claude c. williams papers · correspondence and papers, 1929-1979 12 linear feet accession no. 819...

THE CLAUDE C. WILLIAMS COLLECTION

Correspondence and Papers, 1929-1979 12

linear feet

Accession No. 819

The papers of Claude C. Williams were placed in the Archives of Labor andUrban Affairs in 1977 and 1979 by Mr. Williams.

Claude Clossie Williams was born in 1895 in Weakley County, Tennessee. Hisparents were Jess and Minnie Bell Williams, sharecroppers and devoutmembers of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Williams' childhood waspermeated by deep prejudices toward Yankees, Republicans, and blacks, andduring adolescence he regularly attended revival meeting, "desperatelyseeking Jesus ."

In 1916 Williams enlisted in the army, becoming a drill sergeant and trainerof draftees, and re-enlisted in 1919. When he left the army in 1921, heentered Bethel College, a Cumberland Presbyterian School in Tennessee, tostudy for the ministry. There he met Joyce King, also a student, wha hemarried in 1922.

Williams' first pastorate, after graduating from Bethel in 1924, was aPresbyterian U.S.A. Church in Auburntown, Tennessee, where he stayed until1930. During this time his religious philosophy underwent several changes. Hewas first inspired, about 1927, by Billy Sunday, and was "set on fire" to savethe souls of his church full of sinners. Then he read Harry Emerson Fosdick'sbook, Modern Use of the Bible. He also attended summer seminars for threesummers at Vanderbilt School of Religion, under Dr. Alva Taylor. By 1929Williams new philosophy of religion as a social tool had led to his work withblacks in the community.

In 1930 Williams was assigned to a Presbyterian Mission church in Paris, Arkansas,which was primarily a community of poor miners and sharecroppers and a small groupof black families. He began to work with immediately and his congregation grewquickly. His efforts, especially when blacks and whites were together inmeetings and services, shocked the church and town elders. One of his projectswas an unsuccessful attempt to build a "Proletarian Church and Labor Temple."

Williams was removed from Paris in 1934, and assigned to Fort Smith in 1935. InFebruary of that year he was arrested with eight others who were participating ina relief workers strike. He was charged with barratry, fined one hundreddollars, and sentenced to ninety days in jail, which he served. After hisrelease from prison, Williams moved to Little Rock, where he opened the New EraTraining Schools for sharecroppers and other workers in 1936. He had been workingclosely with the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), which helped to raisefunds and promote the schools. During 1936 he served as vice-president of theAmerican Federation of Teachers.

Williams became the director of Commonwealth College in Mena, Arkansas, in 1937and spent the next two years there. He also remained a member of the board ofthe STFU. He was travelling to say a burial service for a black sharecropperwhen he and social worker Willie Sue Blagden were detained and flogged by sixmen, alledgedly cotton planters. In 1938 Commonwealth and Williams were accusedof Communist activities. Williams was charged with attempting to "capture theSTFU for the Communists," which resulted in his ouster from that

Claude C. Williams:2

union. He resigned from Commonwealth College in 1939.

For the next year or so Williams was involved in various organizing andworker training activities. In 1940 in Memphis he founded the People'sInstitute for Applied Religions (PIAR), through which he hoped to organizepeople for labor and religious purposes. It was linked closely to the CIO,and its message was spread by a network of black and white preachers usingvisual aid charts and sermon outlines which presented in simple terms the"application of Bible texts to present problems."

In the spring of 1941 new headquarters were established in Evansville,Indiana, with field workers all over the southern states. Williams visitedDetroit that year, and was asked to return as the Detroit Presbytery'sIndustrial Chaplain. He moved there late in 1942 and brought the PIAR withhim. He spent three years in Detroit working with laborers, unions, and theblack community and was involved in the quelling of the 1943 race riot.Shortly thereafter he was again accused of Communist sympathies by GeraldL.K. Smith. The Detroit Presbytery backed Williams, and a campaign againstSmith and his colleagues followed. The PIAR sponsored or was involved witha number of programs, many of them labor-related: the People's Congress ofApplied Religion, Detroit Council of Applied Religion, Labor Sunday School,Mobilize for Brotherhood, and Youth Congress for Applied Religion.

Williams returned to the south with his family in 1946, to live in FungoHollow, near Birmingham, Alabama. There he established a Bible trainingprogram and carried on the work of the PIAR until it was formally closed in1948. About this time Williams began to formulate the "Bible Way ofRighteousness," a philosophy based a religious underground revolutionarymovement he felt had existed among the oppressed poor from the Old Testamentto present times. He worked on this philosophy with friends and colleagueseventually drafting a manuscript which was never published.

In 1953 Williams was again accused of being a Communist, this time by theHouse Un-American Activities Committee. As a result, in 1954 he was triedby the Detroit Presbytery, which found him innocent of that charge butguilty of heresy. He was deposed from the ministry, and was not reinstateduntil 1965.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Williams' home at Fungo Hollow became a sort ofheadquarters for people who were involved in the civil rights movement,radical religious philosophies, or who were political leftists. Williamsworked in drives to register black voters and other civil rights activities.He was supported by funds solicited by the Claude Williams Committee.remained active, corresponding with dozens of people and working to write"The Bible Way.. J*/ until his death on June 28, 1979.

For further information, see Cedric Belfrage's A Faith to Free the People,published in 1944.

An index to correspondence and important subjects in this collection will befound at the end of this guide.


Contents

24 manuscript boxes

Series I, Correspondence, 1929-1979; Boxes 1-15:Correspondence between Williams and a large group of colleagues overa period of fifty years and concerning every aspect of Williams' lifeand work. Most of it is filed chronologically, some of italphabetically, reflecting Williams own arrangement.

Series II, Early Ministry Files, 1930-1940; Boxes 16-17:Files concerning Williams' pastorate in Paris, Arkansas; his workwith mine workers and the UMWA; his work with the Southern TenantFarmers Union; the Socialist Party in Arkansas; his directorship ofCommonwealth College; and other early ministry activities.

Series III, People's Institute for Applied Religions, 1939-1977; Boxes 18-19:Files of the PIAR, primarily in Detroit in the 1940s, includingcorrespondence, bulletins, reports, charts. lectures and lessons,pamphlets, and materials from related programs and activities

Series IV, Heresy Trial, 1954; Box 20:Materials related to the trial of Williams for heresy in Detroitinclude transcripts of the trial and appeal, clippings, and correspondence.

