarity, there may be a need to know whatinstantaneous polarity the meter is measuring.The two comparators sense the indicated signaland display the polarity on positive and negativesignal lamps. The baseband signal is split andapplied to the Schmitt comparator in the peakflasher circuit. The potentiometer presets thecomparator to fire from 50 to 120 percent. Thecomparator drives the monostable multivibratorwhich determines the duration of the lamp.

This modulation measuring system is incor-porated in Belar's new TV aural modulationmonitor soon to go into production. Field testsindicate that its accuracy will more than satisfy

the demand for accurate modulation monitoringof program material. It will respond to short -duration peaks and since the metering is inde-pendent of modulation polarity, it tracks withthe flasher on program peaks. Because it is ametering circuit that conforms to the ballisticrequirements of the FCC rules, it displays theaverage program levels accurately.

Instantaneous lamp indicating devices havemany drawbacks and problems to be solved. Themain one is that they measure levels in discretesteps. To cover the range from 0 to 130 percentin 10 -percent steps, for example, requires 14lamps. To cover that range in 5 -percent steps(for 5 -percent accuracy) requires 27 lamps. Thedevice should be independent of modulationpolarity which further complicates it. To havefewer than 10 -percent steps would seriouslylimit the usefulness of such a device. An integra-tion circuit should be built in to give an indica-tion of average program levels, since it's difficultfor the human eye to average a series of flashinglight sources. An optimum time duration forthe lamps to stay on will have to be determined.In view of these complexities and shortcomings,it's difficult to give up the meter as an indicator.

The flashing -light modulation measuring sys-tem described is used in Belar's TVM-1 TVmodulation monitor, which meets all present FCCrules for monitors. Its peak flasher gives an in-stantaneous indication of when a peak exceedsthe preset level, and it is independent of modu-lation polarity. Its metering circuit will indicatethe true program peak and it is also independentof modulation polarity. The metering circuit hasa continuous scale so that it reads all values ofmodulation from 0 to 133 percent. Since themetering circuit is an integrating device as well,it also gives the average program level. BM/E

How many lights?The ideal number of flashing lights is still open todebate. In the June BM/E ("Why Johnny Can'tRead Modulation," pp. 50-52), we reported thatVirgil Duncan and Fred Zellner tested light indi-cator designs that complied with FCC proposals.They found the ideal number to be somewherebetween five and 15. Some tests used as manyas 25 lamps, but these units were too compli-cated to follow accurately.

Belar's 27 -bulb flasher complies with latestspec proposal for five -percent accuracy, but is toodifficult to monitor continuously. Belar's ArnoMeyer says he feels his company's meter moni-tor (which he calls the most sensitive and ac-curate in the industry) will eventually be coupledwith lights for best all-around station use. Meterwill read pulses as short as 50 microseconds orless-always making readings, no matter howshort the pulse. Problem is to get the Commis-sion to adopt a realistic spec once and for all.


Quality Control ofBy Charles W. Rhodes

A new test signal and a new technique forkeeping that color signal clean.

TRANSMITTING ACLEAN color TV pic-ture from camera toantenna makes strin-gent requirements onequipment in the chain.The only reliable wayto check the quality ofthe transmitted pictureis by sending test sig-nals of known charac-teristics through theequipment, and meas-

uring them when they come out. The test signalsand the measuring equipment must be able toisolate and indicate the various types and amountsof distortion introduced in video processing gear.This article describes a quality -control techniquewhich is complete and accurate.

You can tell that a picture's bad by observingit on a picture monitor. However, the distortioncan be spotted more accurately and easier on a

Charles W. Rhodes is manager, Television Instru-ment Engineering for Tektronix, Inc.

Fig. I. Staircase test signal in which subcarrier is phase lockedto burst; amplitude is 20-40 IRE.

waveform monitor.In general, video distortion can be divided

into two classes-linear and nonlinear. Linear dis-tortion is independent of the signal amplitude.Theoretically, there are two kinds of linear dis-tortion: amplitude or gain dependent upon fre-quency, and time delay dependent upon frequency.

Nonlinear distortions are dependent upon am-plitude. Two examples are differential gain andphase, and dynamic gain. While nonlinear dis-tortions cause only slight black -and -white pictureimpairment, they are disastrous in color.

You cannot measure linear distortion in asystem which contains an appreciable amount ofnonlinear distortion. For example, when sweep -frequency testing a video circuit, you often getdifferent measurements as you vary the signallevel. Often full amplitude multiburst testing oftransmitters isn't possible because of the nonlineardistortions which occur in the transmitter at fullmodulation.

To facilitate accurate measurements of allnonlinear forms of distortion encountered in colorTV broadcasting, Tektronix has recently devel-oped the model 140 test signal generator. It is

Fig. 2. WitF dc restorer off to show true dynamic range ofvideo signal, waveform is 10, 50 and 90 percent APL staircase.


the Color TV Signal

used with the model 520 vectorscope and a wave-form monitor.

The model 140 generator produces a five -stepstairstep signal with or without a phase -lockedsubcarrier. NTSC color bars are alternativelyavailable in EIA split -field form or as full -fieldbars of either 75 or 100 percent amplitude. Eitherof these test signals may be inserted in the verticalblanking interval within the instrument. A com-plete EIA sync generator is also provided so thata minimum of interconnections are necessary tocarry out test routines.

The staircase test signal shown in Fig. 1 has anaverage picture level (APL) of 50 percent. * Whenthis test signal appears on every fifth line, aluminance pedestal is on the intermediate linesand the APL is variable from 10 to 90 percent,as shown in Fig. 2. When the pedestal is set atblanking, the APL is 10 percent. Blanking is+ 30 IRE units, white level being at + 130 IREunits. When the pedestal is set at white level, theAPL is 90 percent and blanking is at -30 IREunits, depressing the sync tips to - 70 IRE units,while white is at only + 70 IRE units.

The effect of APL variations from 10 to 90

Fig. 3. Burst phase error -2 dgrees with respect to 0 IRE sub -carrier.

Tab!e 1.75 Percent Color

Bar Chroma Burst APL

Yellow Cyan

-4.9 -6.0 -5.4 10

Reference Reference Reference 50+6.5 +4.7 +5.4 90

All figures are percentages

percent is to increase the required dynamic rangewhich unclamped video amplifiers must accom-modate from 140 to 200 IRE units. White com-pression is most likely during low -APL sceneswhile sync compression is most likely with higherscene brightness conditions.

Thus differential gain and phase, as well asall nonlinear distortion, should be measured notonly at 50 percent APL, but at the 10 and 90percent levels also. This is particularly importantsince most transmission systems do not exhibitconstant gain over the entire dynamic range en-countered.

Dynamic Gain

The effect of gain variations caused by changesin APL is called dynamic gain. Typically, dynamicgain of components of the video signal is measuredas follows: Luminance dynamic gain: Blanking to whitereference level. Sync dynamic gain: Blanking to sync tips. Burst dynamic gain: Peak -to -peak burst am-plitude. Chrominance dynamic gains Peak -to -peak am-plitude of the staircase subcarrier at 60 IRE units,to simulate facial highlights which are most criticalin a typical scene.

The stairstep signal already discussed is suit -

*APL, or average picture level: The average signal level, withrespect to blanking level, during active picture scanning time(integrated over a frame period, excluding blanking intervals),expressed as a percentage of the difference between the blankingand reference white levels.


able for these measurements. The procedure isto normalize the component to be measured at50 percent APL, as viewed on the waveformmonitor. Thus the composite video level in thesystem should be normal. With 50 percent APL,the blanking -reference white is adjusted for ex-actly 100 IRE units, and without changing thegain of either the system or the monitor, the APLof the test signal is changed to first 10 and then90 percent while reference white level is observed.It is assumed that the waveform monitor dc re-storer holds the blanking level constant. (TheTektronix type 420 vectorscope can also be usedfor these measurements; however it has a sync -tip dc restorer and therefore blanking level maychange slightly with variations in APL, due tosync dynamic gain.)

Luminance and chrominance dynamic gainequals Ema. -Erni. where E is expressed in IREunits. Burst and sync dynamic gain are measuredin exactly the same way, except that the waveformmonitor's gain is set up for 40 IRE units burst orsync at 50 percent APL initially.

Burst or sync dynamic gain equals 2.5 times

Fig. 4. Waveform monitor display of 5 -percent differential gain.

(Eina. Emin) as above. Chrominance dynamicgain is measured the same way. However thesubcarrier level would be expanded from 60 to100 IRE units peak -to -peak amplitude at 50 per-cent APL.

The + sign is used to denote that luminancedynamic gain is maximum at 90 percent APL, andthe - sign to the contrary. It is quite common tofind that luminance dynamic gain is + while syncis typically - .

In transmitters, while the video signal is dcrestored at the modulator input, the APL may stillhave an influence upon linearity. One transmittertested as shown in Table 1.

The consistent pattern of increased chromi-nance at higher values of APL at all luminancelevels suggests the presence of some sort of tuningeffect as a function of average power level.

Dynamic Burst Phase

It is unfortunate that the color burst is lo-cated on the horizontal back porch. If it werelocated at some luminance level comparable to

Fig. 5. Vectorscope display of 5 -percent differential gain. Notesquare graticule overlaid on vectorscope.

42 December. 1969-BM/E

facial highlights, instead of below black level, theeffects of differential phase would be minimized.If it did not fill the back porch, then perhapsback -porch clamp circuits could more easily avoidthe burst and produce neither clamping errors norburst phase modulation. However, burst is whereit is and thus we need to measure the burst signalfor phase accuracy. As burst is regenerated intransmission, perhaps several times, the originaland the transmitted burst phases may not beidentical.

The Tektronix stairstep test signal provides ameans for measuring burst phase errors. Thevectorscope compares the phase of the burst withthat of the first part of the stairstep modulation,which is at blanking level. Fig. 3 shows the blank-ing level subcarrier nulled. The phase error isthen obtained by adjusting the precision phaseshifter on the vectorscope to null the burst. Thedifferent in phase -shifter dial indications is theburst phase error. If any phase error is independ-ent of APL, it is static; that part of the phaseerror which changes with APL is called dynamicburst phase.

Fig. 6. Initial setup of vectorscope to measure differential gainand phase.

An interesting variation on the above tech-nique is to measure the burst phase error withrespect to the subcarrier, not at blanking levelbut at a luminance level of, say, 60 IRE units.The idea is that facial highlights are the mostcritical commonly viewed TV subjects, and phaseerrors are usually apparent in faces.

Thus picture impairment is much more closelyrelated to burst phase errors when luminance is atthe 60 -IRE -unit level than when it's at the zero-IRE -unit level. This is especially so with the pas-sage of time or variations in APL, or if these phaseerrors are unequal from station to station. Whenmaking distortion measurements, the operatorshould identify the burst phase error as static ordynamic, and note the luminance reference.

Differential Gain and Phase

Amplitude modulation of the color subcarrierby the luminance signal produces differential gain.This amplitude modulation occurs due to the non -linearity in the amplitude -transfer characteristic ofthe transmission system. In general, the videosignal encounters different amounts of differentialgain at various values of APL. Of course, the50 percent APL test condition is close to that oftypical program material, while 10 and 90 per-cent APLs represent extremes which are seldomfound in programming. Thus the system perform-ance should be optimized at 50 percent APL andnot compromised to minimize differential gain atthe extreme conditions.

Differential gain may be measured either ona waveform monitor, as shown in Fig. 4, or witha vectorscope, as shown in Fig. 5. These dis-plays differ in three ways.

The waveform monitor displays the peak -to -peak amplitude of the subcarrier component ofthe test signal, but its resolution is limited. Thepeak subcarrier being 70 IRE units, a 5 percentvalue for differential gain produces a change ofonly 3.5 IRE units in subcarrier amplitude. Lessthan 5 percent differential gain is hard to seewhen some noise is present. Display intensity islimited, which is important only in vertical intervaltesting. This is because the waveform monitor isin essence producing a raster display rather thana line display.

Both of these problems are overcome byusing a vectorscope. Only the subcarrier com-ponent of the test signal is peak detected andamplified so that the line waveform has increasedresolution and brightness.

The added resolution is achieved by the ex-panded -scale technique. It requires that the test -signal level be accurately set by the test engineerwhile observing the vector -display signal.


Fig. 6 shows the test -signal gain and phaseset optimally for making measurements in quicksuccession of both differential gain and phase. Thegain is set so that the vector dot representing thelargest amplitude packet of subcarrier lies at thecompass rose and is phased to zero degrees. Themeasured value of differential gain (or phase) istaken as the difference in the extreme values of thesubcarrier signal.

The preceding is method (c) as given in IEEEStandard No. 205 (formerly IRE Standard 23 S11958). It is the easiest to use because the maxi-mum amplitude signal is considered to be 100percent and the differential gain scale reads di-rectly when the maximum amplitude subcarrier ispositioned to the zero percent point on the scale.You must specify which of the three methods wasused when reporting results, as the other twomethods generally yield different numbers andthat difference may be as much as 2:1.

Differential phase may either be read off thecompass rose in the vector -display mode whenextremely large, or from the precision phase -shiftdial in the differential phase mode. Some confu-sion has existed about this technique. When mak-ing differential -phase measurements, use only as

Fig. 7. Differential gain of 8 percent; shape factor influences pic-fure impairment.

much gain as needed to make a sensible displayin terms of both the noise level and the distortionobserved. Unlike the differential -gain measure-ment, which requires a fixed gain, noise effectsare minimized by reducing video gain withoutcausing any errors in measuring differential phase.When nulling the test signal, first set the precisionphase dial to read zero and null the test signal atany chosen luminance level with the goniometer.Then null the other chosen subcarrier with theprecision phase shifter. Do not divide the dialreading by two; it is correct as read out.

Differential gain (and phase) may be reportedin either of two ways as regards the 10 and 90percent APL measurements. A recommendedprocedure is to first made the measurement at50 percent APL. Without changing gain, make themeasurements again with 10 and 90 percent APL.With changes in APL, there is usually an averagechange in subcarrier level, i.e. dynamic chromi-nance gain. This the + and - portions of thedifferential gain scale are provided as the gainmay be even higher at either extreme of APLthan at 50 percent, at least for some portion of thetest signal.

This procedure measures not only the dif-

CAIN

a

20x

Fig. 8. Color bar luminance signal: brighter trace is 0 percentsaturation; dimmer race is 100 percent saturation.


ferential gain at each APL, but the variance inchrominance gain with APL. It differs from theIEEE standard, which ignored dynamic gain.

To conform with the standard, three measure-ments are made. Each involves normalizing thegain first at that APL. If the dynamic chrominancegain is then measured also, the measurement iscomplete.

Picture impairment is related to the shape ofthe differential gain and phase as they appear onthe vectorscope, as well as to their magnitudes.Consider the case where differential gain variesfairly smoothly from blanking to peak white.Contrast this with the case where most of the gainchange occurs in the middle of the luminancerange, where facial highlights are. In the firstcase, most facial features have nearly the samechrominance, while in the latter the luminancevariations of the facial features cause most ofthe total chrominance variations. A shiny fore-head and a ruddy throat is one possible result.The viewer may adjust his receiver for a realistic -looking forehead or throat, but not both.

Alas, how to measure the shape factor if it isjudged significant? Several manageable ways exist.Shapes such as ramp or bow with signs to indicate

Fig. 9. Phase test signal (R -Y) for measuring luminance crossmodulation.

whether gain is maximum or minimum at thewhite level with respect to mid -range would help.

The amount of acceptable differential gainmight be considered for two different cases, withramp shape 15 percent maximum, or - bowing10 percent, ± bowing 5 percent. A similarscheme would also then exist for differentialphase, recognizing the significance of shape factor.

An example of shape factor is shown in Fig. 7.

Luminance Cross Modulation

Just as differential gain is the result of theluminance signal amplitude modulating thechrominance signal, a corollary effect that's muchless well known in the U.S., is luminance crossmodulation. This form of distortion affects theluminance signal amplitude of those parts of thepicture which are high in saturation.

This effect, when present, is proportional tothe square of the chrominance signal amplitude.For the staircase test signal, the usual 20 -IRE -units subcarrier level is too small to provide asensitive test for this distortion. With the sub -carrier at 40 IRE units, the distortion can bereadily measured. The subcarrier amplitude maybe conveniently adjusted in the type 140 over arange from 20 to 40 IRE units.

