Classifying Life’s Classifying Life’s DiversityDiversity

Determining Relationship Determining Relationship Part 1Part 1

http://www.morning-earth.org/

How are Relationships Determined?How are Relationships Determined?

• Relationships among organisms are determined by similarities in– Structure– Breeding behavior– Geographical distribution– Chromosomes– Biochemistry

Structural SimilaritiesStructural Similarities

Rosa banksiaeLady Banks' Rose

Rosa californicaCalifornia wild rose

Rosa caninaDog Rose

Structural SimilaritiesStructural Similarities

Ursus arctosBrown bear

Ursus americanusAmerican black bear

Ursus maritimuspolar bear

Breeding BehaviorBreeding Behavior

Haliaeetus leucocephalusBald Eagle

Haliaeetus albicillaWhite-tailed Eagle

Breeding BehaviorBreeding Behavior

Canis lupus familiarisDog

Canis latransCoyote

Geographical DistributionGeographical Distribution

Geospiza conirostrisLarge Cactus-finch (Galapagos)

Geospiza fortisMedium Ground-finch (Galapagos)

Geographical DistributionGeographical Distribution

Carduelis citrinella Carduelis carduelisEuropean GoldfinchCitril Finch (Europe)

Chromosome ComparisonChromosome Comparison

Pan troglodytesChimpanzee

Gorilla gorillaGorilla

Chromosome ComparisonChromosome Comparison

Brassica oleracea

Cabbage Cauliflower Broccoli

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)

Tree of Life and Tree of Life and Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogenetic Classification

http://tbi.montana.edu/

Tree of Life and Tree of Life and Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogenetic Classification

• Phylogeny-Phylogeny- classifies species, in comparison to other species, based on most basic to most detailed similarities.

• Tree of LifeTree of Life– Trunk: what all living things have in common– Lateral Branches: what each domain has in common– Individual Branches: what each (taxa) Kingdom,

Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, or Species has in common

Note: each taxa does not contain the given traits of those above it, but contains all the given traits below it.

Tree of LifeTree of Life

• Cladistics-Cladistics- classification based on phylogeny that characterizes species (in a given taxon) on a branch of a tree of life.

• Cladogram-Cladogram- a diagram that a diagram that shows what organisms are closely related to a specific species.

Classifying Life’s Classifying Life’s DiversityDiversityThe Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms

Part 2Part 2

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms

• Prokaryotes– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria

• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms

• The main factors that determine which kingdom an organism is classified in are– Cellular structure– Means of obtaining energy

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

• Prokaryotes-Prokaryotes- unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus bound by a membrane.– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

• Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus

• Energy: • Heterotrophy• Autotrophy

– Some chemosynthetic– Others photosynthetic

• Live in extreme environments• Domain Archaea

EubacteriaEubacteria

• Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus

• Energy: • Heterotrophy• Autotrophy

– Some chemosynthetic– Others photosynthetic

• Found everywhere but in extreme environments

• Domain Bacteria

ProtistsProtists

• Structure– Some unicellular; some multicellular– Lack complex organ system

• Energy– Autotrophy (obtain energy like plants)

– Heterotrophy (obtain energy like animals)

• Domain Eukarya

FungiFungi

• Structure– Some unicellular– Some multicellular

• Energy– Heterotrophy– Absorb nutrients from organic materials in

environment

• Domain Eukarya

Plants Plants

• Structure– Multicellular– Cells contain a cell wall– Complex organisms; contain organ systems

• Energy– Autotrophy– Photosynthetic

• Domain Eukarya

AnimalsAnimals

• Structure– Multicellular– Complex organisms, contain organ systems

• Energy– Heterotrophy– Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores

• Domain Eukarya