Series V, Bible Way to Righteousness; Boxes 20-22:Manuscript drafts of "The Bible Way...", notes on the Bible andnotes on religion in general are included in this series.

Series VI, General Files; Boxes 22-23:Files containing biographical materials, information related toWilliams'religious, political, labor, and civil rights activities,some personal information, and the transcript of a memorial serviceheld for Williams shortly after his death are in this series.

Series VII, Writings and Speeches; Box 23:These files contain articles, reports, and speeches written byWilliams and several of his colleagues concerning a variety oftopics and including a masters thesis about Williams' religiouswork.

Series VIII, Clippings; Box 24:Clippings collected by Williams from the 1930s through the 1970son a whole range of topics in which he was interested. It is arrangedalphabetically by subject.

Non-manuscript material:Several PIAR posters and poster mock-ups, six original drawings, andfourteen photographs have been placed in the Archives Audio Visualcollection. About a dozen magazines and about twenty-five pamphletswere placed in the Archives Library.


Series I

Correspondence,1929-1979Boxes 1-15

This series contains fifty years of correspondence, much of it written byWilliams and a large group of colleagues and friends on a regular basisover long periods of time, and concerning every aspect of Williams' lifeand work. Particularly important subjects include his early ministry inArkansas, the People's Institute of Applied Religions, various allegationsthat Williams was a Communist, his heresy trial in 1954, the Bible Way ofRighteousness, civil rights and segregation in the southern United States,and other aspects of Williams' social and religious work. Williams hadfiled most of his correspondence chronologically, but some letters fromcolleagues who corresponded regularly were filed alphabetically. Thisarrangement has been maintained.

Box 1

1. Correspondence, 1924 and 19292. Correspondence, 19313. Correspondence, January - February 19324. Correspondence, July - December, 19325. Correspondence, 19336. Correspondence, January - April 19347. Correspondence, May 19348. Correspondence, June 19349. Correspondence, July - August 1934

10. Correspondence, September - October 193411. Correspondence, December 193412. Correspondence, January - February 193513. Correspondence, March 193514. Correspondence, April 193515. Correspondence, May 193516. Correspondence, June 193517. Correspondence, July - August 193518. Correspondence, September 193519. Correspondence, October 193520. Correspondence, November 193521. Correspondence, December 193522. Correspondence, January - February 193623. Correspondence, March 193624. Correspondence, April 193625. Correspondence, May - June 193626. Correspondence, July - September 193627. Correspondence, October 193628. Correspondence, November - December 1936

Box 2

1. Correspondence, January 19372. Correspondence, February 19373. Correspondence, March 19374. Correspondence, April 1937


Box 2 (continued)

5. Correspondence, May 19376. Correspondence, June - December 19377. Correspondence, 1936-19378. Correspondence, January - March 19389. Correspondence, April - June 193810. Correspondence, July - September 193811. Correspondence, October - November 193812. Correspondence, January - March 193913. Correspondence, April - December 193914. Correspondence, 1935 - 1939 undated15. Correspondence, Janaury - August 194016. Correspondence, September - December 194017. Correspondence, January - May 194118. Correspondence, June - December 194119. Correspondence, 194220. Correspondence, April 194321. Correspondence, May 194322. Correspondence, June 194323. Correspondence, July 1943

Box 3

1. Correspondence, August 19432. Correspondence, September 19433. Correspondence, October 19434. Correspondence, November 19435. Correspondence, December 19436. Correspondence, January 1944

7-8. Correspondence, February 19449. Correspondence, March 194410. Correspondence, April 1944

11-12. Correspondence, May 194413-14. Correspondence, June 1944

Box 4

1. Correspondence, June 19442-4. Correspondence, July 19445-6. Correspondence, August 19447. Correspondence, September 19448. Correspondence, October 19449. Correspondence, November 1944

10. Correspondence, December 194411-12 Correspondence, January 194513-14. Correspondence, February 1945

Box 5

1-2. Correspondence, March 19453-4. Correspondence, April 19455. Correspondence, May 1945

6—7. Correspondence, June 19458-9. Correspondence, July 1945


Box 5 (continued)

10. Correspondence,August 194511-12. Correspondence,September 194513-14. Correspondence,October 194515-16. Correspondence,November 1945

17. Correspondence, December 1945

Box 6

1. Correspondence, January 19462. Correspondence, February 19463. Correspondence, March 19464. Correspondence, April 19465. Correspondence, May 19466. Correspondence, June 19467. Correspondence, July 19468. Correspondence, August 19469. Correspondence, September 194610. Correspondence, October 194611. Correspondence, November 194612. Correspondence, December 194613. Correspondence, January 194714. Correspondence, February 1947

15-16. Correspondence, March 194717. Correspondence, April 194718. Correspondence, May 1947

Box 7

1. Correspondence, June 19472. Correspondence, July 19473. Correspondence, August 19474. Correspondence, September 19475. Correspondence, October 19476. Correspondence, November 19477. Correspondence, December 19478. Correspondence, January 19489. Correspondence., February 194810. Correspondence, March - August 194811. Correspondence, September - December 194812. Correspondence, 194913. Correspondence, 195014. Williams Letter to Harry Truman, 12 September 195015. Correspondence, 195116. Correspondence, 195217. Correspondence, January - August 195318. Correspondence, September - December 195319. Correspondence, January - February 195420. Correspondence, March - April 1954


Box 8

1. Correspondence, May - September 19542. Correspondence, October 19543. Correspondence, November - December 19544. Correspondence, January - March 19555. Correspondence, April 19556. Correspondence, May 19557. Correspondence, June 19558. Correspondence, July - September 19559. Correspondence, October - November 195510. Correspondence, November - December 195511. Correspondence, January 195612. Correspondence, February - March 195613. Correspondence, April 195614. Correspondence, May - August 195615. Correspondence, September - December 195616. Correspondence, January - May 195717. Correspondence, June - September 1957

Box 9

1. Correspondence, October - December 19572. Correspondence, 19583. Correspondence, 19594. Correspondence, 19605. Correspondence, January - March 19616. Correspondence, April - July 19617. Correspondence, August - September 19618. Correspondence, October - December 19619. Correspondence, January - March 196210. Correspondence, April - June 196211. Correspondence, July - September 196212. Correspondence, October - December 196213. Correspondence, January - March 196314. Correspondence, April - June 196315. Correspondence, July - September 196316. Correspondence, October - December 1963