The color -bar signal provides a very sensitivetest for luminance cross modulation because itcontains very large chrominance signals, cor-responding to 100 percent saturation of 75 per-cent amplitude colors; it also includes a range ofluminance signals.

Fig. 8 shows the luminance signal of the NTSCcolor -bar display as viewed on the type 520 vec-torscope. The luminance display mode of thisvectorscope deliberately has narrow -band re-sponse, somewhat similar to the IRE roll off.However, the subcarrier is much more attenuated,-34 dB being typical at 3.58 MHz vs only - 20dB for the IRE roll off. The waveform shows adouble exposure taken when the chrominancewas on (brighter trace) and off (dimmer trace).Note that the cyan color bar suffers the greatestluminance error, which is quite typical.

Luminance cross modulation is seldom aproblem in video amplifiers operating at baseband(not rf). In fm relay and CATV systems, wheredemodulators are used, luminance cross modula-tion appears and alters black -and -white as wellas color pictures.

A new test signal expressly designed to makethe measurement of luminance cross modulationvery simple has been developed by Tektronix,and is incorporated in the type 140 staircase test


signal. This new signal is shown in Fig. 9 as itappears on the waveform monitor. The largest -amplitude chrominance component of the signalis comparable to the cyan color bar. The lumi-nance is variable from zero to 100 IRE units insmall, equal increments. Phase is 90° from burst,(R - Y) and thus on a receiver screen appears abroad pink color. Immediately to the left of thelargest chrominance signal is a signal with thesame phase but with only half amplitude.

Luminance cross modulation is generally afunction of both APL and luminance pedestallevel. Thus the test signal has a variable pedestalcapability. Take care when using it to not exceedthe practical limits of pedestal, which are 20 to60 IRE units, corresponding to luminance valuesof red and cyan 75 percent color bars. Fig. 10shows the distortion as measured with the aid ofthis signal. Either the 75 percent color bars or thevariable pedestal R -Y signal, or staircase signalmay be inserted on the program line. The type140 includes VITS keying circuitry which has beendesigned for fail safe operation.

Luminance Distortion

Nonlinearity may be frequency independent,but there are many cases where there is differinglinearity for the luminance and chrominance sig-nals. Thus, differential gain is not a completemeasure of the system amplitude linearity.

To examine the system for incremental gaindistortion, or low -frequency differential gain, thestep component of the staircase signal is differ-entiated with a suitable time constant. Thus eachstep riser appears on a common base line. Thedifferentiated signal may be magnified for detailedexamination. Less than two percent step heightdifferences may be read, as shown in Fig. 11.

This test is valid only where it is known thatthe step risers all have identical rise time, a con-dition fully specified for the type 140 generator.The steps are generated as extremely fast transi-tions of integrated circuits. Their combined outputis controlled as to transient characteristics by asingle filter of approximately sine type, which cuts

Fig. 10. Luminance cross modulation measured on the (R -Y)phase test signal through a modulator -demodulator pair.

off below the chrominance band.A suitable video staircase differentiator is

made by Tektronix. It has 75 -ohm input imped-ance and includes a noise filter which has beenfound necessary in this work.

Cumulative Testing

All of the tests described have isolated oneform of distortion and measured it. Picture im-pairments are actually dependent upon the totalimpact of these distortions at any time. The vec-torscope display of the 75 percent color -bar signal,especially as a vertical interval test signal addedto the program signal, gives a clear measure ofthe cumulative effects of differential gain andphase, burst dynamic phase, and chrominancedynamic gain.

The author has conducted some tests wherepicture impairment was judged by the chromi-nance errors as indicated by the color -bar vectordots displacement from the center of the smallboxes of the scope graticule. These tests were doneusing split-screen techniques, and thus memoryis not involved in making impairment assessments.The conclusions reached were: No perceptable color shift with respect to thecorrect colors can be noted as long as the vectordots remain within the small boxes. The FCC limits of ±10° in phase alone, pro-duces a noticeable but not objectionable colorchange with respect to the correct colors. The FCC limits on chrominance gain, ±20%alone produce noticeable but not objectionablechanges with respect to the correct colors. The preceding two combined effects are ob-jectionable. Comparing two signals in which combined ef-fects are additive produce unacceptable colorchanges.The author recommends that the vector displayof color bars be evaluated as an overall qualitytest while the diagnosis of transmission distortionsis most easily carried out, using the familiar dif-ferential gain and phase and dynamic tech-niques. BM/E

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30{

20

10

0

Fig. II. Differential steps of staircase test signal to measurelow -frequency differential gain.

46 Circle 115 on Reader Service Card -

product reporttelevision instruments

Total Measurement Capabilityfor NTSC Systems

E3I3

401111,1

Alk TYPE NM 521 WAVEFORM MONITOR

Waveform Monitor with Line Selector

GeneralPurpose

WaveformMonitor

NTSC Vectorscope

re11111111111BOOBS

With the introduction of the NEW TYPE 140 NTSC Test Signal Generator,Tektronix now provides measurement capability from signal source to waveformdisplay. Each instrument in the Tektronix television family is designedto satisfy a specific portion of your video measurement requirement - withperformance to spare! NI All of these units provide long-term stabilityand reliable performance through use of solid-state circuitry and state-of-the-art engineering techniques. Mechanical configurations include rack-mount, cabinet and portable units.

please turn page for additional information

u9ir IME MEASUREMENTA complete family of televisiontest instruments from Tektronix.

THE TYPE 140 NTSC TEST SIGNAL GENERATOR is a compact, solid-state sourceof high -quality television test signals for 525 -line, 60 -cycle field NTSC color TVsystems. Combined in one compact unit are: NTSC ENCODED COLOR BARSwith 75% and 100% amplitude, full -field or split -field bars at 10%, 7 1/2% or 0%setup level. MODULATED STAIRCASE providing variable APL, 10% to 90%and fixed APL, 50%. The test signal contains 5 steps plus blanking level withsubcarrier phase locked to burst. A new signal capability provides a means tocheck luminance signal distortion caused by rectification of the subcarrier signal. CONVERGENCE CROSSHATCH provided for picture monitor linearity evalua-tion in accord with IRE specification 54 IRE 23.S1 and color picture monitor con-vergence adjustment. VERTICAL INTERVAL TEST SIGNALS, staircase or colorbars can be applied to lines 15 through 21 of either or both fields. EIA COLORSTANDARD AND SYNC GENERATOR include a temperature controlled colorstandard with excellent frequency stability. Digital integrated circuits are exten-sively used to achieve stability, accuracy, and reliability. Outputs are provided ofsubcarrier frequency, composite sync and blanking, vertical and horizontal drive,burst, composite video and the convergence pattern signal.

140 NTSC Test Signal Generator $1800R140 NTSC Test Signal Generator (includes rackmounting hardware) $1800

Color bars inserted during vertical in-terval. The full field signal is a mod-ulated staircase, variable APL, 90- mod-ulated subcarrier inserted.

THE TYPE 529 AND RM529 WAVEFORMMONITORS are general-purpose videomonitors with VITS measurement ca-pability. Vertical response character-istics are HIGH-PASS, LOW-PASS, IEEEand FLAT (8 MHz). Vertical sensitivityrange is 0.12 V to 1.5 V for full-scaledeflection. Full-scale calibration at0.714 V or 1.00 V is provided. AVIDEO -OUTPUT AMPLIFIER suppliesvideo and a brightening pulse to a pic-ture monitor, intensifying the sameline(s) displayed on the instrument whenusing the LINE SELECTOR. DC RES-TORATION maintains the back porchat a constant level and may be turnedoff for viewing other than video signals.The circuit can easily be modified forsync -tip restoration. HORIZONTALSELECTION provides 2 -field or 2 -linedisplays, plus calibrated sweep rates of0.125 H/cm or 0.25 H/cm. Either cali-brated rate may be delayed for lineselection. SWEEP MAGNIFICATION ex-tends the sweep rate by X5 or X25.POSITIVE FIELD SELECTION in theLINE SELECTOR mode permits detailedstudy of any desired line(s), and a front -panel switch selects line 16 through 21for viewing VIT signals.

Type 529 Waveform Monitor .... $1200Type RM529 Waveform Monitor . $1250

U.S. Sales Prices FOB Beaverton, Oregon

Type 520 Vector Display of VITS colorbars conforms to EIA Spec. R5189.Signal Source - Type 140 NTSC TestSignal Generator.

THE ALL SOLID-STATE TEKTRONIXTYPE 520 VECTORSCOPE is designedto measure luminance, hue and satura-tion of the NTSC composite color tele-vision signal. PUSHBUTTONSWITCHES permit rapid selection ofdisplays for quick analysis of VIDEOsignal characteristics. DUAL INPUTSprovide time-shared displays for com-parison of input-output signal phase andgain distortion. A CHROMINANCECHANNEL demodulates the chrominancesignal for use in VECTOR, LINE SWEEP,R, G, B, I, Q, Differential Gain (dA) andDifferential Phase (do) displays. ALUMINANCE CHANNEL separates anddisplays the luminance (Y) componentof the composite color signal. The Ycomponent is combined with the outputof the chrominance demodulators forR, G, and B displays at a line rate. ADIGITAL LINE SELECTOR permits posi-tive selection of Vertical Interval TestSignals from lines 7 through 22 of eitherfield.

Type 520 NTSC Vectorscope $2150Hackmount Type R520 $2175

Type 528 Waveform Monitor Display ofsplit -field color bars per EIA Spec.RS189. Signal source - Type 140 NTSCTest Signal Generator.

THE TYPE 528 SOLID-STATE WAVE-FORM MONITOR is ideally suited formonitoring waveforms from camera out-puts, system output lines, transmitterinput lines, closed-circuit and educa-tional TV systems. This COMPACTINSTRUMENT requires only 5 1/4 -inchesx 8 1/2 -inches mounting space. Eitherof TWO VIDEO INPUTS may be viewedon the 8 x 10 -cm screen. The signalbeing displayed is provided at the rear -panel connector for viewing on a picturemonitor. Calibrated 1 V and 4 V full-scale deflection factors provide conveni-ent displays of typical video and syncsignal levels. A variable control providesuncalibrated full-scale deflection factorsfrom 0.25 V to 4.0 V. FLAT, IRE,CHROMA, and DIFF GAIN vertical ampli-fier response positions permit rapidmeasurement of waveform character-istics. A SLOW -ACTING DC RE-STORER maintains a constant backporch level despite changes in signalamplitude, APL, or color burst, and maybe turned off when not needed. Sweepmodes are: 2-V SWEEP (two field), 2-VMAG-SWEEP (expanded two field), 2-HSWEEP (two line), and 1-ps/div SWEEP(calibrated sweep with accuracy within3%). Internal or external sync is select-able. Provision is made for YRGBand RGB displays. This lightweightwaveform monitor converts to a portableunit for field service by adding an op-tional protective cabinet. An optionalRack Adapter permits side -by -sidemounting of two Type 528's.

Type 528 Waveform Monitor . . $890

For a demonstration call yourlocal Tektronix field engineeror write: Tektronix, Inc., P. 0.Box 500, Beaverton, Oregon97005.

Tektronix, Inc.committed to progress in waveform measurement

SHOULD CATV

Eg" A UTILITY?

Utility status has been traditionally applied to necessities that are "naturally" monop-olistic. Since CATV is more properly classed as a luxury and certainly not monopolisticin many areas, should the stranglehold of utility regulation be applied here?

By Gary L. ChristensenTHE REGULATION of cable television by State PUCsincreasingly is becoming a topic of conversation atthe FCC, the state utility commissions, and amongCATV system operators.

The CATV industry generally views such reg-ulation as a battle between two conflicting regula-tory concepts in which the lines are still being drawn.State utility regulators of some states and theirnational association, capitalizing on consumer pro-tection publicity, are attempting to place CATV sys-tem operators under the control of utility regulatorycommissions, whether such control is needed or not.

As a result, much misinformation about the"terror" of PUC regulation and also about the"necessity" to regulate CATV, has been circulatedamong the parties to the controversy. The whole prob-lem deserves a closer look.

Utility Regulation

Public utility regulation, always difficult todefine, is becoming even more so. Francis Welchgives us a definition that involves three factors:a monopoly, a duty to serve and an obligation tomaintain reasonable rates.1 The question whichmust be answered is whether CATV can be fit

Gary Christensen is assistant general counsel forthe National Cable Television Association, Inc.

into that concept, and should it be?The FCC has determined that CATV is an ex-

tension of the television broadcasting industry, anauxiliary service in the chain by which televisionprograms flow from the originator to the recipient,yet one which engages in competition with the tele-vision broadcasting industry. At the same time,CATV is not Pay -TV, nor is it a broadcast service,nor is it a common carrier. The FCC's definitionof CATV, found at 47 CFR §74.1101(a), fits intothe concept that CATV is like a "master antenna,"a concept which has been recognized by the UnitedStates Supreme Court. This is traditional CATV andthe vast majority of American systems fall into thiscategory. In time, it is believed that the characterof CATV will change from a reception service intoa total communications service, but that conceptreally shouldn't be considered, since it is only afuture possibility.

Early in the development of business, and simul-taneously with the development of the utility concept,business economics usually created a monopolisticatmosphere. Just about all business was "public"and subject to price control-including such privatesector businesses as bakeries and breweries. In thosedays. monopoly resulted in the cost per unit ofproduct dropping sharply as the number of unitsproduced increased. The planners thought at thattime that competition increased the cost and en -1. Welch, Francis, "Cases and Text on Public Utility Regulation."


couraged the duplication of facilities.The increasing trend toward business regulation,

evident most prominently since the 1930s, is some-times confused with utility regulation. The twoconcepts are distinct, however, and it is importantthat each retains its separate identity. Each can usu-ally be recognized by observing the purposes forwhich it is intended.

Public utility regulation usually seeks to: Prevent entry of new enterprises into the busi-ness (or the departure of old enterprises). Limit expansion into new territory. Control issues of new securities. Prescribe the minimum quality of service. Prescribe uniform accounting procedures. Require submission of periodic uniform financialand other reports. Control rates. Control transfers, mergers, reorganizations, etc.

The purpose which usually attracts the mostnotice is the control of rates. One formula used todetermine fair rates is the rate base computation:rate base times rate of return plus operating expensesequals allowable revenues. After the allowable rev-enues are established, they're measured against therevenues of the business during its average year. Ifthe actual revenues are more than the allowable rev-enues, the rates will be reduced. If the actualrevenues are less than the allowable revenues, therates will be increased.

The business has the burden of proving thedimensions of the rate base. In practice, this meansthat the business makes all of its financial andoperational information available to the utility com-mission and then has the burden of persuading thecommission that the rate of return and the ratesrequested are fair and reasonable. The total burdenis enormous. Just the establishment of a reasonablerate of return is a tremendous burden.

For example, the rate of return, commonly 6or 7 percent, must be enough so income inspiresconfidence in the stability and profitabilty of thebusiness. The rate of return varies with the risk of

the utility. Water companies, a low risk, have arate of return of 6 to 7 percent, which yields areturn on common equity of about 10 percent. Elec-tric and gas utilities, not as necessary as water andtherefore a slightly higher risk, have a return on com-mon equity of about 12 percent. Transit companies,less necessary than gas or electricity and having othereconomical alternatives to their service, are a stillhigher risk. Transit companies, although they havea rate of return of about 12 percent which ordinarilywould bring them a much higher return on commonequity, seldom even make the rate of return becauseof competition from automobiles which operate inthe free market. As a result, the government is re-quired to take over destitute transit companies andrun them at the taxpayers' expense.

CATV is a still higher risk than transit com-panies, because a television reception service is

not as necessary as transportation and there arenumerous economical alternatives. Thus, while inlow -risk businesses such as telephone utilities a 6or 7 percent rate ofreturn is sufficient, high -riskbusinesses such as CATV require much greater ratesof return to survive under such regulation.

The cost of the rate case is passed on to thepublic, and the rate making process is costly. Thefees of lawyers, accountants, economists, investiga-tors, experts of all kinds, and the expense of thebusiness' own staff's lost time during the case canbe staggering, and, under utility commission rules,can be passed on to the public. But the cost of therate case is not the only burden which the publicmust bear as a result of such regulation.

The type of regulation usually imposed by stateutility commissions either is or can be exerted bylocal governments and non -utility state and federalagencies. Some functions, such as the regulation ofsecurities, would be redundant because the practiceis already regulated by the Federal Securities Ex-change Commission and similar state agencies. Infact, a recent study by Associated Utility Services,Inc., an independent consulting company, shows thatsubscriber charges would have to be increased by

SomedayThe CATV industry has acquired a powerful newally-the Electronic Industries Association. Ina recent filing before the FCC, the EIA's Indus-trial Electronics Division took the position thatcable should be allowed to grow with little in theway of local restrictions.

CAN, it is felt by EIA's IED, is in its com-mercial infancy-about the same condition aswas the telephone industry five or ten yearsafter the telephone was invented. It wasn't untilabout 1905-when a substantial number oftelephones had been put in service-that thephone finally became a really useful instrument.

The entertainment uses of CAN will be sec-ondary to newer and more sophisticated utility -like applications for the medium, says this in-dustry group. Such "typical" new services citedcould include: electronic postal service, librarybooks, business or personal data exchange andtransactions, merchandise displays and informa-tion, press services, composed publicationmaterial, computer data exchange, protectionand surveillance, selected visual data of limitedpublic interest, classroom instructional material,

a Utilitypress releases, newspapers and magazines.

In its filing, the EIA has tried to suggest to theFCC some kind of regulatory "envelope" thatwould allow CAN to exist and grow. Yes, thetransmission plant should be regulated, says EIA,but only the transmission plant. Local terminalsand tapoffs should be regulated only by localoption.

A free and unrestricted interconnection of na-tionwide CAN systems via microwave and do-mestic satellite could make the cable a nationalasset and eventually a utility. This is the"natural" direction for cable development, saysthe EIA, and cable should thus be allowed togrow freely in the competitive marketplace. Par-ticipating on the IED/EIA Committee were mem-bers of many different, and sometimes antago-nistic segments of the communications industry.The Committee made rather strange bedfellowswith CAN people working alongside telco execu-tives. But the telco men had other problems."We have to spend the first 20 minutes of everymeeting," they said, "explaining why telephoneservice is so bad."

50 December, 1969 BM/E

Utility poles are common denominator for power, telephoneand CATV systems.

about 14 percent to pay for regulation by utilitycommissions-most of which would be redundantand unnecessary, and subject to preemption by theFCC. At the same time, state utility regulation woulddeprive municipalities of income and the right tochoose the best qualified CATV system operatorfrom the local citizens' viewpoints.

There are continuing strains put upon businessesas a result of utility type regulation. For example, ifthe utility commission can eliminate competition,which it tries to do, there is no incentive to providemore and better -quality service, so the commissionmust prescribe minimum technical standards ofservice. With most utilities, the adoption and en-forcement of such minimum standards poses littleproblem. But in television, the federal governmentdoes not impose technical performance standardson the television networks, even though it requiresCATV systems to carry such network programs aswell as local commercial television signals. If utilitycommissions imposed minimum standards, smallCATV systems could not economically comply,which would invite national business giants to takeover the industry. Thus, ownership of the CATVindustry would pass from local control to outsideinterests. Yet, local control of CATV is one of thebest ways to insure responsiveness to the com-munity's needs.

No Guaranteed Profit

Aside from complaints that utility regulationlimits a business' income but doesn't guarantee aprofit, utility commissions are often criticized fornarrowing managerial discretion to take advantageof speculative and expensive advanced technology.Such technology benefits the public only if it canbe made available by the business. Some rates ofreturn are so depressed that earnings levels areinsufficient to attract new capital necessary for

equipment replacement. If returns are depressed fortoo long, manufacturers are forced to reduce researchand development of technical innovation (a hallmarkof CATV) which eventually leads to consumer dis-satisfaction. Utility Commissions are also criticizedfor being protective of the industries which theyalready regulate, and thus being unable or unwillingto devise new techniques tailored to the develop-ment of newer industries. This deprives the publicof the services which the new industries offer. Onthe other hand, some critics charge that utility com-missions are inept in regulating the operation ofthe existing utilities and should set their house inorder before assuming additional duties. In fact, inorder to protect the consumers' interest, a bill, S.607,has been introduced into the 91st Congress, whichwould create a Utility Consumers' Counsel to repre-sent consumers before utility regulatory agencies.

In the headlong race to get a piece of the CATVaction for State utility commissions, it is often over-looked that unless legislation has changed the defini-tion of utility to include CATV, CATV cannot beconsidered, legally or otherwise, a utility. Well overhalf the States have had an opportunity to determinewhether CATV should be regulated as a publicutility, and only three have done so. In those stateswhere CATV has been placed under public utilitycommissions, no new CATV systems have startedoperations since they came under PUC authority.Federal and state regulation, much of which appearsdesigned to stifle competition, has not successfullyprovided consumers with a service which they want.

Not a Necessity

The CATV industry, still in its infancy, providesa convenience rather than a necessity. It is an ex-tension of the broadcasting industry, an electronicinformational service similar to translators andboosters, all of which are not regulated as publicutilities. It is the public's demand for the convenientprovision of better reception of a greater varietyof product which justifies CATV's existence. It isthis demand which allows CATV to compete withcommercial television broadcast stations, translators,boosters, radio stations, electronic video recorders,theatres, newspapers, magazines and music services.

As a Federal Court said in Greater Fremont, Inc.v. City of Fremont, et al, CATV, unlike water, gasand electric companies is not a natural monopolyand "thus, the scope of regulation which is neces-sary in the natural monopolies is not here neces-sary . . . Likewise, the economic factors whichnecessitate the regulation of the rates of the naturalmonopolies are not here present." In concluding thatCATV is not a necessity, the same Court said, ratherunflatteringly, "The public has about as much realneed for the services of a CATV system as it doesfor hand -carved ivory back -scratchers. Even if infact the CATV system is the only one in the mar-ket, it is not a monopoly in the economic senseas has been previously demonstrated. Thus CATVis not a public utility within the meaning of thedefinition that has been accepted."

Except in States where the legislatures haveredefined utilities to include CATV, Courts andCommissions have consistently concluded that CATVis not a monopoly -utility. This is a logical conclu-sion because most local governments grant only non-exclusive CATV permits, and in at least 50 com-munities there are two or more CATV systems

December, 1969-BM/E51

operating or holding permits to begin operation.Well reasoned analysis leads one to conclude thatCATV is a luxury, and is neither a monopoly infact nor a monopoly in law.

Claims that CATV systems remove roof -top an-tennas which limits the homeowner to viewing cableTV are generally without foundation. No CATVsystem operator would remove such an antenna with-out his customer's permission, and the customer isalways free to replace it. Of course, some zoning re-strictions prohibit unsightly roof -top antennas, andcertainly should not penalize the local CATV sys-tem. In many cases, federal regulation requiresCATV systems to provide a switch so that house-holders may choose between off -the -air receptionand cable television at any given time. Claims thatCATV forces a householder to use only CATV re-ception services are nothing more than obviousattempts to implant the false impression that CATVis a monopoly. Quite often, these claims are coupledwith the argument that CATV ought to be avail-able to "everyone."

The "CATV for everyone-under utility regu-lation" bunch either ignores or overlooks the factthat federal regulation practically forecloses CATVentry into areas containing about 82% of the nation'spopulation, and CATV expansion within areasalready served is severely restricted. Even if CATVwere not so limited, those advocates offer no real-istic economical plan to serve isolated homes withoutraising rates to the remainder of the public. ForcingCATV to serve isolated areas would lead to rateincreases, a fact that is not lost on anti-CATVpeople.

The most vociferous advocates of utility regula-tion have claimed that the lack of governmentalcontrol of CATV rates has allowed unreasonableraises in rates resulting in excessive CATV profits.Seldom have these people mentioned any independentstudy which substantiates such claims. On the con-trary, a recent survey of Canadian CATV systemsreflected a return margin of only 2.1% after taxesyielding a return on common equity of only 3.5%.Edward Shafer, in the July 3, 1969, issue of PublicUtilities Fortnightly, indicated an analysis of UnitedStates CATV systems revealed a return of less than5% on stockholder equity plus debt. On May 28,1968, before the Massachusetts Government Regu-lations Committee, Frederick W. Ford, former FCCChairman and President of the National Cable Tele-vision Association, Inc., testified, "CATV rates arereasonable. A recent study by NCTA reflects thatsince 1960, the monthly service charge has increasedonly 6.5%, and installation charges have decreasedsharply during the same period. Compare this withthe increase in the average weekly earnings of work-ers in manufacturing of 20% from 1960 to 1966.During the same period the cost of living and, con-sequently, of doing business has increased 9% . . .

[CA'TVs] furnish at least 72,000 kilohertz of chan-nel space about 18 hours a day for a cost of about$5.00, whereas the telephone company, as a publicutility, charges about $6.00 for a few calls a dayover 3 kilohertz of space." Competition, and existingregulation, have kept CATV rates and profits reason-able.

Some opponents of CATV claim that the profitmotive deprives, or will deprive, the public of fairand diverse programs originated by the CATV sys-tem, unless the public utility commission requires it.Setting aside questions of government regulation of

free speech, about 15% of CATV systems originateprogramming under a voluntary code of ethics.These programs are provided to the subscribers with-out additional charge. The CATV industry has re-cently proposed six public service channels to be pro-vided in conjunction with a synchronous earthsatellite, the cost to be recovered from projecedadditional subscribers rather than increased rates.

Far from being free from regulation, CATVsystems are regulated by local, state and federalstatutes. Under municipal regulation, CATV startedand achieved its greatest growth, contributing itseducational and informational capacity and addingto employment and tax rolls. Municipalities held thefirst hearings, conducted the first studies, designedthe first permits for operation, made the first in-depth policy recommendations, and kept CATVpermits for operation substantially shorter than thosewhich utility commissions granted to regulated pub-lic utilities. Under local governments, CATV ratesand rate increases have been less than those of regu-lated utilities while at the same time CATV tech-nology has advanced so rapidly that systems aretechnically obsolete in three to five years.

All of these considerations led the Committeeon Federal Legislation of the New York State BarAssociation to recommend that cable TV systemsshould not be regarded as an essential public utility.The Honorable Reese H. Taylor, Jr., Chairman ofthe Nevada Public Service Commission which regu-lates CATV in his state, and a proponent of stateregulation of CATV, says, "Even in Nevada, wehave had our doubts regarding the propriety of pub-lic utility regulation, particularly from the standpointof accounting practices, rate base determinations, andsetting a fair rate of return." He poses alternativessuch as a state CATV commission or regulatoryschemes adapted to cities and counties which includethe funding of small technical staffs.

This is not the time to impose additional stric-tures on the CATV industry. As the final report ofthe President's Task Force on Communications Pol-icy stated, "Although a number of methods can beimagined for expanding the number of channels, themost promising is cable television . . . In the absenceof restrictive government policy, cable television willprobably continue to grow rapidly. Those willing topay will be able to enjoy the benefits, in terms ofgreater variety and diversity of programming, with-out governmental assistance, promotion or otherintervention."

Even the opponents of CATV unwittingly recom-mend it. In a July, 1968, report to the NationalAssociation of Broadcasters entitled "Television andthe Wired City," Herman W. Land Associates, Inc.,concluded that CATV would alter present patternsof entertainment and information programs: "Onehas only to think back to the days of the theaternewsreel, the motion picture industry's contributionto public enlightenment, to see the potential implica-tions of such a change." It is this change, this publicenlightenment, that CATV can accomplish if leftfree to develop without the strictures of state utilityregulation.

The nature of CATV, its stage of development,and a comparison of CATV with public utilities,rebut the necessity of regulating CATV as a utility.The time, and the nature of the regulation, are in-appropriate. Until time and circumstances change,public utility commissions can do much for theCATV industry by leaving it alone. BM/E


The Shure SM58 self-windscreened unidirectional micro-phone is ideal for broadcast uses such as remote news,sports, interview and vocal recordings because it elimi-nates or minimizes the irritating "pop" caused by ex-plosive breath sounds. With the SM58 you will have thepeace -of -mind assurance that you're delivering the qualityaudio that goes with pop -free pickup. It's great for studioannouncing, too-or wherever the announcer or vocalisthas the audio -degrading habit of "mouthing" the micro-phone. Of course, the same filters that eliminate pop alsodo away with the necessity for an add-on windscreen inoutdoor uses.

On the other hand, the unusually effective unidirectionalcardioid pickup pattern (uniform at all frequencies, in allplanes) means that it is a real problem -solver where back-ground noise is high or where the microphone must beoperated at some distance from the performer. Incidentally,

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Other features: the complete pop -proof filter assembly isinstantly replaceable in the field, without tools. Filterscan be easily cleaned, too. Stand or hand operation. De-tachable cable. Rubber -mounted cartridge minimizes han-dling noise. Special TV -tested non -glare finish.

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December, 1969-BM/E


53

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IVANAGEMENT

ROUNDTABLEBy Fred Herman

UNLESS A PROSPECT believes inyou and the station, it's very un-likely you'll ever sell him anything.Obviously, your first step in theactual sale is to gain the prospect'sconfidence in your station's effec-tiveness and what it can do forhim and his company.

If you've done an effective jobon your approach, the prospectshould be saying to himself, "Tellme more." In the back of his mindhe should have such questions as: What is it? Will it really benefit me? Who has used it? Can you prove it?

The conviction step, or tellingthe facts and benefits, and the storyof the product don't hold muchfear for the salesman. If someoneasks, "Tell me about your prod-uct," you wouldn't waste muchtime; you'd rear back and let go.The trap here is that most sales-men say too much and prove toolittle. The conviction step is theone where the salesman spendsfive minutes selling his product and25 minutes buying it back. Some-times he goes to great lengths prov-ing the facts about the product. Ifthey are facts they do not needto be proven. The customer wantsproof of the benefits.

I Believe in You

One advantage the salesman al-ways has going for him is that theprospect really wants to believethat your product will benefit him.You can best get him to believethis by answering his mentallyformed uuestions. Be prepared tooffer evidence. Evidence is some-thing which proves your point.More evidence is needed as prooffor some customers than for others.

Fred Herman is a sales -training andpublic -speaking consultant in Torrance,Calif. This material has been adaptedby the author from his book, SellingIs Simple, TAB Books, Blue RidgeSummit, Pa. 17214.

Techniques that SellPart 2. Some basic sales techniques forthe broadcaster-in particular, presentingthe facts and clinching the order.

No salesman is really prepared tosell well unless he has several ofeach of these types of evidenceready to offer: Testimonial. Example. Analogy. Charts and graphs.

Although sometimes difficult toobtain, written testimonials arequite effective. And if you can getseveral that say precisely what youwant them to, you're in business.One way is to write the testimonialyourself. This can be done by get-ting satisfied advertisers to talkabout their success. Then ask fora couple of his letterheads, writethe letter, then get his signaturethat it is all right to use. Anothereffective testimonial is the oral one,particularly if it comes from an in-dividual or firm respected by yourprospect (certainly not a competi-tor). During the conversation withthe prospect, call an individualwith whom you have made priorarrangement, and ask him to verifywhat you have said about your sta-tion.

Draw a Picture

Many salesmen believe that theycan convince by sheer vocal power.A pencil and paper, a diagram orprinted charts and graphs simpleenough for the prospect to under-stand are far more effective.

To call on a prospect withoutsomething specific to offer him isa waste of the ambitious sales-man's time. If you have concen-trated on your research and havedone your homework, you can atleast offer something-an an-nouncement schedule, a programor newscast, etc. Perhaps the pros-pect won't buy precisely whatyou've prepared, especially if it'syour first call, but he at least knowsthat you're sincere and really wantto help him, not just fatten yourcommission check. A recorded an-nouncement or sample copy will

serve to strengthen your position."Showmanship is presenting

something in an interesting or dra-matic manner," says Webster.Showmanship, within reason,should be used in every step of thesale. Many of us recognize show-manship when we see it, but theproblem for the salesman is to findbits of it to help him sell.