Box 10

1. Correspondence, January - March 19642. Correspondence, April - June 19643. Correspondence, July - September 19644. Correspondence, October - December 19645. Correspondence, January - March 19656. Correspondence, April - June 19657. Correspondence, July - September 19658. Correspondence, October - December 19659. Correspondence, January 196610. Correspondence, February - March 196611. Correspondence, April - June 196612. Correspondence, July - September 196613. Correspondence, October - December 196614. Correspondence, January - March 196715. Corresondence, April - June 1967


Box 11

1. Correspondence, July - December 19672. Correspondence, January - March 19683. Correspondence, April - June 19684. Correspondence, July - September 19685. Correspondence, October - December 19686. Correspondence, January - March 19697. Correspondence, April - June 19698. Correspondence, July - September 19699. Correspondence, October - December 196910. Correspondence, January - March 197011. Correspondence, April - December 197012. Correspondence, January - June 197113. Correspondence, July - December 197114. Correspondence, January - March 197215. Correspondence, April - December 197216. Correspondence, 197317. Correspondence, 197418. Correspondence, January - April 197519. Correspondence, May - December 1975

Box 12

1. Correspondence, January - July 19762. Correspondence, August - December 19763. Correspondence, January - July 19774. Correspondence, August - December 19775. Correspondence, 1978 - 1979

6-9. Correspondence, undated10. James Aronson, 1961-196611. James Aronson, 1967-197112. James Aronson, 1972-197513. James Aronson, undated14. Bob Bailey,1972-197715. Cedric Belfrage, 1938-194816. Cedric Belfrage, 1953-1965

Box 13

1. Cedric Belfrage, 1968-19772-5. Cedric Belfrage, udated6. Sally Belfrage, 1963-1970s7. Anne Braden, 1974-19768. Horace Bryan, 1962-19769. J.R. Butler, 1938, 1960-196710. J.R. Butler, 1968-197011. J.R. Butler, 1971-1975 and undated12. Vernon Butler,. 197513. Marion S. Davidson, 1950-197514. Marion S. Davidson, 1976-197815. Clay and Belva East, 1976


Box 13 (continued)

16. Dr. Joseph Fletcher, 1940-197517. Philp Foner, 1974-197518. William and Viola Gilbert, 1971-197519. Carl Haessler, 1943 and 196720. Lucy Haessler, 1974-197621. Hoyle Houser, 1934

Box 14

1. Edna Ruth Johnson, 1972-19732. Herschel Kaminski, 19733. Lucien Koch4. Raymond and Charlotte Koch, 1972-19775. Harry Koger, 1940-19456. Harry Koger, 1955-1968, 19787. Harry Koger, undated8. Ken Lawrence, 1973-19759. Harold Marley, 1944 and 1975

10. Bruce Maxwell, 1972-197311. Bruce Maxwell, 1974-197712. H.L. Mitchell, 1941 and 1967-197013. H.L. Mitchell, 1973-1976 and undated14. Richard Morford, 1950-197515. Alex Munsell, 1970-197716. Mark Naison, 1972-197317. Mark Naison, 1974-197718. Mark Naison, undated19. Mark Naison, articles20. Sam and Blossom Nueschatz

Box 15

1. Jessie Lloyd and Harvey O'Connor, 1953-19772. Bob Reed, 19763. Rose Rose, 1940 and 1950 and 1973-19784. Ted and Dale Rosengarten, 1974-19765. Stan and Anna Rudbarg,1947-19736. Stan and Anna Rudbarg, 1974-1976 and undated7. Bob and Jo Schwartz, 1965-19788. Edythe Sherrick9. Samuel Sizer (Univ. of Arkansas Library), 1973

10. Charles and Berthe Small, 1970-197811. Louise P. Smith, 197612. Robert Snyder, 197513. Byron Stover, 197514. Fred Stover, 1972-197715. Harry and Jean Stitz, 1973-197716. Alfred Swan17. Alva W. Taylor18. Sue Thrasher, 1973-1976


Box 15 (continued)

19. Bill Troy and Will Murrah, 1976-197720. Willard Uphaus, 1934-1945 and 1973-197621. Don West, 1940-194722. Don West, 1953-197823. Don West, undated24. Owen H. Whitfield, 1942-194425. Owen H. Whitfield, 1945-194626. Steve Whitman, 1974-197827. T.A. Williams


Series IIEarly Ministry Files, 1930-1940

Boxes 16-17

These files from the early years of Williams' ministry work includematerials concerning his pastorate in Paris, Arkansas (1930-1935) andthe Labor Temple he attempted to build there; mine workers and theUMWA in Paris; sharecroppers and the origins and development of theSouthern Tenant Farmers Union; the Socialist Party in Arkansas; theflogging of Williams and Willie Sue Blagden in 1937; the New Eratraining school; Williams' term as vice-president of the AFT (1936);his directorship of Commonwealth College (1937-1939); and varioustraining institutes for workers.

Box 16

1. Diary of Paris Pastorate, June 1930-April 19352. Diary - Record of Activities - October 1934-January 19353. Dismissal from Paris Pastorate, 19344. Appeal of Dismissal, 19345. "A Foul Miscarriage of Justice," Willard Uphaus, 19346. Paris Labor Temple7. Paris Church, Miscellaneous8. Paris Clippings9. Conferences, 1934-1938

10. Williams' Arrest in Ft. Smith, Arkansas, February 193511. National Committee for the Support of Claude Williams, 1935-193612. Williams' New York City Speech, 193513. UMWA, 1930-193414. UMWA Correspondence, 1932-193315. UMWA Correspondence, 1934-193716. Southern Tenant Farmers Union, 1934-193617. STFU, 193818. STFU News, April - June 193819. STFU, 193920. STFU Correspondence, 193921. STFU, 194122. Sharecroppers Voice23. STFU Miscellaneous

Box 17

1. STFU Clippings2. Constitution of the Arkansas Council of UCAPAWA3. Constitution of the Missouri Agricultural Workers Council, March 19394. Oklahoma Tenant Farmers Union, 19395. Texas Tenant Farmers Union, 1939


Box 17 (continued)

6. Flogging of Claude Williams and Willie Sue Blagden, 19377. Cantor, Louis; "A Prologue to the Protest Movement: The

Missouri Sharecroppers Roadside Demonstration of 1939,"19698. Dyson, Lowell K.; "The Southern Tenant Farmers Union and