The first essential is to get theprospect into the act. If your pres-entation revolves around the pros-pect's interests, he can't help butbe interested. Your presentation,both visual and oral, should dem-onstrate how you plan to bring cus-tomers to his store. An advertis-ing salesman has many resourcesat his disposal: the tape recorderwith samples; perhaps a slide pro-jector to demonstrate certain as-pects of broadcast advertising ingeneral and your station's successin particular; colorful brochuresciting facts and figures about ad-vertising in his field, etc.

These techniques, and theirmany variations, directly involvethe prospect, and if handled prop-erly will have him anticipating whatcan be clone for his business. Sinceshowmanship often requires some-thing unexpected or unusual, youcan work tape-recorded testimo-nials into your presentation. Thevoice of a friend or someone elsewho is respected will have a dra-matic effect. Of course, there's nobetter way to involve an advertiserthan to have him record his ownannouncements.

Many salesmen have a twinge ofpain or fear when they run into anobjection or negative idea, andtheir defensive action is much thesame as the tensing and withdraw-ing of the muscles from a physcialpain. Subconsciously it seems tosignal that they might get hurt. Butan objection that's handled intel-ligently and persuasively can turnout to be a help in closing the sale.This is true because a prospect



FOCUS ONCUTFCC dissolves Fri. 13 cablefreeze on Fri. 24With its Friday, October 24, an-nouncement of the first cable tele-vision rulemaking in a projectedseries, the FCC dissolved the freezeon CATV as suddenly as its CATVproposals had created it on Friday,December 13, 1968 ( see BM/E,January, 1969, p. 12).

Overriding all state and localrules on cable TV, the Com-mission's ruling: requires CATVsystems with more than 3500 sub-scribers to start originating pro-grams "to a significant extent" onJanuary 1, 1971; permits commer-cial advertising "at natural breaks"in programming; and encouragesthe formation of a CATV network.

CATV Task Force Chief SolSchildhause and Ruth Reel of thegeneral counsel's office, describedthe new rule at an afternoon newsconference after the story's morn-ing appearance in The New YorkTimes. They said that the FCC de-cided to pass separate rulings oneach part of the overall CATVproceeding-the Commission's"Third Report and Order"-dueto the complexity of the issue. Theyreported that the Commissionerspassed this first rule on a 6-1 vote,with Robert E. Lee dissenting be-cause he believed the Commissionshouldn't adopt a policy withoutthe new commissioners, DeanBurch and Robert Wells, present.(At the time, the Senate Com-merce Committee was still hearingfrom citizen groups opposed to thePresidential nominees for FCCchairman and commissioner, re-spectively.)

CAN Gains

According to responses ofCATV leaders, the biggest break-through represented by the ruleisn't FCC support of CATV pro-gram origination, because of some282 systems providing local origi-nations for more than 3500 sub-scribers, about 197 are already"local live." Rather, the Commis-sion's outright encouragement of

CATV system interconnection-opposed previously-is said to of-fer the most far-reaching implica-tions for CATV growth. Mrs. Reelssaid that the FCC is "hopeful" thata new CATV network will emergeand that the Commission would op-pose any proposal prohibiting in-terconnection of cable systems onregional or national basis for anyreason.

Also, for cable in municipalitieslike New York City, where CATVprogram origination had been lim-ited to public services and docu-mentary films, the rule's power tosupersede state and local CATVrules is considered to be a realcoup. The Commission said that itwould allow a period of "free ex-perimentation" after the effectivedate before deciding whether morespecific rules would be necessary.

Not in the Clear

The cable television industryisn't completely out of the dark,according to Schildhause, until theFCC has clarified its restrictiveclauses on distant signal carriageand ownership.

As for leasing, the FCC saidthat systems "should be encour-aged and perhaps ultimately re-quired" to lease cable space toprovide diversity of control overcommunications media, programchoices, and to increase the num-ber of sources.

In saying that commercials couldenable smaller systems to originateprograms, the Commission indi-cated that it expects advertisingsales to have the greatest impacton radio, whose rates are more re-lated to CATV's than are TVrates.

All this means "that we in thecable television industry are nolonger a passive receiver, but canbe an active participant in the com-munications field," said Alfred R.Stern, president and chairman ofTelevision Communications Cor-poration, whose 16 operations in11 states service more than 70,000subscribers. Anticipating the FCC'spositive ruling for CATV several

months before the announcement,TVC started selling commercial ad-vertising to local merchants for itscablecasting programs in Pittsfield,Mass., and Winter Haven, Fla.,said Stern.

Another company that movedahead of the Commission's rulingwas Teleprompter Corporation.During the week of October 20,Irving B. Kahn, chairman -presi-dent of Teleprompter, told theHollywood Radio and TelevisionSociety that the "next giant stride"for the industry is equal participa-tion in the use of satellite com-munications. He then said thatHughes Aircraft Company (whichprepared the feasibility study forABC's 1965 proposal for a televi-sion domestic satellite system) hadbeen studying for Teleprompter thefeasibility of a cable televisioncompany creating its own domesticsatellite system. Kahn's descriptionof the system provided that aground station serve each headendof 88 cable TV systems. Eighty-eight is also the total number ofsystems Teleprompter will have in27 states if its stockholders okayits proposed merger with H&BAmerican Corporation.

Supreme Court adds newdimension to Comtel caseAccording to the New York Courtof Appeals' unanimous ruling inOctober, Bell Television Inc.'scable subsidiary, Comtel Inc., mayoperate without a franchise in NewYork City by leasing New YorkTelephone Company facilities. Butthere's one hitch: according to aU.S. Supreme Court decision laterin the month, the phone companywill have to file a Section 214 ap-plication with the FCC before itcan lay more cable for Comtel.

The Supreme Court action wasa denial of a petition for appealfiled by AT&T, GT&E and UnitedUtilities Corporation. The telcosfiled the appeal after the Com-mission told the company thataccording to Section 214 of theCommunications Act, it must filean application before laying cablefor Comtel. The telcos' appeal wasbased on the idea that Section 214doesn't apply to CATV lease -backbecause it applies to interstateservice and lease -back is either in-trastate or out of the Commis-sion's jurisdiction. Neither ChiefJustice Warren E. Burger nor Jus-tice William 0. Douglas took partin the highest court's denying thepetition for a writ of certiorari tothe N.Y. Court of Appeals.

56 Circle 118 on Reader Service Card

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Audio amplifierModel AB -49 audio amplifier, pro-viding 80 W of continuous output, isavailable with an optional isolated70-V line transformer for sound dis-tribution and reinforcement systems.The power stage consists of four 150W power transistors mounted on


ail systems

The cumbersomefour or more pieceFM monitoringsystems are going.Belar Monitors do amore accurate job,as totally integratedone, two or three-piece systems.The FM Frequencyand ModulationMonitor measuresboth frequencydeviation andmodulation functions-the only unit to doboth. The StereoFrequency andModulation Monitorhas everythingbuilt in-phasediscriminator,exclusive 19 kHzfrequency meter,and test functions.The SCA Frequencyand ModulationMonitor is the onlyone that monitorsfour separatesubcarriers.

All systems go!Buy Belar!

Write to:

ELARBELAR ELECTRONICS LABORATORY, INC., DEPT. BM 129BOX 83, UPPER DARBY, PA. 19084 (215) 789-0550

No. 100

an aluminum heat sink with plug-insockets. Feedback protection circuitmeasures power dissipation and lim-its the drive signal to prevent ex-ceeding the rating of the outputstage under all signal and load con-ditions, both transient and steadystate. A locking level control is saidto be of particular interest. MelcorElectronics Corporation.Circle 286 on Reader Service Card

Vhf monitorMonitoradio/ Scanner provides auto-matic monitoring on any combina-tion of eight vhf channels. Push but-ton program control enables theoperator to monitor his choice ofcrystal controlled channels in the148-174 MHz band. Read-out lightsfor each frequency show the processof the receiver's search for a trans-mitted signal; on finding an activesignal, the scanner locks on and lis-tens to the entire message.

The new Regency Electronics ra-dio is designed for 1/2 microvoltsensitivity; 50 dB at 15 kHz selec-tivity; and produces five W of audiooutput at 1 kHz. Rate of scan ismeasured at .05 seconds per channel.List price is $139.00 for the radioand $4.95 for each crystal.Circle 291 on Reader Service Cord

Portable reference lightThe Bloctube is a portable referencelight used in the monochrome modeand held across the receiver or moni-tor tube face. By direct comparisonat the appropriate brightness level,the picture can be adjusted for colorbalance at illuminant 5600 and cor-rect brightness. The light is made byPower -Optics Inc. out of a 12 -in. -long, 5/ 3 -in. -wide 6500K fluorescenttube with a photographic step -wedgeinside high -impact acrylic tube that isindependent of ambient temperatureand voltage fluctuations.Circle 280 on Reader Service Card

CCTV systemDesigned for remote surveillanceduty, Watchguard Mini -Cameramodel TMC-2AU from Toshiba in-

cludes video camera, remo e moni-tor, and a two-way audio 'ntercombetween the two points. Price is$379.50.Circle 283 on Reader Service Card



are our satisfied customers r*COMPLETE LIST ON REQUEST

ue

Ater:(yfr,osremee

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Grass Valley Group switcher'nstallation at KTLA (Channel 5),Los Angeles.

We could spend, a lot of money telling you that theGrass Valley Group manufactures the finest produc-tion and routing switching systems in the world. Weknow it's true. But why take our word for it? Ask thepeople who have them.

On request, we will be happy to send you acomplete user list. Not a select few but a total userlist. To receive this information, just contact yourneatest Gravco Sales office.

Sold exclusively by GRAVCO SALES, INC. Regional Offices:

6515 Sunset Blvd.Los Angeles, Calif. 90028(213) 462-6618

2626 W. Mockingbird LaneDallas, Texas 75235(214) 352-2475

1314 W. Northwest HighwayArlington Heights, III. 60004'(312) 394-1344

Station Plaza EastGreat Neck, N.Y. 11021(516) 487-1311

THE GRASS VALLEY GROUP, INC.P.O. Box 1114 GRASS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 95945

Circle 121 on Reader Service CardDecember, 1969-BM/E 61

The TVspot meter

thatnever was.

It's called the Minolta Auto -Spot 1° TV Exposure Meter.And it's the only spot meterin the world with illumi-nated, continuous and mo-torized IRE and foot-lambertscales in the viewfinder.

It'll give you quick, pre-cise 1° readings that speakyour language. Just aim,squeeze the button andwatch the scales turn. With-

out taking your eye off your subject or switching from low tohigh brightness ranges, you're getting a perfect 1° reading. Andthe IRE scale makes it easy to keep the right balance betweenskin tones and the brightest area of your subject. This makescolor work a snap.

Your subject is magnified 4x with focusing from 3.3 feet toinfinity. And because of the 1° angle of measurement, you canpick out details for tight shots or long telephoto work withoutleaving your camera position. (This came in handy when theApollo 8 astronauts took a version of the Auto -Spot 1° alongfor measuring moon and earth light.)

So thanks to Minolta, TV work will never be the same. Afterall, just because something never was is no reason to think itcan never be.

The Minolta Auto -Spot 1° TV Meterwith IRE and foot-lambert scales (.32 to5000), under $250 with wrist strapand hard leather, velvet -lined case.(Also available with shutter speed,lens opening, and EV scales forstill and tine uses.) For detailswrite Minolta Corporation, Indus-trial Sales Division, 200 Park Avenue South,New York, N.Y. 10003.

Minolta Auto -Spot 1° TV Exposure Meter

ManagementRoundtableContinued from page 55

wouldn't bother to bring up an ob-jection unless it is a point whichmight be vital to his needs. Theboomerang, of course, is to suggestthat the objection is the very rea-son he should buy, thus cushioningyour answer and immediatelybringing in facts, benefits and evi-dence.

Quite often a salesman will hear"I'm just not interested." This isa clear-cut indication that he hasnot succeeded in interesting theprospect. Another objection is,"I've heard that your stationdoesn't get results," in which casehe may be asking you to prove thatit does. And of course, the toughestobjection of all is obvious preju-dice, perhaps based on an unsuc-cessful or poorly handled advertis-ing campaign with your station oranother station. How can suchroadblocks be overcome? The boomerang or reversemethod. This is the technique ofturning the prospect's objectionaround to the very reason why heshould buy. It works because anobjection indicates interest on thepart of the prospect. When youpoint out that the very factor he isconcerned about is beneficial tohim, you're in a much strongerposition. Explain it. The most frequentthought in the prospect's mindwhen he brings up an objection is,"I would like to know the real ex-planation to this." What he is ask-ing for is more information. Admit it. All advertising cam-paigns aren't successful, for a va-riety of reasons. In this case thebest thing to do is admit the fact,then point out why and come backwith a strong explanation of howyou've eliminated those faults fromyour presentation. Deny it. If the objection is anattack on the integrity of the sta-tion or broadcast advertising ingeneral, you had better deny it orhe will think it is true. Of course,your denial should be courteousand should try to establish thetruth. Ask why. You'll never knowwhy unless you ask. In so doingyou'll have an opportunity to findout what he really means.

Many times salesmen think theprospect said "no" when he may


December, 1969-BM/E

NEW Model RE10 $90.00. shown on Model 421 desk stand $10.50. Model REI5 $153.00. shown with Model 307 suspension mount VI, NEW Model RE11 596.00,Shown with Model 311 snap -cat stand adaptor $3.90. NEW Model RE16 $159.00. shoran on Model 421 desk stand $10.50. All I onostPd net.

Freedom of choice!OProfessional sound has entered a

. new era. It started with the Electro-Voice Model REI5. And now there arefour E -V dynamic cardioid microphonesthat share its distinctive advantages -with some unique benefits of their own.

Unaffected by Distance ... AngleBasic to all of these microphones is

Exclusive Electro-Voice ContinuouslyVariable -D* construction. Now it offerssomething you've never heard beforewith any microphone: no matter what youdo, microphone response never varies!

Whether performers almost swallowthe microphone, wander far off -mike ...or even move around to the back...you'll still get the same smooth response.Only the level changes.

Once you set equalization it remainsconstant. You have full assurance thattonal balance won't change between thedress rehearsal and the final perfor-mance, no matter what the talent does.

Improved Cardioid PatternOnly acoustics and noise can limit

you. Yet even here these new E -V micro-phones gain an advantage from thesuper-cardioid pattern that providesbetter sound control than ordinary car-dioids. With maximum rejection 150° offaxis, it is easier to eliminate unwantedsound while maintaining normal standor boom microphone positions. There'salso an integral bass -tilt circuit to cutrumble below 100 Hz. when needed.

high fidelity systems and speakers tuners, amplifiers, receivers public address loudspeakersmicrophones phone needles and cartridges space and defense electronics

Now Select from Four ModelsIn addition to the original RE15, we've

added the RE16. The same fine micro-phone with an external "pop" filter tosolve the problems of ultra -close miking.

The new RE10 is the economy versionof the REI5. The same concept andquality., but for slightly less rigid re-quirements. And the RE1 1 is the lowercost twin to the RE16.

These four great cardioid microphonesgive you new freedom to head off soundproblems before they start. Your E -Vmicrophone headquarters has themwaiting. Choose today.IJ.S. Patent No. 3,115,207. Trade mark registered,

ELECTRONOICE, INC. Dept. 1291 -EM6'4 Cecil Street, Buchanan, Michigan 49107


A SUBSIDIARY OF GULTON INDUSTRIES, INC.

KNOCKIT OFF?

YOU CAN'T...

YOUHAVE

TOTURN

ITOFF!

transmittercapability

AEL'sFM-20KB

TRANSMITTERIf you're interested in fail-safetransmission around the clock,

the FM-20KB is for you.BLilt-in standby capabilities

and an easy -accesscabinet loaded full of

exciting features. Here arebut a few: New solid state

exciter, two tube design.

AMERICAN ELECTRONIC LABORATORIES, INC.P.O. Box 552, Lansdale, Pa. 19446 PHONE: 215 / 822-2929 TWX: 510 / 661-4976

have said "yes, if you show me."So, you're well advised to listencarefully to what the prospectmeans instead of what he says.

In the customer resistance in-dicated by objecting and also in thefinal resistance of having to say"yes," the prospect often tries towriggle off the hook by giving allsorts of excuses for not buying.If you've attempted to answer allexcuses as they are thrown at you,you may wind up wallowing in ahopeless mire. The prospect doesn'tbuy because we answer his objec-tions or excuses, but because hewants to advertise. What we needto handle the barrage of excusesis some method of determining thereal reason and then go to work onthat. There are six magic questionsdesigned to determine a prospect'sreal reason for not buying and tobypass the excuses. In using thesequestions, don't be too aggressiveor they may backfire and arouseresistance. Your role should bethat of a consultant genuinely try-ing to help the buyer. Mr. Prospect, you probablyhave a very good reason for notgoing ahead right now. Do youmind if I ask what it is? This is certainly an importantconsideration. In addition to this,is there any other reason for notbuying right now? Mr. Prospect, just supposing wewere able to completely satisfy youon this point. Then you would cer-tainly want to go ahead right now,wouldn't you? (Here, you meetthe condition the customer broughtup in his reason and use the "justsupposing" technique.) (If the prospect said no to theprevious question.) Then theremust be some other reason. Do youmind if I ask what it is? (You come back with a meet-ing of the condition of the new rea-son, but in addition you bury theformer excuse.) Just supposing wecould answer to your completesatisfaction this point, then youwould be ready to go ahead now,wouldn't you? Well, what would it take to con-vince you? (or) What do you sug-gest?

Selling is not an easy job-it'sclearly not for the amateur or theuntrained. If you would be suc-cessful, or if you would have yoursales staff be successful, the im-portance of proper training can'tbe overemphasized. Then, whensufficient training is combined witha well thought-out plan, it justcan't miss. BM/E

Circle 124 on Reader Service Card ago

6,1 December, 1969-BM/E

1 Versatile is the word for Ditch Witch. because Ditch Witch allows you to

quadruple your basic job capability withoutinvesting in four separate machines. Startwith a powerful V30 or R60 trencher thatincorporates all of the famous designadvantages that have made Ditch Witchthe sales leader in its class. Ditch Witchattachments convert your basic trencherinto Backhoe, Vibratory Plow or BoringUnit - or all three!

2 Both the Model 110 and 210 BackhoeAttachments feature the revolutionaryDitch Witch "breakover" design, providinggreater safety, and mobility throughgreater balance, compactness and stability.Both models feature an elevatedsidemounted operator position, and fingertipcontrols for panoramic visibility and safety.You get a digging reach up to 91/2 feet,digging depth up to 7 feet, 180° swing.

STRETCH YOUR EQUIPMENT DOLLAR 4 WAYS!3 4 DITCH WITCH ATTACHMENTS

OFFER 4 -in -1 DIGGING POWER

3 VP30 and VP60 Vibratory PlowAttachments for the 30- and 60 -horsetrenchers make possible direct burial ofservice lines for underground utilityinstallations . . . will handle cable, coppertubing, plastic and steel pipe up to11/2 -inch diameters. You get a plow depthof up to 30 inches, a capability of up to1,200 fph

4 The Roto Witch Boring Attachment*lets you go under surface obstructionswithout expensive restoration. Roto Witchworks In tight areas - only a 4 -inch -wideapproach Is required. You'll get an Initialbore of 23/4 to 4 inches, and enlarge It toa variety of sizes by backreaming. Perfectfor use under residential drivewaysup to superhighways.*Available for all Ditch Witch modelsexcept C Series

COMPLETE LINE OF

TRENCHING EQUIPMENTFROM 7 - to 60 - HORSEPOWER

THEa Division ofCharles Machines Works, Inc.1854 Ash StreetPerry, Oklahoma 73077 U.S.A.

Circle 125 on Reeder Service Card


Perfect YourCCTV System

with

COSMICARlenses

Focal length 15--145mmAperture f/2.5

A new member to the superb

COSMICAR lens family!!

The most efficient 10 : 1 zoom lens,unmatched for its optimum performance,both optically and mechanically with im-pecable definition and resolution through-out its entire zoom range.

Also available are scores of other lenses,ranging from 8.5mm to 1,000mm telepho-to, zoom and those motordriven amongthem, for immediate delivery, after beingtailored to your specifications.

COSMICAR OPTICAL CO., LTD.568, Shimoochiai, 2-chome, Shinjukuku,

Tokyo, Japan

Cable Address: "MOVIEKINO TOKYO"Circle 126 on Reader Service Card

Convention Log

Continued from page 26

pounds, the locator is a boon toengineers trying to eliminate noiseat CATV antenna sites.

A good discussion of the prob-lems of working with inferior sig-nals was covered by Frank Ragonein the paper "Performance Meas-urement of Modulators and De-modulators for CATV." (Somefive good papers on CATV weredelivered, but most were repeats ofthose given at the June NCTAConvention.)

In the category of how -to -do -it -easier were papers on automaticlogging by Howard Ham, Jr. ofMoseley Associates and microwaveSTL by Walker Walczak of Gran-ger Associates.

Not a great deal of equipmentwas on display in the suites andthat which was there was familiar.An exception was the Grangersuite: On display there was a new20 -kW fm transmitter which usesa strip -line concept borrowed frommicrowave technology, a new cir-cularly polarized fm antenna fea-turing and unusual dipole twist andan ultra -compact microwave STL

mitter is broad band and the gridis grounded. There are no frontpanel tuning or adjustment con-trols-the unit is tuned once and itstays put. (Watch BM/E for moredetails on the new transmitter.)

Engineers attending the sympo-sium were treated to an insidereport on the television systems ofApollo 11. James T. Raleigh ofBellcomm, Inc. reported that thecommunication system used by themoon men did more than relayTV pictures back to earth-theback pack camera carried by As-tronaut Neil Armstrong was avital part of the life support sys-tem. Another vital element was anew 8 -foot dish antenna in Aus-tralia. The Apollo 11 televisioncomplex included 60 camerasnever seen by the public. These 60units helped control the lift-offrocket. In commenting on the 71/2-pound Westinghouse camera, Ra-leigh stressed its amazing environ-mental capability which includedthe capability of working over aa wide thermal range and the abil-ity to pan from the moon's fulldarkness to full sunshine. No coloris planned for the next moon land-ing, Raleigh reported, because thedesigns to date couldn't take theshock and vibration strains. BM/E

Put your 16mmmovies on CCTV

with KalartUniplex Film Chain

Save time, save money, save auditoriumtraffic. Show one film simultaneously tomany remote student locations. Add thislow priced film chain to your CCTV system.(Projector and camera can also be used in-dependently).

The KALART Company, Inc.,KALART Plainville, Conn. 06062

L, I'm interested in a Film Chaindemo. Please contact me.

El Please rush Film Chain litera-ture to me.

Name

Firm or School

Title

Telephone

Address

City State Zip E- 3


Why does /1-1714 sellmore replacement vidicons

than all other suppliersI combined?

Because GBC offers topquality, fully guaranteed,factory sealed vidicons forless than half the price you'dhave to pay anywhere else!

HITACHI 7038H 29.50

HITACHI 7735AHigh sensitivity 34.50

HITACHI 7262(Replacement for Sony& Panasonic) 34.50

HITACHI 8501(Separate mesh) 74.50

All vidicons sold in lots of five.Add 10% for lesser quantities.

/L 'Closed Circuit TV Corp.74 Fifth Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10011 / 1212) 989-4433


December, 1969-BM/E66

First in broadcasting,CCTV, space

RCA invented the Vidicon. So it's only flak ral that moreTV cameras use RCA Vidicons than anw other kind.More broadcast cameras. More CCTV Jri ts. Now theytake off in NASA and ESSA project satellites wherethere s no margin for error.Think of that when you replace Vidicons next time. Askyour RCA Industrial Tube Distributor hcw you can stepup with RCA. Step up resolution with separately -con-nected mesh electrode types. Step up sensitivity byselecting Type II photoconductor types. And step upover-all performance with RCA Vidicons-made in thesame plant, with the techniques, controls, and qualityassurance checks used to make the Vidicons that gaveus our first close-up look at the moon.RCA Electronic Components I Harrison, N. 1107029

Use This Short Form Step-Lp Selector

For Color FilmPick-up

For B&W FilmPick-up

For Live ColorIr RCA TK42Cameras

RCX.-7038RCA 7735B*RCA.-8134/VI*t 1 in RCARCF.-84.50/VIt 1 TK27RCF.-8507A*tRCA-8572At

RCA -7038RCA -7735B*RCA -8480tRCA-8507A*tRCA-8572At

RCA -4493* -IRCA-4494*tRCA-4495*1

NOTES: -types feature separate mesh electrode constructionindicates Type II photoconductor

And. RCA has many other types for industrial, commercial, andeducatioial closed circuit TV-such as 4478, 7262A, 7735,7735A. 8134, and 8573A.

ncn idiconsJoin the Big Phone -In. Ca Iyour RCA Industrial Tube DIE-tributor He supplies depenc-able RCA Vidicons - plus

Otechnicaldata in the newt,/

revised catalog CAM -700A.

Canon irviThas a45Xzoomran

25-100mm 1/1.8

20-100mm 1/2.5

16.5-95mm t'2

15-150mm 1/2.8

15-170mm 1/2.5

Divided six ways, thatgives you your choice of4X, 5X, 6X, 8X, 10X and12X zoom ratios-moretv zooms than anybodyelse can offer you.

All six have inter-changeable rear drivesfor any Vidicon camera(if you have more thanone kind of camera, youcan swap your Canonzooms around the studioas needed). All six areavailable in motorizedremote -control versions,too.

Need zooms forPlumbicon or ImageOrthicons? We havethem, too. Plus fixedfocal length lenses forevery "C" mountapplication. All with theoptical precision forwhich Canon is famous.Write for full information.

The lens you need is made by

Canonr -

Canon U.S.A., Inc.64-10 Queens Boulevard

Woodside, N. Y. 11377Please send information onO manual zooms,O remote -control zooms,0 fixed focal length lensesfor 0 Vidicon, ImageOrthicon, 0 PlumbiconTV cameras.Name

Title

Company

I Address

I CityI State Zips-

For copies of these literature offer-ings, circle numbers for appropriateitems on Reader Service Card.

16mm optical sound projector withMarc 300 high intensity light sourceand power pack combo-from $1240to $1490-is presented in bulletin2702 by The Kalart Company. 200

Automatic cartridge tape equipment--monaural and stereo models-isdescribed in Visual Electronics Cor-poration brochure. 201

Week-long closed circuit TV work-shop conducted by Ampex Instituteis explained in 12 -page brochureV69-4 from the company's educa-tion -industry division. 202

Logarithmic amplifiers-temperaturestabilized LLT Series amplifiers-priced from $825 by RHG Electron-ics Laboratory, Inc., are describedin new bulletin. 203

Radio equipment list of acceptableitems for licensing has been issuedby the Commission and is availablefor reference from FCC offices at1919 M Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. and at FCC field offices. Copiesmay be purchased from Cooper -Trent, 1130 19th Street, N.W., Wash-ington, D.C. 20036.

Rf, i-f and microwave components'price and technical information isincluded in new 100 -page catalogfrom Merimac Research and De-velopment Inc. 204

"Mole -Richardson Lighting" is thetitle of an eight -page newspaper sizepictorial book from Mole -Richard-son Company. 205

Tong test ammeter-in ten varieties-is presented in TT -969 catalogfrom Columbia Electric Manufactur-ing Company. 206

Subminiature rfi/emi filters rangingfrom 80 to 100 dB at frequenciesabove 100 KHz, are presented inGenisco Technology data sheets. 207

Closed circuit videotape recorders,cameras, monitors/receivers, videotape, TV camera lenses and videoaccessories are delineated in bro-chure V69-12 by Ampex Corp. 208

Test instruments--VOMs, portablechart recorders, multi-testers-areincluded in Simpson Electric Com-pany's latest test equipment bulletin2080. 210

SOLDDIRECTOR TODEALERS

STUDIO -PROCUSTOM MODEL TURNTABLE

Single lever controls 33 8 45Speeds. Plays 45's withoutadopter. Illuminated speedindicators. Has detachabletone arm mounting plate.

Comes with syn motor only.

PRICE $190

VSSCOCUE- MASTERSTANDARD MODEL TURNTABLESingle lever controls 33, 45 8. 78

speeds. Plays 45's without adapter.

Simple rugged construction, only3 rotating parts.

PRICE WITH 4 POLEIND. MOTOR $140

PRICE WI -H SYN.

MOTOR $165

'52MONAURAL MODEL 1.M

Collor write

for folder

'RVSSCOBROADCAST PHONO

PreamplifiersMONAURAL &STEREO MODELS

MODELSTEREO1.5 '104

RUSSCO POWER

SUPPLY UNITSmodel 1-P °42

"4/7/Mgree Electronics Mfg.6879 N. SUNNYSIDE, CLOVIS, CALIF.

PH 299-4692

68

Circle 129 on Reader Service Card Circle 130 on Reader Service Card

December, 1969 BM/ E

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas

WHEN MANCLIMBED DOWN ONTO

THE MOON'S SURFACE,THESEMAGNECORDS RECORDED HISHEARTBEAT, HIS BLOOD PRESSURE,AND CONVERSATIONWhile the men of Apollo were off making history, NASA soundengineers were back in Houston getting it all down on tape. Bio-medical information 0.1 each of the three astronauts. Voice com-munications to and from the lunar module. And all other pertinentdata that passed through NASA's world-wide network of commu-nications during the flight of Apollo.

Magnecord Tape Recorders have been followingaround the world since the early days ofthe Gemini program. Recording spaceflight history as it happens, the way ithappens. If you've got recording historyof your own to make, do it on the mostreliable equipment available - do it ona Magnecord.

our astronauts

PRCEL,,, Or ,DUNIS pir,E ARCH

TELEX®COrlINIuN CA' tON,. L1,./ S1O,

9600 Aldrich Avenue SouthMinreapolis, Minnesota 55420


December, I969-BM/E 69

FCCACTIONS

Call letter change of Taft Broad-casting's recently acquired Phila-delphia uhf from WIBF-TV toWTAF-TV has been granted.

License renewal hearing postpone-ment motion by Chronicle Broad-casting Company for San FranciscoKRON-TV and FM has been denied,as has the company's request thatCommissioner Nicholas Johnson bedisqualified from participating inthe hearing for allegedly receivingand responding to ex parte com-munications and failing to disclosethem.

Application for voluntary assign-ment of license of wDBJ-Tv, chan-nel 7, Roanoke, Virginia, fromTimes -World Corporation toWDBJ-TV Television Inc., whollyowned subsidiary of the SouthBend Tribune, South Bend, Indi-ana, has been granted for a $8,-200,000 consideration.

Petitions by Anthony R. Martin-

Trigona to revoke licenses ofWNBC-TV, WCBS-TV and WABC-TV,New York City, and wRc-Tv,Washington, D.C., have been dis-missed. The Commission said thatMartin-Trigona had failed to showany abuse, law violation or "dis-cernib.e overriding public interestconcern."

Applications by WPIX Inc. for re-newal of license of WPIX (TV),New York City, and of ForumCommunications Inc. for construc-tion permit to operate on channel11 at New York City have beendesignated for hearing, which willnot take place until next year.Among allegations of Forum Com-munications is charge of news dis-tortion (see BM/E, August, 1969,p. 11).

Decision against revoking licensesfor WGWR AM -FM of AsheboroBroadcasting Company, Asheboro,N.C., has been adopted; FCCfound that station manager andthe son of the major stockholderhad filed an application for a newstandard broadcast station innearby Mebane, N.C. in 1961,partly to obstruct or delay grantof a new standard broadcast ap-

plication for Asheboro, but it con-cluded that this conduct didn'twarrant forfeiture.

Application of Downe Communi-cations Inc. for acquisition of con-trol of Bartell Media Corporation,parent corporation of licensees ofradio stations WOICY, Milwaukee,WADO, New York, and iccriQ, SanDiego, has been granted subjectto conditions that Downe show ithas gained control of Bartell Me-dia.

Petition by Muncie BroadcastingCorporation requesting rule makingto amend Fm Table of Assign-ments to assign channel 244A atMuncie by removing it from Ce-lina, Ohio, and substituting chan-nel 228A at Celina has been de-nied.