Depression Politics," 19739. Mitchell, H.L.; "Workers in Our Fields," cl960

10. Naison, Mark; "The Southern Tenant Farmers Union and the CIO."11. National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor; "Farm Labor

Organizing, 1905-1967."12. Rony, Vera; "Sorrow Song in Black and White," 196713. Association of Members and Friends, Historic Southern Tenant

Farmers Union, 40th Anniversary Meeting, 25 April 197414. Notes re: STFU15. STFU Training School at New Era, 193616. New Era Schools Prospectus17. American Federation of Teachers Activities, April-September 193618. AFT Activities, October 193619. AFT Activities, November 1936-193920. Commonwealth College21. Commonwealth College Correspondence, 1937-193922. Friends of Commonwealth letter, September 193823. Commonwealth College Newsletter, September 193924. Commonwealth College Newspapers, 1934-193825. Commonwealth College Clippings26. Commonwealth College, Accusations of Communist Activities, 193827. "Songs of the Southern Summer School, 1938"28. Cotton Workers School, Memphis, cl94029. Memphis Training Institute, December 1940


Series III Peoples Institute for Applied Religions, 1939-1977

Boxes 18-19

Files of the Peoples Institute for Applied Religions (PIAR), primarily inDetroit in the early 1940s, include bulletins, charts, correspondence,lectures and lessons, mailings, pamphlets, reports, songs, and materialsfrom related programs. Also included are files concerning Gerald L.K.Smith and the PIAR-supported protest against him and other "reactionaries"in 1943, and materials regarding the Detroit Council of Applied Religions,the Detroit Presbytery, the Labor Sunday School and the relationshipbetween labor and religion in Detroit, the Peoples Council of AppliedReligions, the Youth Congress of Applied Religion, and other organizationsrelated to the work of the PIAR.

Box 18

1. PIAR Articles2. PIAR Bulletins, 19463. PIAR Bulletins, 19474. PIAR Bulletins, 1948-19565. "The Case of the UnRoman Carpenter," 19486. PIAR Charter (blank)7. PIAR Charts8. PIAR Chart Notes9. PIAR Clippings10. PIAR Correspondence, 1939-194511. PIAR Correspondence, 1946-197712. "Fifth Columnists"13. "Hell-Brewers of Detroit"

14-16. PIAR Lessons and Lectures17. PIAR Mailings, 1941-194718. PIAR Mailings, 1948-cl95319. PIAR National Board20. PIAR National Council Meeting, 29 December 194521. National Lawyers Guild-Univ. of Michigan; Q&A on U.S. Constitution22. PIAR Ordination Service, 1944

Box 19

1. PIAR Pamphlets2. PIAR Postcards3. PIAR Related Programs4. PIAR Releases5. PIAR Reports and Minutes6. PIAR Songs7. PIAR-Supported Protest Against Gerald L.K. Smith8. The Cross and the Flag, Gerald L.K. Smith, ed., 1943-19449. Gerald L.K. Smith, Clippings


Box 19 (continued)

10. PIAR "Who's Who of Religious Reaction in the U.S.A.," cl94611. Detroit Council of Applied Religion12. Detroit Presbytery Correspondence, 1942-194913. Detroit Religion and Labor Conference, 1945-194614. Labor Sunday School, 194415. Mobilize for Brotherhood16. Peoples Congress for Applied Religion Announcements17. PCAR Clippings and Releases18. PCAR Endorsements19. PCAR Organization Plan20. PCAR Panels21. PCAR First Report22. Youth Congress for Applied Religion, 194623. Youth for Christ Movement, 1945


Series IV

Heresy Trial, 1954

Box 20

In 1954 Claude Williams was tried for heresy by the Detroit Presbytery ofthe Presbyterian Church U.S.A.,after being accused in 1953 of Communistactivities by the Committee on UnAmerican Activities of the U.S. House ofRepresentatives. The Detroit Presbytery dismissed the charges ofCommunism, but upheld the charges of heresy, and Williams was deposed fromthe Presbyterian ministry. These transcripts and correspondence of thetrial and the appeal are the official records of the case. The series alsoincludes materials concerning Williams reordination in Detroit in 1965.

Box 20

1. Heresy Trial Transcript, 4 January 19542-4. Heresy Trial Transcript, 12 January 19545-6. Heresy Trial Transcript, 13 January 19547-9. Appeal Transcript, 8-9 November 195410. Detroit Presbytery Heresy Trial, 1949-195311. Detroit Presbytery Heresy Trial, 1953-195412. Heresy Trial Correspondence13. Clippings14. Reordination in Detroit, 1965


Series V

Bible Way to Righteousness

Boxes 20-22

This series contains manuscript drafts of the Bible Way of Righteousness,and files of notes on the Bible and religious teachings. The Way was a"people's interpretation of the Bible" originated by Williams in thelate 1940s, in which he described a religious revolutionary undergroundmovement of "poor and oppressed people" which existed in secretthroughout the Old Testament, surfaced briefly at the time of theCrucifixion, and then went underground again. It is a movement whichWilliams felt existed currently, especially in the interacial movementsfor economic justice taking place in the 1950s and 1960s. The manuscriptwas never published, but there were articles written about it byWilliams and others, and a great deal of his correspondence concernsthe writing of the manuscript.

Box 20

15. Bible Way of Righteousness, Draft I

Box 21

1. Bible Way of Righteousness, Draft II2. Bible Way of Righteousness, Draft III3. Bible Way of Righteousness, Draft IV4. Bible Way of Righteousness and Its Bible Underground5. Bible Way of Righteousness

6-9. Bible Way of Righteousness, Notes10-14. Bible Notes

Box 22

1-3. Bible Notes4. Bible Notes from Taped Dialogues5. Bible Study Questions6. Religion Notes7. "Random Thoughts on the Way"8. "Scriptural Source of True Religion"9. "Scriptural Thoughts for Bible Preachers"

10-12. "Social Teachings of the Bible"

Claude C. Williams: 17

Series VI

General Files

Boxes 22-23

These general files contain biographical materials about Williams,information about his biography, A Faith to Free the People byCedric Belfrage, the Claude Williams Committee which gave Williamsfinancial support for almost thirty years, the Southern ChristianEducation Fund, and other organizations and activities with which hewas involved over the years. They are arranged alphabetically.