Application for transfer of controlof Cleveland Broadcasting Inc. byits stockholders to Atlantic StatesIndustries Inc., transferee, hasbeen granted. Acquisition of KFACAM -FM, Los Angeles, and WEREAM -FM, Cleveland, by AtlanticStates on condition that it "disposeof station WERE -FM as soon aspracticable," is thus permitted.

MARCCNI would havewanted it that way ...

We think the inventor of the radio would have likedthe TAPECASTER cartridge machine. We werea little too late to get Marconi's opinion, but whatreally matters is what our customers thinkOf it and they like it.

T C M

TAPHCA -r , INC.Box 662 -12326 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20851Phone: 942-6666 Area code 301

70


December, 1969-BM/E

At last. You can getyour engineerjust whathe's always wantedfor Christmas.

Perfection.Or, at least, as close as he can ever get to perfection-even at

Christmas -time.The miracle worker is the EMT -156 STEREOLimiter / Compressor/ Expander-the first suchstate-of-the-art device to be built in over 15years! And high time, too.

It combines the most advanced U.S.computer technology design with wellknown German manufacturing care.Its control functions actually pulsewidth modulate a high frequencycarrier, thereby allowing simpleinfluence on its many operatingparameters.

Use it simultaneously orseparately as a limiter or acompressor and expander.Manually adjust compressionand expansion ratios and therelease times of each of thethree functions, or let the releasetime be controlled as a functionof the number of attacksagainst the threshold per second -a parameter uniquely and directlyreadable on the front panelinstrument. Color coded knobsmatch indicators on the engravedcontrol diagram for easy operation.

The EMT -156 will faultlessly and inaudiblyprevent peaks from exceeding a set level. Itwill restrict the program's dynamic range withoutany "pumping," "ducking" or other adverse side effects.And it will not allow background noise to rush back afterprogram ceases. And all this in stereo, of course.

There's a unique story behind the EMT -156. And we haveit for you. In an eight -page, two-color brochure, which givesyou the complete scientific background and full technicalspecifications of the EMT -156. Write or call for it today.

Before you do, perhaps we'd better tell you that thisunique device also has a unique price... $2990.

So don't show our brochure to your engineer unlessyou're feeling generous. Because once he's read itor has spoken to some of its users... he'll certainly tryto talk you into a $2990 Christmas present.

Exclusve U.S. and Canadiar Represe rtat:ve (6)GOTHAMAUDIO CORPORATION

2 West 46th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 (212) CO.5-4111.1710 N. LaBrea Avenue, Hollywood Ca 90046 4213) 874-4444

113G:Ila

For price information and literature outsidethe U.S. and Canada, contact:

EMT WILHELM FRANZ GMBH5430 Wettingen (AG) Switzerland

December, 1969-BM/E


71

Replace

MercuryVapor

Tubes

Directlywith

17,Silicon RectifierStacks!Because...O Only non -encapsulated WILKIN-

SON Silicon Rectifiers can be re-paired in seconds with low-costreplacement diodes!

O Exclusive "GO, NO GO" indicatorautomatically warns when the re-verse leakage of any diode is inexcess of 50 microamps.

O Only WILKINSON Silicon Rectifi-ers are available in a completetube replacement range of from866 to 857B.

O WILKINSON Silicon Rectifiersfunction in ambient temperaturesOf from - 85 F to +158 F.

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FROM THE

EDITORThe Engineer as Executive

Why are few managers ex -chief engineers? Is engineeringa dead-end street? How far can an engineer advance?

There is no reason why engineering cannot lead up theladder to higher levels of management. Those ex -engineerswho now manage stations got and keep their present jobs be-cause they know where the money comes from, and they arepeople -oriented rather than merely object -oriented.

No station stays on the air long without input. At a com-mercial station, input is advertising revenue; at a noncom-mercial, it consists of grants and public donations. Neitherinput comes without public support, which means the stationmust program to meet community needs. Thus, no manageror aspiring manager, can ignore his station's input.

A dead-end chief engineer simply keeps the station on theair, nothing more. A top -grade chief not only puts the bestpossible signal on the air, but also concerns himself with salesand programming. While engineering is obviously essentialto station operation, it has little value by itself. Only when itcontributes to successful station operation does engineeringhave value. Therefore a valuable chief provides well plannedand executed support for both sales and programming.

This is not to say the chief should be merely a salesmanwith a first -phone ticket. An expert chief is aware of FCCrule changes, knows his equipment and takes care of it, andhelps management budget operations. As the station's tech-nical expert, he reads the technical press, attends engineeringconventions, and keeps abreast of electronics.

But he also keeps in touch with other departments. Heknows who the station does business with, and he helps al-leviate production problems.

Theoretically the chief is a member of the managementteam along with the sales manager and program director. Butwhen he loses sight of the goal of profitable operation, heisn't much of an executive. Lack of interest in overall stationoperation indicates a man who doesn't want to-and won't-advance. For advancement comes from the skill and abilityto manage and use engineering as a tool.

Thomas R. HaskettAssociate Editor

It's BM/E Renewal TimeWe know you have better things to do than filling outforms. But once a year we have to requalify everyone whowants to continue receiving a free subscription to BM/E. (Ifyou have a paid subscription, ignore this.) Our independentcirculation auditing organization needs completed forms forevery subscriber, verifying who you are and what you do.Take a minute now to fill out the attached post-paid card anddrop it in the mail. Please do it today, so we can continueyour free subscription. We promise not to ask again for an-other year. Thanks.



In order to continue receiving your free subscription to BM/E,fill out and return this card today.

1. I would like to continue receiving BM E - Broadcast Management/Engineering E Yes E No2. My company is: (Please check ALL items which pertain to your firm)

D AM Station(s) [1] Program Sources or0 FM Station(s) Recording StudiosO TV Station(s) ill Government 3. My primary area of responsibility is: (please check one)E Instructional or Closed Circuit E Consultant E Corporate Management r7 Station, Production, or

TV or Campus Limited Radio [11 Lawyer D Engineering & Engineering u Program Managementiii CATV Facilities D Distributor/Manufaclurer/Dealer Management r7 Other (please describe)0 Telephone Company D Other (please specify) ill Operations Management

4. Are you responsible for more than one station or facility? E Yes ENo

5. Your signature DatePLEASE PRINT

NAME TITLE If you have changedaddresses, pleaseindicate old address

CO. NAME & zip or attach oldmailing label.

ADDRESS

CITY, STATE, ZIP

BUSINESS REPLY MAILNO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES

POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY

BROADCAST MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING

Mactier Publishing Corporation

P.O. Box 1103Duluth, Minnesota 55802

FIRST CLASSPermit No. 665

Duluth, Minnesota

No Other Broadcasting Book Like This One!BRAND NEW-Tells you everything you need to know aboutPlanning, Building, or Remodelling an AM or FM Radio Station!

AM/FM Broadcast Station

Planning Guide

Harr) A. Elkin

BRAND NEW & ORIGINAL Big 81/2"x11" page size 16 Fact -Filled Chapters Complete and Up -to -Date Includes Data -Packed Appendix

PARTIAL LIST OF CONTENTS-The Basics of Broadcast Facility Design:general planning considerations; studioand transmitter site selection; studio andcontrol room requirements; remote controlprovision; recommended guidelines -AM/FM Frequency Searches & Channel Allo-cations; frequencies used for broadcaststations; frequency verification; primaryservice coverage and interference; ground -wave intensity vs distance; ground con-ductivity variations; sky -wave interfer-ence; FM Channels -Basic Floor Plans:Layouts for small stations; plans formedium market facilities; separate AM.,FM control facilities or dual control roomoperation; floor plans for larger stations-Studio and Control Room Layout & Wir-ing: typical designs -The Transmitter Plant:floor plans and wiring diagrams; AM/FMtransmitter requirements; transmitter per-formance qualities -Tower Types & In-stallation: AM antennas; tower lighting;installing ground systems; tower feedsystems and RF sampling; phasing;dummy loads -FM Antenna Arrays: hori.zontally and vertically polarized antennas;circularly polarized antennas; installingFM antennas; transmission lines -Transmit-ter Remote Controls: required control andmetering functions; automatic logging;studio -to -transmitter radio links -Con-trol Room and Studio Equipment: con-soles; turntables; audio control equip-ment; monitor speakers; remote amplifi-ers; modulation and frequency monitors -Tape Recorders & Studio Automation:cartridge and reel-to-reel recorders; auto-matic programming systems; automaticprogram logging -Microphones: broadcastrequirements; microphone types-AM/FMTransmitters: tubes vs transistors; trans-mitter reliability and economy; automaticconsiderations; FM power expandabletransmitters; parallel -operated transmit-ters; FM exciters; solid-state power sup-plies -Preventive Maintenance: personneltraining; inspection; tools and test equip-ment; maintenance logs -Preparing Engi-neering Data for FCC Form 301: applica-tion considerations; cost considerations-AM/FM Proof -of -Performance Measure-ments: FCC Rules; standards for proofmeasurements; test equipment; proof vio-lations and troubleshooting -PrestigeBroadcast Operations: ABC; KOOL AM,/FM; WMJR-FM; WPHC; KRAV-FM; WRVAAM/FM; WPAA-FM-Appendix: Footagetable for broadcast tower heights; FMDBK power charts; FM broadcast channels;telephone cable color code; cable attenua-tion tables; antenna current/modulationrelationship; field intensity vs. radiatorheight; forward vs. reflected power; esti-mated ground conductivity map; numerousother useful charts and graphs.

SAVE $3.00on this SpecialPrepub Offer!

. Includes floor plans for all size stations and markets

. Tells how to prepare and file Form 301.

. Describes all necessary equipment-from microphone to antenna.. . Covers installation and preventive maintenance.. . Gives step-by-step procedures for conducting proof -of -performance

measurements.-whether you plan to build a new station or remodel and update an existing one,

"AM/FM BROADCAST STATION PLANNING GUIDE" is the "total" book ...covering every aspect of planning, building, and equipping the facility. Not a singlesubject is ignored, from the initial frequency search to properly equipping and main-taining a station. This is truly the all -in -one manual for anyone interested in the properdesign and operation of a broadcast facility.

Based on a lifetime of experience and inti-mate association with broadcasting, authorHarry A. Etkin tells in detail how to find afrequency, including the "fine points" requiredin a frequency search. In today's competitivesituation this one subject alone makes the hookworth its small price! In addition, you'll learnhow to prepare FCC Form 301 as Etkin doesaway with the mysterious veil surrounding thisoften dreaded document.

Also a part of the initial planning is choosinga site, selecting equipment, arriving at plansto house the facility, whether it'll be a combinedoperation with studio and transmitter under on?roof, or whether each phase will operate sep-arately. The large 81/2"x11" pages contain lit-erally dozens of actual, tested floor plans-from relatively simple ones for small -marketstations, to those designed for larger, mediumand metropolitan operations.

The subject of equipment, from microphoneto antenna, is handled in a revealing manner-not just a repetition of manufacturers' statisticsand specifications. The practical nuts and boltsinformation presented here is intended tobring you up to date on what is availableand how it might be used in a contemplatedfacility. Subjects covered include: towers forAM and FM, FM antenna types and which isbest for a given situation, ground systems,transmission lines, transmitters and transmitterfacilities, studio -to -transmitter program trans-mission systems (including remote control), athorough treatment on studio equipment (in-cluding program automation), and studio de-sign from both operational and acoustic view-points.

This all -encompassing manual also includesdetailed instructions on how to conduct proof -of -performance measurements, how often theyshould be performed, and what to do if qualityisn't up to par. This problem -solving "trouble-shooting guide" will be of inestimable value tonewcomers and "old hands" alike-and, pleaseremember, this material is based on actual ex-perience, not on vague generalizations or dif-ficult -to -understand theory.

To keep you operating within the law, theauthor has mapped out a thorough preventivemaintenance schedule, including actual examplesof reccimunended maintenance log forms. Thefinal chapter, to whet your appetite, describesa number of "prestige" stations and how theyserve their audiences. And, finally, an extensiveAppendix lists data needed by every broadcastengineer.

Yes, "AM/FM Broadcast Station PlanningGuide" contains all you need to know aboutradio station facilities from start to finish-tested and proven data-information essentialfor both practical day-to-day operations and forfuture growth.

"AM, FM Broadcast Station Planning Guide"is published to sell at $12.95. But, if you ordernow you can save $3.00. The Special Prepub-lication price of $9.95 prevails through Jan.31, 19713.

Order today at our risk for FREE Examina-tion. SEND NO MONEY! Simply fill in and mailthe handy NO -RISK coupon below to receiveyour own copy of this helpful volume!

Other Helpful Books On Broadcasting For Every Station!

AUDIO SYSTEMS HANDBOOKEncompasses professional audio

AUDIO -71 systems of all types -coverage

SYSTEMSis complete-kfrom

fromopto loudspeakers mixersHANDBOOK and filters to amplifiers. Here

is essential technical data onloudness compensation, low-leveldistribution, noise suppression,ore -emphasis, equalization, con-stant -voltage lines, studio sys-tems, program sources, specialdevices, remote controls, radiofeeds, phono and tape pickup,

compression and limiting, etc. Indispensable for:Chief Engineers, studio technicians, recordingengrs., stereo experts and all audio systemtechnical personnel. Will greatly aid in evaluatingand selecting (or designing) system componentsto achieve flawless performance. 192 pages, over125 illus., hardbound.Order No. 494 only $7.95

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Put the information inthese books to workfor you for 10 days.If they don't proveto be worth severaltimes their cost, returnthem and we'll cancelinvoice.

MANAGING TODAY'S RADIO STATIONThe orientation is business -thelanguage is dollars and cents-the object is a profitable fi-nancial statement. No radio sta-tion should be without this prac-tical all -encompassing guide tooperating a professional, com-mercial broadcasting facility. An-alytic and interpretive in itscontent, the book is uniquelywritten and easy -to -understand.Based on actual experience, thecontent will enable you to han-

dle day-to-day problems as well as plan futuregrowth for tomorrow. This invaluable text willbe worth its small cost many times over -for thosewho aspire to any level of management and forthose already there. Also, this volume is per-haps the only current source of information onselling radio. 288 pps., Hardbound.Order No. 461 only $12.95

NO RISK COUPON-MAIL TODAYTAB BOOKS, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214Please send me copies of AM/FM BROADCAST STA-TION PLANNING GUIDE at the Special Prepublication price ofonly $9.95 (10% additional discount on 3 or more conies.)Also send me 0 494 0 4610 I enclose $ 0 Please invoice on 10 -day FREE trial

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FCC Rules Continued from page 19

with the applicant or not), the franchise holdermust also make a showing like that mentioned inthe preceding paragraph. If the franchise holderand the applicant are under common ownership,the showing may be either separate for each orjoint. If the applicant and franchise holder are oneand the same entity, or if the applicant intends tocarry on all functions of the operation withoutfranchise, the showing will, of course, be a singleone.It will be interesting to watch the growth of

subscription television over the next several years.Having received the blessings of the Commissionand the U.S. Court of Appeals, a burgeoning newsource of television entertainment is likely to be-come available to the majority of American TVhouseholds.

The opponents of STV will probably not letthe matter rest at the intermediate Court level.For the moment, however, the road appears clearfor a new breed of television broadcaster. BM/E

CROSS-TALKDear BM/ E:

We need help. We tell advertisingprospects that stations on the lowerend of the a -m band have bettercoverage than stations at the otherend with like power. The attitudeof the non -technically minded pros-pect is "show me."

An article in a magazine likeBM/E explaining this fact would bea big help in selling these prospects.If you were to run such an article,

I would frame it and carry severalcopies with me.

Dean LoudyGeneral ManagerWNNT-AM-FMWarsaw, Va.

There's an old saying in a -mbroadcasting: "Five kilowatts at 550kHz is worth 50 kilowatts at 1600kHz." Your primary coverage areais a measure of the extent to whichyour groundwave travels with enoughfield strength to be heard by listenerswith typical receivers. The ground -wave is attenuated due to propaga-tion loss, which becomes more severeas the operating frequency goes up.