Box 22

13. Biographical Articles14. Biographical Clippings15. Civil Rights Activities

16-20. Claude Williams Committee Letters, 1950-197921. Clippings, A Faith to Free the People22. Documents Lists23. Financial Ledger, 1965-196724. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 196525. National Religion and Labor Foundation, 1932-1948

Box 23

1. New York Conference for Radical Historians2. Real Estate Records3. Sermons, 1919-1940s4. Socialist Party of Arkansas, 1936

5-8. Southern Christian Education Fund, 1973-19769. Taped Dialogues, 1965-1970s

10. "Transcript of a Spring 1978 Dialog"11. Wedding Services12. Williams Interview13. Memorial Service, 4 August 1979


Series VIIWritings and Speeches

Box 23

This series contains articles, reports, speeches, poetry, and other materialswritten by Claude Williams or his colleagues and friends, most probably inthe 1940s. Also included is a masters thesis about Williams and his workwritten in 1962.

Box 23

14. Williams, Claude. "American Sketches Program," KFWB Radio, 4 May 194615. Williams, Claude. "Desegregation: Attack the Counterattack," cl95416. Williams, Claude. "Don't Sell the South Short."17. Williams, Claude. "Every Man in His Own Tongue."18. Williams, Claude. "The Need for Black and White Working Class Unity."19. Williams, Claude. "The Scarlet Thread."20. Williams, Claude. "Speech Before the Church Labor Panel During

the Meeting of the General Assembly," cl94321. Williams, Claude. Untitled22. Campbell, A.L. "Facist Organizations in Texas."23. Campbell, A.L. Poems24. Campbell, A.L. "True Religion vs. King Cotton."25. Gerst, Wilhelm Karl. "What a German Catholic Has Learned."26. Kuch, Jeanne. "For the People."27. Lane, Lela. "Mr. Smith Backs the Field."28. Politika. "Interview of American Churchmen with Marshal Tito."28. Preece, Harold. "The Cross vs. The Fiery Cross."30. Preece, Harold. "The Klan's 'Revolution of the Right.'"31. Preece, Harold. Ku Klux Klan Articles32. Reynolds, Bertha C. "Thoughts About Present Day Religion."33. Vanderburg, Virgil. "Brotherhood Squadron."34. Wenger, Robert E. Social Aspects of American Christianity,

1930-1960, As Observed in the Life and Work of Claude Williams."MA Theses, 1962

35. Weston, Hugh. "Speaking for the People. . ."36. Williams, D.C. Poems


Series VIII

Clippings Box 24

This series contains clippings from newspapers, journals, and magazines collectedfrom the 1930s through the 1970s on a variety of topics in which Williams wasinterested or involved. It is arranged by subject.

Box 24

1. Anti-semitism2. Civil Rights, 1932-19593. Civil Rights, 1961-19624. Civil Rights, 1962-19635. Civil Rights, 1964-19656. Civil Rights, 1966-1970s7. Civil Rights - Registration of Black Voters8. Communism9. Detroit

10. Detroit Presbytery11. Detroit Race Riot 194312. Facism13. Ford Motor Company14. House UnAmerican Activities Committee15. Ku Klux Klan16. Labor17. Native Americans18. Presbyterian Church U.S.A.19. Prison Reform20. Religion21. Religious Groups - Reactionary22. Socialism23. The South24. U.S.S.R.25. George Wallace26. Gerald B. Winrod27. Yugoslavia Trip, 194728. General

Claude Williams:20

Index to Correspondents

Adams, J.B., 2:15Allen, Charles L., 2:20Allured, Paul, 8:2,3,5American Federation of Teachers,

1:21-25; 2:1-6; 17:17-19Aronson, James, 9:6,7; 12:10-13Arthur, Ernest, 6; 7:9

Bailey, Bob, 10:14; 11:16,19; 12:4Bains, Jim, 11:7,8,19Baldwin, Roger, 1:12; 2:1Ball, Lee and Mae, 3:12; 11:15,16;

12:1Bass, Lou and Pauline, 10:6; 12:4,6,7Beasley, J. Austin, 1:17,18Beecraft, Eric, 2:9Belfrage, Cedric, 2:9,13; 7:4,7,20;

8:1; 9:15; 12:15,16; 13:1-5; 22:21Belfrage, Sally, 9:14; 10:3; 13:6Belkin, L., 1:24Belknap, John, 10:8,10Bessemer Voters League (Helen Cooley),

9:11-16; 10:1-5,8,10,15; 11:2Bethel College, 1:1Blackwell, Unita, 10:9,12Blackstone, William L., 2:16-19; 16:17Braden, Anne, 8:16; 11:13; 13:7Braden, Carl, 8:16; 10:1Bradley, Dwight, 5:13; 6:1,4,8; 9:13Brady, Donald, 4:2,5,6,10; 5:1,8Bryan, Horace, 1:8,13; 11:13; 13:8Burgess, David S., 3:3,6Butler, J.R., 1:24; 2:1,2,4,6,8-11;

9:4; 10:12; 11:3,7; 13:9-11;16:17; 17:26

Butler, Vernon, 13:12

Cameron, Alex, 3:9; 6:10; 18:10Campbell, A.L., 2:18,20,21,23;

3:3,4,7-9,11,12,14; 4:5,6,8-12,14;5:1-3,5,7,10,11,13; 6:1,9;7:4,5,8,9; 9:3; 10:2; ;8:10;23:22-24

Cantor, Louis, 10:10Carpenter, C.T., 1:13,14Chamberlin, Mark, 8:4; 9:5; 11:15,18;

12:3Chicago Action Council, 5; 6:2,12Chappell, Winifred, 2:6,16,20-22;

3:3,12; 4:1,4-14; 5:8; 6:4,7,8,10,14,15,17,18; 7:1,2,4,5;17:22,26

Claude Williams Committee, 7:19,20;8:1-17; 9:1-16; 22:16-20

Cochran, William F. 2:18; 4:2; 5:6; 7:2Commonwealth College, 1:8,14,15,18,23,

24,26; 2:1,4,6,8,9,13; 11:8;17:20-26

Cook, Robert, 6; 7:2,3,5,8Cordell, Kathryn, 2:11Council for Social Action, 1:19,24Council Against Intolerance in America,