This phenomenon is well docu-mented in the FCC Rules. Sec -73.184, "Groundwave Field IntensityCharts," shows signal attenuation for

various a -m frequencies.Assuming two stations, each with

a transmitter power of one kW, andantenna efficiency of 100 mV 1 m atone mile (inverse field) and a groundconductivity of 5. How far out arethe respective 0.5 mV / m contours(secondary coverage area limits)? For550 kHz, the answer is 58 miles;for 1600 kHz, the answer is 16.5miles.

As you can see, the 550 -kHz sta-tion's 0.5 mV/ m contour goes outabout four times as far as that ofthe 1600 -kHz station. Thus, assum-ing equal transmitter powers, a lower -frequency station has greater cover-age than a higher -frequency station.

One other point-on a transistorportable, it's a lot easier to tune ina station at the low end of the bandthan one at the high end.

CO 10 DONT BET YOUR LICENSE ON OLD MONITORS

PASS FOR SURE 4WITH WILKINSONSOLID STATE AM FREQUENCY AND MODULATION MONITORS

TAMM-1A MODULATION MONITOR FCC APPROVAL 3-156

Uses 5-1/4" Rack Space. Wgt. 11 lbs. RF Range .1-30MHZMeasures Pos or Neg Peaks Equally precise remote or localBuilt-in demodulator provides two audio outputs AudioResponse 3OHZ-45KHZ I/2db. Distortion .25%

TAMF FREQUENCY MONITOR FCC APPROVAL 3-158

Uses 5-1/4" Rack Space Requires only 15 wattsCalibrates and tests itself Instant operation e Approvedfor modulated RF input and remote use Engineered for

digital read-out adaptation

ICU \`fiELECTRONICS, INC.

NEW AS TOMORROW - SURE AS TODAY

1937 MacDADE BLVD. W000LYN, PA. 19094

TELEPHONE (215) 874-5236


74 Circle 140 on Reader Service Card -0.

Tape-Athon 900 Portable

c-C`R&-Via 1111a

1 III

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Tape-Athon 900 Rack Mounting

Tape-Athon's Model 900 Recorder/Repro-ducer can be expected to provide the samedependable performance in any situation -it's been engineered to take long hoursand rough handling, designed to makeoperation easy and foolproof, and alwaysup to NAB specs.

Available in 2, 4, or 8 track versions,the 900 is the smartest investment thestudio can make. It gives you more equip-ment per dollar than any machine around.Write for brochure TA 250 and a quote.Then we'll do our thing.

Topg-Afitott,Ccop.Tape-Athon 900 Console 502 South Isis, Inglewood, California 90307

(213) 776-6933

Veni, Vidi, Vidicue(We came,we saw, we edited)

Hail Vidicue!

Our new Vidicue editing and con-trol systems have conquered majorVTR problems for both the broad-caster and production facility. TheVidicue features precise, econom-ical control of program and com-mercial construction ... while alsopresenting a highly sophisticated,computerized editing capability.

Moreover, Vidicue gives thebroadcaster the flexibility to logi-cally add to his basic system as hisrequirements inevitably increase.And for the production facility,Vidicue lets the editor perform ontape what he had only been able todo on film in the past due to costand technical restrictions.

How does Vidicue accomplishthis? Vidicue offers automaticsearch and cue, frame synchroniza-tion, and editor control of one, two,or three recorders (or more, ifdesired, on an optional basis). As auniversal editing system, it is de-signed to interface with any high -band broadcast recorder, qualityhelical, or servo -controlled, multi-channel audio recorder.

I

4-4 .1

1

mr.vot, 111192

"5.

Four basic modes of operationare performed: Cue/Preview controlof a single machine. Sequential Editenabling the precise assembly ofscenes on the record tape from theplayback. Insert Edit of new materialinto a prerecorded tape. And aunique A B Roll that eliminates thenecessity of prerecording specialplayback tapes in proper sequence,thus saving a considerable amountof time and money.

Edit point entry is accomplishedfrom three sources - keyboard,tape, or computer. And Vidicue'ssimplified controls and graphicsimultaneous display of all editpoints make editing easy and savetime.

Want further information? Renderunto Datatron your request for adetailed specification brochuretoday. Or call us directly. We'llgladly lend you our ears.

Datatron Inc.1562 Reynolds AvenueSanta Ana, California 92705(714) 540-9330

4C. Expanding Man's Capabilities With Data Timing Data Acquisition Systems Microelectronic Testing Broadcast Control

BM/E CLASSIFIED MARKETPLACECLASSIFIED ADVERTISING RATES

DISPLAY CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING: $22.50 per inch lx; $22.00 per inch 3x; $21.00 per inch 6x; $20.00per inch 12x. ALL OTHER CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING 250 per word; minimum $3.00. BLIND BOX NUMBER:No extra charge. Replies sent to address below will be forwarded to you. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE; sendcheck with order. CLOSING DATE: 5th of 2nd month preceding issue date.

BM/E, Monterey and Pinola Avenues, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214 Phone 717/794-2191

HELP WANTED

TV DESIGN ENGINEERSCOHLI NEEDS YOU

in Beautiful San Diegofor

Video Distribution and SwitchingBroadcast TV Equipment

Color Camera Systems

Video Processing

Several positions are available at the senior and project level. EE orPhysics Degree desired, equivalent experience is acceptable. 3-10years' work in related circuit design a must.COHU's modern facility is 15 minutes from bay and ocean, 50 minutesfrom mountains. Excellent Health/Life Insurance. Profit Sharing Re-tirement Program. Five institutions provide excellent graduate studyopportunities.Call (collect) or write (resume) Jim Barnes, Chief Engineer, to ar-range a personal interview.

COHU ELECTRONICS, INC., Box 623, San Diego, Calif. 92112Phone (714) 277-6700

An Equal Opportunity Employer

ENGINEERING

OPENINGS

Radio & Television Chief Engineer open-ings are now available to qualified can-didates in every area of the country.Also, openings with broadcast equipmentmanufacturers for Product Managers,Sales Managers & Salesmen and DesignEngineers, etc. Send resume today! Nofee and confidential.

Nationwide Broadcast Services645 N. Michigan Ave.

Chicago, Illinois 60610

LBROADCAST SALESMAN WANTED-TELE-VISION employee with a good knowledge ofTV camera heads-as well as Production re-quirement sought. This extrovert should be goodwith people and be a self-starter. Fascinatingwork with full responsibility-plus authority-for the team man willing to learn. 25% to 50%travel time. Excellent potential for advance-ment. Good benefits. Pleasant working con-ditions. Northeast location. Salary $15,000 to$17,000 depending on background. Send resumeto Box #1269-1 c/o BM/E, Blue Ridge Summit,Pa. 17214.

COPYWRITER, MARKET RESEARCH MAN-AGER. Outstanding opportunities at expandingcompany. EXCELLENCE-the byword. Profes-sionals only. Alderman Studios, P.O. Box 26,High Point, N.C. 27261.HELP WANTED: Television engineer to be incharge of master control operations in CCTVincluding master switching, operating all facetsof film chain, operating video tape machinesrequiring experienced quad VTR maintenancetechnician and operator, in state-of-the-art uni-versity operation. Interaction with operationsengineers about picture quality and everythingthat goes on the air and with programmingabout film and video taped programs. ContactState University College, Oneonta, New York.Phone: 607 431-3314.

HELP WANTED-TECHNICALKWWL-AM-FM-TV. Waterloo, Iowa is ex-panding its engineering staff. Position is avail-able at both studio and transmitter for 1st Classengineer having aptitude in the area of opera-tions or maintenance. Contact E. M. Tink, VicePresident of Engineering.Need chief engineer who can do some announc-ing . . . prefer permanent person . . alsoneed news and operations manager who canrun morning show plus one staff announcer. Nodrifters or loafers wanted. Paul E. Reid, RadioStation WBHB, Fitzgerald, Ga.Due to expanded operation of new broadcastcenter being constructed, we have immediateopenings for licensed engineers. Salary com-mensurate with experience. Send resume: Direc-tor of Engineering, KETC-TV, 6996 MillbrookBlvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130.Transmitter supervisor with experience G.E.TT25 and TT20. Excellent working conditions,new plant, main and aux. transmitters. Perm-anent position for qualified man with topscale. Contact Chief Engineer, KJTV, Bakers-field, Cal. Immediate opening.

HELP WANTED (cont'd)

Southeastern AM -FM -TV station offers aboveaverage salaries for experienced engineers. Firstclass licenses necessary. Must have TV experi-ence, AM -FM experience desired. Reply mustbe complete with references, photograph andsalary requirement. Reply Box 1269-2 BM/E.TV Newsman, strong on air. Good salary.Great recreation area. Small University town.No floaters. "Over thirty preferred." ContactLou W. Chappell, Station Manager, WLUCTV Inc. P.O. Box 460, Marquette, Mich., 49855.Phone number 906-475-4161. (A Post Corpora-tion subsidiary).Chief Engineer, immediate opening with full-time 5 KW directional, in northern Virginia.Send resume with references and salary re-quirements. Please reply Box 1269-3.Experienced TV transmitter and studio tech-nicians wanted. Please send experience resumeto Director of Engineering, WNAC-TV, Gov-ernment Center, Boston, Mass. 02114.Minneapolis -St. Paul, AM -FM stereo well estab-lished, respected, stable radio operation needsexperienced, capable, competent, creative copywriter -producer -announcer with first-class ticket.Challenging position. Pleasant conditions. Con-tact Bill Stewart, President, WPBC, Richfield,Minneapolis 55423. 612-869-7503. Equal oppor-tunity employer.Transmitter engineer with First Phone wantedfor western part cf Nebraska. Permanent stateposition. Experience desirable but on-the-jobtraining possible. Salary commensurate with ex-perience. Contact Director of Engineering, 1600R Street, Lincoln cr call collect 402-477-6974.

POSITIONS WANTED

NEGRO ARMY FIRST LIEUTENANT. EX-CELLENT. Excellent references, college, de-pendable. Seeks apprenticeship or trainee pro-gram in television news reporting-writing, will-ing to travel, fluent Sranish. Will be dischargedfrom Army December, 1969. Frank Kelley,1263 -17th, San, Francisco, Cal. (415) 681-1806.CAREER minded young man with 3rd phone,working toward first, seeks announcing positionat small station, preferably in 9 uth. Doug Gal-liher, 3907 Angol Place, Jacksonville, Fla. 32210.Bob Case LOVES people, first phone, broad-casting school graduate. 1745 West Drescher,San Diego, Cal., 92111, call 714-279-1691. Per-suasive pet sonality.Writer, free-lance . . . editorials, programs,commentary Jerry Killoran 313 839-4113, 12400Chalmers, Detroit, Mich. 48205.Beginner; hard worker, ambitious, bright dj/an-nouncer, wants opportunity, third endorsed,broadcast school training, draft exempt, will re-locate. Bob Cooper, 1736 Atchison Ave., Whit-ing. Ind. or call 219-659-0505.

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

SPECIAL PRICES

Pako Ektachrome developing ma-chines 2-model 28, 16MM ME4processors less than 200,000 ftoff each machine.

Photo -Pic Systems, Inc.100 Avenue of the AmericasNew York, New York 10013

(212) 925-1600

SCULLY TAPE RECORDERS: Mono., 2, 4, 8,12, & 16 track models plus 270 automatic play-ers. Some models in stock now. W.A.L. customaudio control consoles & console modules.Solid state 120 Watt power Amps. We buy andrebuild Scully lathes. WIEGAND AUDIO LAB-ORATORIES. INC. 3402 Windsor Road, Wall,N.J.07719. Phone 201/681-6443.

Circle 141 on Reader Service Card 77

EQUIPMENT WANTED (cont'd)For Sale -150' self supporting antenna pole.Never been used. Available immediately. Youpay freight $2500.00 WNRE, Circleville, Ohio,614-474-3344.

TRANSLATOR POWER Now put your transla-tor where antenna should be for best coveragenot where power line happens to be. Use aTELAN thermoelectric generator. No movingparts, simple to operate, leave unattended 6-12months. General Instrument Corp., Thermo-electric Division, Dept. BM, 65 Gouverneur St.,Newark, N.J. 07104, 201.485-2100 ext. 481.

FOR SALEONAN 35Kw 3 phase Delta with 220/120single phase takeoff. Gasoline powered, 150hours running time, 1958 model. Generator, au-tomatic line transfer switch, automatic batterycharger. $2,000 F.O.B. Farmington, Conn.Contact: Gregory Fortune, WRCH, Farmington,Conn. 203-677-8521.SOLID-STATE AUDIO PLUG-IN OCTAL (1"Dia x 2" H) modules. Mic preamps, disc &tape preamp-equalizers, tape bias osc. & recordampl., power amps & power supplies. Send forfree catalog and audio applications. OpampLabs.. 172 So. Alta Vista Blvd., Los Angeles,Cal. 90036.Electronic research type 425 25kw isolationtransformer (AM tower isocoupler) used oneyear on 97.1 mc, Factory will convert to yourFM frequency. Make reasonable offer -cost$2800.00 -Frank Carman, KLUB-KWIC, Box389. Salt Lake City, Utah 84110.Jack Panels and patch cords, Audio and Video,new and used. Precision video coax cable andconnectors (Belden 8281). Write for catalog.Gulf Electro-Sales, Inc., 6325 Beverly Hill,Houston, Texas 77027. Phone 713-781-30.AMERICA'S LARGEST STOCK AND CON-SIGNMENT LISTING of new and used broad-cast and recording equipment. We trade -sell andbuy. THE MAZE CORPORATION, P.O. Box6636. Birmingham, Ala. 35210.Tower fabrication, erection and maintenance;used tower equipment. Coastal Tower & Weld-ing, Inc., P.O. Box 984, Tallahassee, Florida.Phone 904-877-7456.Protect your Lps. Heavy poly sleeves for jackets50; paper poly sleeves for records IN; min.order $5.00. Record Supplies, Hillburn, N.Y.10931.

Self-supporting & Guide Towers. Any typeground wires new 680 per lb. (919) 752-3040Box 55, Greenville, N.C. 27834.

meetings business trainee conferencev group

Friendly relaxed atmosphere withexcellent dining and meeting roomfacilities.

Complete privacy yet only 10minutes south of the loop.Services include free parking, beau-tiful pool, free courtesy car, freeTV, free ice, write or call for com-plete details and rates. Tel: (312)643-2300.

56th & South Shore Drive(FACING LAKE MICHIGAN)

CHICAGO, ILL.

EQUIPMENT WANTED (cont'd) TECHNICAL SERVICES

FOR SALE 1/2" SHIBADEN, 2 head, B & WVTR with monitor. Takes 1 -hr. reels. Ideal forCATV setups or educational institutions. Vir-tually new. Reasonable. Monoco Productions,Inc., Ridgewood, N.J. 201-652-2852.Used RCA TTU-25 transmitter complete. Chan-nel 42. Available immediately. $50,000.00. Con-tact Chief Engineer Tom Sleeman, WBMQ-TV,Birmingham, Ala.

MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE

SIGNS. NAMEPLATES, LABELS. Decals,Badges, Trophies, Plaques. Seton Corp., Dept.BM/E, New Haven, Conn. 06505.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

FRANCHISE

DISTRIBUTORSHIPS

FOR

SEEBURG

BACKGROUND MUSIC

We are expanding our distributor ter-ritories, and offer to those who qualifyfranchises for background music, withphone lines, FM Multiplex, or on -premise systems.

Complete details forwarded on request:Address:

Joseph F. Hards, Vice Pres.SEEBURG MUSIC LIBRARY, INC.

1500 North Dayton StreetChicago, Illinois 60622

Seeking new ideas or products for the Broadcast Industry. Q -TV, Sales & Distributing Corp.342 W 40th St. N.Y., N.Y. 10018.

PROGRAM SERVICES

"365 Days of Laughs". Only Daily Radio gagservice . . . prepared by deejays for deejays. $5per month. Box 3736, Merchandise Mart Station,Chicago, Ill., 60654.DEEJAYS! 11,000 classified gag lines, $10.00.Unconditionally guaranteed! Comedy catalogfree. Edmund Orrin, Boyer Road, Mariposa,Calif. 95338.