4:5-8Council of Industrial Organizations

(Depts. and Locals), 2:19; 3:2,9;4:1,2,4,14; 5:6,7,12; 6:4,6; 7:10;see also TWOC and UAW

Dade, Malcolm, 2:23; 4:11Darr, John Whittier, 3:2,5,13; 4:5,7,17;

5:7; 6:13; 7:2,5Davidson, Marion S., 7:19,20; 8:1-17;

9:1-16; 10:3,5-7; 10-13; 11:2,4-7,11;12:2,4,5; 13:13,14; 22:16-20

Davis, Forest H., 4:8,13Davis, Jerome, 1:10,13Davison, Doris Genart, 3:7,10; 4:4,6,9,10;

5:15DeBerry, William, 6:7,10; see also

TWOCDetroit Council of Applied Religion,

4:12; 19:11Detroit Federation of Teachers (Florence

Sweeney), 3:6,7Detroit Presbytery, 3:8,9; 7:17; 19:2;

20:1-14; 24:10Dobbs, Malcolm Cotton (Tex), 8:9,10Dobson (Univ, Tenn. Lib.), 10:12-14Dolowitz, Florence R., 3:6Drake, Freeman, 8:5Dunbar, Tony, 11:19; 12:6Dunn, Earl, 1:16Durr, Virginia, 5:4,17; 6:18; 8:7; 9:9

11:17

East, Clay and Belva, 13:15Edwards, George C., 1:25Edwards, Willard (Bill), 2:20-22; 3:1;

11:12Elliott, Richard Travis, 1:19

Falkowski, Ed, 2:23Fellowship of Socialist Christians, 1:17Findly, John K., 7:1,2


Finkelstein, Louis, 4:7,10,12,13;5:5

Fletcher, Joseph P., 2:17,21;3:9; 4:4; 6:18; 7:6,13; 9:4;13:16; 18:11

Folino, Paul, 3:13; 4:2,7-9; 5:6Foner, Philip, 13:17Forsythe, John B., 4:8,9; 5:15Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 2:17Fowler, David (UMWA), 16:14,15France, Royal W., 6:17; 8:1-3,6Freeman, J.M. , 3:8,9,11Fritchman, Stephen H., 3:6; 4:10;

7:8; 8:3; 9:6; 10:6,8;12:3,5,6

Frye, Joe, 11:1Fulks, Mabel, 4:5; 10:15

Gaede, Erwin and Marge, 5:12;11:1

Gardener, A.A., 11:19; 12:6Gates, Sherwood, 1:4,7-9,24Genart, Phil, 5:3Gerst, WilhelmK., 23:25Gibson, J. Walter, 1:20Gilbert, W.A. (Billy) and Viola,

1:14,16,21,24; 10:13; 11:1,15;12:2; 13:18

Gilden, Bert, 11:7Gillespie, Marvin L., 1:4,5Gilman, Elizabeth, 1:26Grant, James R., 1:10Gray, J.H., 2:10; 6:17,18Gray, J.W. Jr., 1:15Grossman, Mary Foley (AFT), 2:4,6Grubbs, Don and Bobbie, 9:10, 11:4

Haessler, Carl, 5:17; 7:9; 10:6;11:7-9; 13:19

Haessler, Lucy, 13:20Halfant, Ina, 6:11-13,16Halfant, Jules, 11:17Hall, Cameron P., 2:21; 3:3,14;

4:3,4Hall, Covington, 2:6Halperin, Maurice, 2:15Handcox, John L., 2:11Hapgood, Powers, 1:22Harris, Gerald, 8:5,9,14,17;

9:3Hart, Philip A. (Senator), 10:1Hays, Brooks, 1:10,11,16Hays, Lee R., 1:16,19-21; 2:16;

6:7; 17:21Henderson, Edythe R., 4:8,9;

5:2,5; 7:17

Henderson, Donald T., 1:10,25;2:8,12; 16:19

Henson, Francis A., 1:14; 2:6Herrick, Marian, 3:7; 4:6; 5:9; 6:14Herz, Alice, 4:5,6,9,12; 5:4Highlander Folk School (James Dombrowski),

1:15, 2:6Hill, Charles A., 3:10; 7:8,9; 10:5-7,11,

13; 11:2Hill, Georgia, 11:19; 12:1,2Hill, Lister (Senator), 10:1Homis, Suni, 4:10,11,14; 5:1,4; 6:12Horstmann, J.H., 4:7-10; 5:5Horton, Myles, 1:9; 3:12; 4:9Houser, Hoyle, 2:6,12; 13:1Houser, Lulu, 3:3; 4:1,2; 6:15; 7:8Houser, Walter, 1:10,15,23Howard, Asbury, 9:11-16; 10:1-5,7,8,11,12Hudnutt, Herbert, 2:20; 3:9Hughes, E.L., 3:3; 4:8,11,12; 5:1,9;

6:15,17Hults, Lena (AFT), 17:18,19

Imes, William Lloyd, 1:19ILGWU, 2:3

Jernagin, W.H., 4:2,3Jewish Community Council, 3:6Johnson, Clyde, 12:1Johnson, E. Shurley, 3:11Johnson, Edna Ruth (Joni or Johnny),

10:6,10; 11:13; 12:3; 14:1Johnson, Zilphia Mae, 1:12; 6:16Jones, Ashton B., 1:10,11,13Jones, H. Lee, 1:14Jones, Henry D., 1:11; 2:20; 3:2,5,10;

4:11; 5:1,3; 6:17; 7:3,7,13; 10:8Jones, Sadye B., 1:19,20,22,23 Jordan,Joann, 5:8-11,15; 7:4

Kaminski, Herschell and Annette, 8:13;9:3; 10:5-8; 14:2

Keck, Caroline S. 2:6Kellman, Samuel (Sam's Cut Rate), 4:8Kelly, Harry F. (Gov.), 4:8Kennedy, Edward M., 10:1Kent, Rockwell, 4:6Kester, Howard, 1:3,7,8,17; 17:21Kilgore, Harley M. (Senator), 4:7King, Edna Joyce (Williams), 3:3,4;

6:8; 7:3,4,9,10; 8:8,17; 9:4; ;8:10Kobler, Donald G., 1:22,27,28; 2:1-6;

10:2,4,9; 12:2,4,5; 17:19,20,26Koch, Charlotte Moskowitz (Chucky),

1:13,15,18; 2:1,4; 11:14; 12:2; 14:4Koch, Lucien, 1:18,26; 2:6; 14:3 Koch,Raymond, 11:14; 12:2; 14:4