CONSULTANTS

ROSNER TELEVISIONSYSTEMS

ENGINEERS -CONTRACTORS29 SOUTH MALL

PLAINVIEW, N.Y. 112031516) 694-1903

IN CANADA ...FOR CATV SYSTEM: ENGINEERING -

PLANNING - CONSTRUCTION -TECHNICAL SERVICES - MAINTENANCE

- SYSTEM SUPPLIES -CLOSED CIRCUIT EQUIPMENT SALES

DEPEND ON EXPERIENCEDEPEND ON

NORAM1780 Albion Road (416) 741-0566

Rexdale, Ont., Canada

VIDEO TAPE RECORDERAUDIO HEAD ASSEMBLY SERVICE

Precision relapping of all heads and sup-porting posts, includes cleaning and testing.AMPEX VTR audio assembly . . . $75.00complete. Brand new shelf stock replace-ment heads of our manufacture availablewhen relapping not advisable. LIPPS, Inc.,1630 Euclid St., Santa Monica, Calif. 90404(213) EX 3-0449.

CUSTOM STYLUS -cartridge retipping, re-building replacements. International AudioStylus Corp., 111-D Lake Ave., Tuckahoe, NewYork. 10707 (Telephone: (914) SP9-1297.)

If your microphone does not make you SOUNDTHE WAY YOU WANT TO SOUND writeTHE SOUND DOCTOR. Box 3694. Birming-ham. Alabama.

INSTRUCTION

R.E.I.'s famous (5) week course for the FirstClass Radio Telephone License is the shortest.most effective course in the nation. Over 98%of R.E.I. graduates pass F.C.C. exams for 1stclass license. Total tuition $360.00. Jobme nt free. Write for brochure Radio En r-ing Incorporated Schools. 1336 Main reet,Sarasota, Florida 33577 -or 3123 Gillham Road,Kansas City, Missouri 64109 -or 809 CarolineStreet. Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401 -or 625E. Colorado Street. Glendale, California 91205.

First phone through tape recorded lessons athome plus one week personal instruction inWashington, D.C., Atlanta, Boston, Detroit,New Orleans, Minneapolis, Seattle, Denver,Portland, Los Angeles. Proven results. Our 17thyear teaching FCC license courses. Bob JohnsonBroadcast License Training, 1060D Duncan,Manhattan Beach, Calif 90266. Phone 213-379-4461.

FCC License in six weeks from the nation',largest license school. Compare reputationsand success rates before you invest. Profes-sional announcing training on the nation'sonly fully school -operated commercial stationused solely for training. School locations inDallas. Houston. Atlanta, Chicago New Orleansand Minneapolis. Write Elkins Institute, 2603Inwood Road, Dallas. Texas 75235.

FCC FIRST CLASS LICENSE IN three tofive weeks. INDIVIDUAL instruction!! Tuition$300.00. CLASSES start every Monday. AMER-ICAN INSTITUTE OF RADIO. 2622 OldLebanon Road, Nashville, Tennessee, 37214.615-889-0469.

Let's talk computerized traffic /accounting

road

ProgramAnalysis & Prognosis Aging of Accounts Receivable Time Income Reports Sales Journal, etc.

ter -to -BROADCASTER

Logs Avails Confirmations Billing Rep Reports Copy Shortage Reports Sales

CALL OR WRITE P.O. BOX

VERY FEW INPUTSNO KEY PUNCH CARDSTO SORT,STACK,FILEOR SHUFFLE

966, COLORADO

"THE PROFESSIONALS"BROADCAST

COMPUTERSERVICES

A Division of Wolverine Broadcasting Corp.

SPRINGS, COLO. 80901 / (303) 471-3900

Circle 143 on Reader Service CardCircle 142 on Reader Service Card


IIM/E ADVERTISERS' INDEX

American Electronic Laboratories, Inc. 64

Amperes Electronic Corp.,Electro-Optical Devices Division 18

Ampex Corp. 12, 13

Ball Brothers Research Corp. 14

Belar Electronics Laboratory, Inc. 60

Broadcast Computer Services 78

Broadcast Electronics, Inc. 80

CBS Laboratories, A Division ofColumbia BroadcastingSystem, Inc.

Canon U.S.A., Inc. 68

Charles Machines Work Inc. 65

Collins Radio Co., BroadcastCommunications Div. 57

Comm/Scope Corp., A SuperiorContinental Co. 9

Cosmicar Optical Co., Ltd. 66

Datatron Inc. 76

Dynair Electronics, Inc. 10

Electro-Voice Inc. 63

Farichild Recording Equipment Corp. 33

Fort Worth Tower Co., Inc. 79

GBC Closed Circuit TV Corp. 66

Gates Radio Co., a Sub. ofHarris-Intertype Corp. 25

Gotham Audio Corp. 71

Grass Valley Group Inc., The 61

International Nuclear Corp. Cover 3

Kalart Co., The 66

Lenkurt Electric Co., Inc. 20, 21

Lipsner-Smith Corp. 17

Microwave Associates 7

3M Co., Mincom Div. 58

Minolta Corp., Industrial Sales Div. 62

RCA, Professional ElectronicSystems 27, 28, 29, 30, 67

RHG Electronics Laboratory, Inc. Cover 2

Russco Electronics Mfg. 68

Shore Drive Motel . 78

Shure Brothers, Inc. 53

Sony Corp. of America . 16

Sparta Electronics Corp.. 19

TAB Books 73

Taber Manufacturing & Engineering Co. 80

Tape-Athon, Corp. 75

Tapecaster TCM, Inc. 70

Tektronix Inc. 47, 48

TeleMation, Inc. 54

Telemet, A Div. of Geotel Cover 4

Telex, Communications Div. 69

Visual Electronics Corp. 3

Wilkinson Electronics Inc. 72, 74, 80

THE

LEADE

IN

C V

T WERS

ualiN-Serviceand Price!"

Yes, quality, service and priceon CATV systems are the rea-sons for Forth Worth Tower's po-sition as the industry's leadingsupplier. Experience gained asa pioneer supplier of CATV en-ables Fort Worth Tower to pro-vide you with a quality productat a price that is reasonableand attractive.

Take advantage of our experi-ence. For assistance in systemsplanning, engineering and com-plete systems quotations

CALL OR WRITE TODAY

704t ?and 7auteitCOMPANY, INCORPORATED

P. 0. Box 8597, Fort Worth, Texas(817) JE 6.5676

- Associated Companies -Tommy Moore, Inc.

Big State Engineering, Inc.Tower Construction Finance, Inc.


ADVERTISING SALES OFFICESRobert G. Drake, Advertising Director

Edward F. Clancy, Advertising Services Manager

NEW ENGLAND41 Stevens LaneCohasset, Massachusetts 02025617-383-0029

Donaid B. Kennedy

MID -ATLANTIC820 Second AvenueNew York, New York 10017212-661-0450

H. R. Shanton Granger

MIDWEST612 North Michigan AvenueChicago, Illinois 606113121642-3774

Thomas F. X. Carter

WEST COAST1245 East Walnut StreetPasadena, California 91106213.795-1528213.684-0590 (Los Angeles)

Lawrence C. Papp

Thompson & Healey Inc.1111 Hearst BuildingSan Francisco, California 94103415-362-8547

William J. Healey

JAPAN'Nippon Keisoku Inc.P.O. Box 410Central lokyo, Japan

Yoshi Yamamoto


Operating remote control?Be safe and sure with the

Alaill1111111111

NEW! ALL clrq RFAMPLIFIER FROM WILKINSON!

Features of the Model TRF 1A: VERY LOW DISTORTION AND CARRIER SHIFT BROAD GAIN "CHARACTERICTICS EXTREME STABILITY EXCELLENT SELECTIVITY ULTRA LINEARITY

For complete details write:

G21'JELECTRO-NICS, INC.

PHONE (215) 874-5236 870237

1937 MacDADE BLVD.

WOODLYN, PA. 19094


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Tape

CartridgeHacks

FreeTableWall

standingtop

mounting

.

E

--- aEnjoy real fingertip convenience with theseSpotmaster tape cartridge racks. Threestyles, holding up to 200 cartridges, meetevery need. RM-100 wood rack stores 100cartridges in minimum space, for wall ortable top mounting, $45.00. LS -100 'lazysusan rack holds 100 cartridges on tabletop rotating stand, $79.50. RS -200 revolv-ing rack is on casters for floor storage andmobility, accepts 200 cartridges, $145.50.RS -25 rack sections, used in rotatingracks, hold. 25 cartridges, may be wallmounted individually; rugged steel con-struction, $12.50.Order direct or write for details.

BROADCAST ELECTRONICS, INC.- A Filrnwaya Company

8810 Brookville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910

PROTECT YOUR

SOUND REPUTATION

RECONDITIONED BY TABERNationally recognized recorder head manu-facturing and reconditioning experts. Heads reconditioned under controlled

laboratory conditions. Reconditioned heads guaranteed to

meet, or exceed, equipment manufac-turer's specifications.

Modern precision machine shop, andsophisticated laboratory installations in-sure highest quality reconditioning.

Free loaner assemblies available onrequest.

24 hour service. Cost-$100.00 for four (4) heads.TABER'S sophisticated quality control, andtest procedures, insure total frequencyresponse and uninterrupted sound play-back. Maintain the high quality audio thatyour equipment was engineered to produce.

Call orwrite: TAB ER MANUFACTURING AND

ENGINEERING COMPANY

OAKLAND INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BLDG., L821P. O. BOX 2365 OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA 94614

Telephone (415) 635.3832


PRODUCT INDEXA quick reference to products mentioned editoriallyor in advertisements. Page number is listed first(light face type) followed by reader service number(bold face).

AUDIO EQUIPMENT60/286 Amplifiers/Melcor80/135 Amplifiers/Wilkinson59/290 Amplifier, stereo/Sansui Electronics59/282 Cartridge, phono/Shure19/111 Cartridge, phono/Sparta57/118 Console/Collins63/123 Microphones/Electro-Voice53/116 Microphones/Shure74/139 Monitors, a -m frequency & modulation/

Wilkinson60/120 Mounting systems, fm/Belar Labs80/137 Recorder heads, reconditioned/Taber75/140 Recorder-reproducer/TapeAthon33/133 Reverberator/Fairchild71/134 Stereo limiter/compressor, expander/

Gotham70/132 Tape cartridge machine/Tapecaster69/131 Tape recorders/Telex59/285 Turntables/Instrument Systems68/130 Turntables/Russco25/113 Various products/Gates

TELEVISION CONTROL & STUDIO EQUIPMENTC3/147 Amplifier, clamping/International NuclearC3/145 Amplifier, video -pulse distribution/

International NuclearC3/148 Black burst generator/International NuclearC3/146 Burst phase corrector/International

Nuclear16/108 Camera, color/Sony3/101 Camera, color/Visual

59/275 Camera, color convertible mono/Ampex68/129 Camera lenses, zoom/Canon USA66/126 Camera lenses, zoom/Cosmicar18/110 Camera tubes, plumbicon/Amperex76/141 Editing & control systems/Datatron58/119 Electron beam recorder/3M, Mincom5/102 Image enhancer/CBS Labs

59/277 Monitor calibrator/EG&G14/107 Monitor, general purpose/Ball Bros.

Research60/291 Monitor, vhf/Regency Electronics60/280 Portable reference light/Power Optics10/105 Special effects/DynairC4/149 Switcher, vertical interval/Telemet61/121 Switching systems/Grass Valley12/106 Various products/Ampex54/117 Various products/TeleMation66/128 Vidicons, replacement/GBC

TRANSMITTER EQUIPMENT7/103 Microwave relay equipment/Microwave

AssociatesC2-100 Microwave relay links/RHG Electronics Lab20/112 Microwave system/Lenkurt64/124 Transmitter/AEL

CATV (see also: COMPONENTS, WIRE & CABLE)27/114 Color camera systems/RCA79/150 Towers/Fort Worth Tower65/125 Trenching equipment/Charles Machine54/117 Various products/TeleMation

CCTV66/127 Film chain/Kalart60/283 Remote surveillance system/Toshiba

TEST EQUIPMENT59/295 Microwave meter/Narda62/122 TV exposure meter/Minolta47/115 Test signal generator/Tektronix

COMPONENTS, WIRE & CABLE9/104 Coaxial cable/Comm/Scope

59/278 Rectifiers, selenium/Siemens America72/144 Rectifiers, silicon/Wilkinson

PHOTOGRAPHIC & LIGHTING EQUIPMENT17/109 Film conditioning system/Lipsner-Smith

MISCELLANEOUS73/138 Books/TAB78/143 Computerized systems/Broadcast Computer78/142 Motel/Shore Drive Motel


TDA2D VIDEO/PULSEDISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER

The now -famous TDA2 Distribution Amplifier,in use at most television stations and networks,

has a recently added feature. The "D" standsfor Differential Input, which we added to theTDA2. And not only did we add a differentialinput, we subtracted $30.00 from the price.Instead of $325.00, we're selling the new,improved TDA2D for $295.00 F 0 B Nashville.The compact TDA2D fits neatly into 13/4" ofpanel space and produces virtually no heat.

For complete information, write to:

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR CORPORATION608 Norris Ave. Nashville, Tenn. 37204 Ph.: (615) 254-3365


MODEL TPC2 TRANSISTORIZEDBURST PHASE CORRECTOR

The TPC2 permits rotation of the color burstphase signal driving a TV transmitter, withoutthe necessity for extensive transmitter investi-

gation and possible modification. It permitsadvancement or retardation of the color burst

by 20 degrees, without affecting the amplvticleor other characteristics of transmission. This

completely transistorized unit has its owninternal regulated power supply, and is con-

structed on a 13/4" by 19" panel.$795.00 F 0 B Nashville.

NTERNATII

NUCLEAR CORP.TC1 CLAMPINGAMPLIFIER


INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR CORPORATION608 Norris Ave. Nashville, Tenn. 37204 Ph.:(615) 254-3365

Circle 146 Cm Reader Service Card

The TC1 Clamping Amplifier employs tipclamping to remove low frequency signaldeficiencies without disturbing burst and otherchrominance information in or about backporch levels. The clamped stage utilizes a fieldeffect transistor driven by a balanced bridgecircuit. This advanced design technique pro-duces highly effective and stable clamping.The TC1 Clamping Amplifier sells for $325.00F 0 B Nashville.

For complete information,write to:

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR CORPORATION608 Norris Ave Nashville, Tenn. 37204 Ph.:(615) 254-3365

TBG2 BLACKBURST GENERATOR

The brand new TBG2 Black Burst Generatorallows you to go black and back with perfec-tion. The TBG2 has two outputs available foradded versatility, and each has burst phaseand burst amplitude adjustments so the twofeeds can be matched under any condition.

The TBG2 has the industry's only continuouslyrotatable phase control, and is accurcte to

within one degree. All the controls are on thefront panel and can be locked. The unit is

small, compact and lightweight. So is the price. $475.00 F 0 B Nashville.


INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR CORPORATION608 Norris Ave. Nashville, Tenn. 37204 Ph.: (615)254-3365

NAL

Circle 147 on Reader Service Card Circle 148 c Reader Service Card

altilliailARASHSREIHR

I I I MI MI 11.If WOW i 1 1

i Mil 1.

.kAomet

We're offering a brand newvertical interval switcherwith effects for only $6500.

We figure that's a good way for us to get clipped

Our SS -36 vertical interval switcher is brandnew color or monochrome 12 inputs and8 special effects perfect for broadcast,educational and CCTV transmission mo-bile or remote operation, too.

Choose your system:SS -36. Vertical Interval Switcher with threeoutputs, special effects, mixer and internalpower supply $6500.SS -36R. SS -36 with remote control $7600.SS -48. SS -36 with four outputs, mix effectsA & B, preview and program included $7500.SS -48R. SS -48 with remote control . .$8600.

Ell INN NM MI MN

El I'm all choked up. Give me a demonstration.

0 Cool it. Let's see a spec sheet first.

Name Title

Company

Address

City State/Zip

U

a division of GEOTEL, INC.185 DIXON AVENUE, AMITYVILLE, NEW YORK 11701

TELEPHONE: (516) 541-3600

Better ideas forthe broadcast industry

NMI MEM MN -JCircle 149 on Reader Service Card

clean up it -f pollution - worldradiohistory.com · 2019. 7. 17. · introduced our vp3 color...

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