Koger, Harry and Grace, 2:19;3:4,6; 4:3,10,11,14; 5:7,11,14-16; 6:17; 7:9; 8:9,15,16;9:12; 10:10,11,15; 11:13;14:5-7

Koger, Mary Lou, 7:3,6,8Kuch, Jeanne, 23:26Kuenzli, Irvin R. (AFT), 17:19

Lampell, Millard, 6:17Lane, Lela, 23:27Lathrup, Milo, 2:3,4Lawrence, Ken, 14:8League for Industrial Democracy

(B.C. Kirby), 1:27League for Southern Labor, 1:23Lewis, Celia (AFT), 2:4, 17:19Lundeen, Ernest (U.S. Rep.),

1:24McDowell, John, 1:8McKinney, E.B., 2:3,11,12;

16:17,20McLaren, Louise Leonard, 2:2MacLean, Chap. Burton, 3:5,10,14;

4:5, 5:14MacLennan, Charles F. and Ruth,

2:3,4,16,17; 4:4; 11:14,16McPhee, Frank A., 4:1McWilliams, Carey, 3:10Mack, Si, 3:2,3Macy, Paul Griswold, 3:11Magruder, N. Burnett (Barney),

3:5,6,9,10 Marley,Harold, 7:12; 9:13;

10:2; 14:9Marshall, Scott, 12:1,4Martel, Frank X., 3:5Martin, James L., 2:16Martin, Josephine, 10:6; 11:13;

12:3Mason, Mary E., 3:2,6Mason, Philip P., 12:1Matthews, J.B., 1:3Maxwell, Bruce, 10:5-9,12-15;

11:1,2; 14:10,11Mays, Benjamin (Morehouse

College), 4:14Melish, Howard, 10:5; 11:19Miller, W.B., 2:9 Mitchell,H.L., 1:8,10,13,17,19,

20,25,27,28; 2:1,2,8; 5:15;11:5,15; 14:12,13; 16:17;17:9,15,21

Mohn, Einar, 7:3Moody, Bill, 11:10

Moore, Rev. Joseph, 4:6,7; 12:6,1Morford, Richard, 2:23; 3:2,6; 5:12,15;

8:15; 9:7; 10:6,10,11; 11:3,11;14:14; 18:10

Morgan, Anna Rubio, 4:8,10,12; 5:7Munsell, Alex, 4:4; 9:6,15; 10:3,7,8,

10,13; 11:11; 13:13,14; 14:15Murrah, Will, 15:19Muste, A,J., 2:4Myers, James, 1:6-8,12,13

Naison, Mark, 11:12-15; 14:16-19National Committee for the Support of

Rev. Claude C. Williams, 1:15,19,20National Religion and Labor Foundation,

1:4,7,8,10-13,15,23; 2:11; 3:3,4;6:2; 22:25 Nelson,

Mercedes (AFT), 2:2Neuendorffer, Ruth, 4:6New Era Schools, 1:28; 2:2,3,5; 17:15-17New Masses (Joseph North), 4:4,5Nicholas, Islwyn ap, 5; 6:1,4; 7:11Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1:10-12,14,19Noble, Marion M., 11:12, 12:1,2Nolin, JohnM., 6:3,4,17,18; 7:1Nowak, Stanley, 6:15; 18:10Nueschatz, Sam and Blossom, 12:2,5; 14:20

O'Connor, Harvey and Jessie Lloyd, 3:12;4:12; 5:11,15; 6:5,16; 7:9,11;11:13,15; 12:1; 15:1

Orendorff, Gertrude, 2:7

Peale, Norman Vincent, 4:7; 5:3,5,7Peoples Institute for Applied Religions,

2:15-23; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 17:29;18; 19

Perkins, Haven, 2:1,4,6Platter, Robert I., 1:20,25Pollock, Frederick, 4:3Pope, Liston, 2:16; 4:10Posey, Buford, 10:11-13Preece, Harold, 2:18; 6:2,4,8,14;

18:10; 23:28-31Preisler, Doris (ILGWU), 2:3Presbyterian Church U.S.A., 1:9-15;

2:6,9,13,18,20,22; 3:2,3,5; 4:8;5:8,13; 6:6,9,10; 7:12,13; 16:3,4;24:18

Price, Frances, 3:1-5,8; 5:11,15Pullman, Tracy M., 3:11, 6:5

Reed, Bob, 1:23,26; 3:9; 15:2Reid, Paul M., 1:19Reynolds, Bertha, 3:8,14; 6:6-8,10,16;

7:1,5,6; 11:19; 23:32Robinson, Joe T., 2:1


Rogers, Jay, 10:13; 11:14,15;12:3,4,5

Rodgers, Ward, 1:9-11,14,25Rose, Rose, 4:4,6,8-12; 5:2,4,7,10,

11,14-17; 6:1,6,8,12,16; 7:1,6;9:12,14; 10:4-7,11; 11:1,3,10,11,16; 12:4; 15:3

Rosengarten, Ted and Dale, 15:4Rudbarg, Stan (and Anna), 7:3;

10:8,10,11,13; 11:2,13,14;15:5,6

Sailer, Agnes, 2:9,13Sarvis, Isobel, 3:4,7,12; 5:11Schwartz, Bob and Jo, 10:4,7,8,

13; 11:9-11,14; 12:3,5; 15:7Scott, Constance Williams, 18:11Scoville, Florence M., 3:3; 4:1;

6:12Seeberg, Elizabeth, 2:1Seeger, Peter, 6:13,15,16; 7:3;

9:7,13; 10:9; 12:3Seidler, Paul, 3:9Seldes, George, 2:23; 3:6; 4:8;

5:11; 18:10Senior, Clarence, 1:10,16,19,20Shepard, Marshall, 2:8Sherrick, Edythe, 11:5,11,14;

12:2,4; 15:8Shumin, Armin, 1:8Shumpert, Robert D., 4; 5:6,9Sibley, Norman, 1:19-21Sizer, Samuel (Univ. of Ark.),

15:9Slaff, Florence, 3:3,10; 5:16;

6:10,15; 7:9Small, Charles and Berthe,

5:15,16; 10:6,8,9,13; 15:10Smith, F. J., 3:2-4,10,12;

4:2,6,7,14; 5:2-5,8,13,15;6:16; 7:7

Smith, Hilda, 1:11,12Smith, Louise P., 15:11Snyder, Robert, 15:12Socialist Party; 1:10,16,19,

21-25; 2:1-3,6; 17:17; 23:4Southern Christian Education

Fund, 9:11; 10:1; 23:5-8Southern Summer School for

Women Workers in Industry,1:26,; 2:2

Sparkman, John (Senator),10:1Stanton, Richard, 3:2Starr, John L., 4; 5; 6:5,10,

14,16

Steinmetz, Harry C, 2:4,6; 12:3Sterling, Harmie, 11:18Stover, Byron, 15:13Stover, Fred, 11:11; 15:14Stranahan, Lois, 11:18Stutz, Harry and Jean, 11:16, 12:1-3; 15:15Sullivan, Eugene, 1:18Sullivan, William W., 4:10; 5:5,7,11,12,

15,17; 7:1,13Sutherland, Gene, 1:21,24Swan, Alfred, 4:1; 5:9; 8:4; 10:4,10,14,15;

11:13; 15:16Swartz, Philip A. 1:12

Taylor, Alva W., 1:4,5,7,8; 2:22; 3:3,5,6,9,13; 4:3,6-9; 5:1; 6:4; 15:17; 18:10,11

Teitelbaum, Samuel, 1:19,20,25,26; 2:12,15Tennant, Calla (Kay), 2:20,22; 3:6,8,10,13-15;

4:1,7-14; 5:1-17; 6; 7:2,4-8; 18:10Thomas, Norman, 1:2,10,14Thompson, Frances, 1:24,25; 2:2,6Thompson, John B., 1:21-24; 2:15; 4:3,6; 6:5Thasher, Sue, 12:1; 15:18Tobacco Workers Organizing Committee (CIO),

2:19; 3:2,11,14; 4:4,5,10,13; 5:4; 7:8Todd, D.I., 10:13Trowbridge, George A. amd Jean W., 2:22,23;

9:15,16; 10:1,4Troy, Bill, 11:9-11; 12:1,5; 15:19Turner, Leon, 3:11; 4:3; 7:10

Ulveling, Ralph, 2:23UAW, 3:3,10; 5:1UCAPAWA, 2:12,15,19,20; 16:17,19; 17:2,

28,29Uphaus, Willard, 1:8-15,20,25; 2:5,6,11,

20,21; 3:2-4,6,9; 4:10; 5:10-13; 6:1;7:10; 9:1,7,9,13,14; 10:13; 11:14;12:2; 15:20; 16:5; 17:15,16; 18:10,11

Vanderburg, Virgil, 23:33Vick, Ben F., 1:10Vincent, Frank and Clara, 10:5; 11:17;

12:1,2,4,5Vlastos, George, 3:3

Walls, Hattie, 2:15,18Ward, Harry F., 2:2,20; 3:17; 18:10Ward, Lynd, 6:8; 10:3; 11:6; 18:7,10Ware, Alice, 2:2-4; 4:13Ware, Henry T., 3:13Warner, Walter, 1:12,19Watson, J.B., 1:15Wayne State Univetsity, 3:13Webber, Charles C, 1:19; 2:15,16Weiss, Arthur B., 4:5


Wenger, Robert, 9:10,11; 23:24West, Don, 3:8; 5:9; 6:1,10,14;

12:5; 15:21-23 Weston,Hugh, 3:11; 4:6-8; 5:16;

6:1; 23:35White, Frank Glenn (N.Y. PIAR),

6:1-3Whitehead, George W., 4:1Whitfield, OwenH., 2:10,20;

3:3; 15:24-25; 16:19; 18:11Whitfield, Zella, 2:23; 18:11Whitman, Steve, 12:9; 15:26Wieman, Regina Wescott, 2; 2:3,5,

9,18; 5:12Willems, John M., 1:5Williams, C.A., 2:16Williams, Claudera, 8:14Williams, D.C. 2:17,18,22,23;

3:10; 7:11; 18:10; 23:26Williams, Howard Y., 1:3,19Williams, Jack, 1:13,18Williams, Susan, 11:16,17;

12:1,3,5Williams, T.A. and Ivy, 11:19;

15:27

Willmott, Earl, 12;4,5Wilson, Warren H.(Pres. Church U.S.A.),

1:5-8,10Winters, J.W., 1:25Wise, James Waterman, 3:12; 4:2Wolfe, Morley, 5:1; 8:2; 9:2,13;

11:6,7,12Woodruff, John (AFT), 2:3,6; 17:19Wood, Roxie, 10:9,12Workers Alliance of America (Paul

Rasmussen), 1:14,18,20,21,24,27WPA Federal Theatre Project for New

York, 1:26,28; 2:6Wright, Jay T., 2:2,3

Young Men's Christian Associations,4:1,5,10,12; 2:20; 5:1

Young Women's Christian Association,6:1

Index to Subjects

Anti-Communism, 24:21,26Anti-Semitism, 2:17; 3:4; 4:5;

24:1Bible Way of Righteousness,

20:15; 21:1-14; 22:1-12Civil Rights, 22:24; 24:2-7Communism, 24:8Detroit Race Riot 1943, 3:1,2;

24:11Facism, 24:12Ford Motor Company, 24:13Heresy Trial, 7:17,19;

8:3,5-9; 9:1; 20:1-14Ku Klux Klan, 2:15; 6:5; 7:7;

24:15Labor, 19:14,15; 24:16Labor Temple (Paris, Arkansas),

1:4, 16:6Native Americans, 24:17Paris, Arkansas, 16:1-8

Peoples Congress of Applied Religion,3:6-14; 4:1-6,11; 19:16-20

Prison Reform, 24:19Religion, 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 24:20,21Smith, Gerald L.K., 4:11; 5:4,12,17;

19:7-9Socialism, 23:4; 24:22Southern Tenant Farmers Union, 1:10,

27,28; 2:1-6,9-12; 11:19; 16:16-23;17:1-15

United Mine Workers of America, 16:13-15U.S.S.R., 24:24 U.S. House ofRepresentatives Committee

on Un-American Activities, 24:14Wallace, George, 10:14; 24:25Winrod, Gerald B., 24:26Youth Congress for Applied Religion,

19:22Youth for Christ, 5:8,16; 19:23Yugoslavia Trip 1947, 7:2,6,7