classification style of public building

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Individual Task

Architectural History and Theory

Classification Style of Public Building

2nd Semester 2010-11

Patricia G. Adelina-2010420214


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CONTENTS

I

A. Background of the

Study....1

II

A. Literature

Theory..2

B. Process of Creating

Building.8

III

A. Classification

Analysis..10

B.Critical

Suggestion14

iV

A.

Conclusion..17

VBibiliography...

19


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I

A. Background of the Study

What an architect wants to communicate will be different with others, so does

building. The outlook of a building, born from design, is significant part for its the first

thing we seat the first time. It communicates the building expression that differs it

from another. And what cause the difference is medium used by building. So medium

will lead us to know the building function by forming form. A form of one building will

be different with another because an idea as a background. This idea, shortly, comes

from function of the building.

The prominent aspects above are keywords for us to give a label on a certain

building, into before modern era, modern era, or post-modern era. In fact, therere

almost 80% buildings in Indonesia that cant be labeled for people start to build

something depend on their selfishness. We can see now buildings that compatible

only in Europe are built here, in tropical climate place.

By this assignment Im trying to give a classification on an urban building, that

is a medical clinic. This assignment is made on purpose to fulfill a task in architectural

history and theory subject.


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II

A. Literature Theory

Architecture is an art and science in designing buildings, including the

process. Its started by needs that an architect must solve the problems which may

appear. For short, architecture happens in order to provide mediums for human

activities, to fulfill its aims.

Architecture is the thoughtful making of space

(Louis Kahn)

Architecture is multidiscipline science that covers mathematics, science, art,

technology, humanism, history and philosophy. So its made by consciousness and

its work not only accommodates function but also has characteristics and meaning.

In learning architecture, we divide it into three periods: before modern

architecture, modern architecture, and post-modern architecture.

1. Before Modern Architecture

Architecture before modern era is architecture grown by influences from

certain regional geographic area. Unfortunately we mostly learn about western

architecture as an approach, because its been written in succession periods

of styles. In fact that eastern architecture is valuable to explore too.

This classical architecture is generally divided into:

a. Egyptian Architecture (3050 AD900 AD)

Mostly known for its pyramid and another sacred building like

sphinx.

b. Classical Architecture (850 AD-476 AD)

b.1. Greek Architecture

The expressions of this style are influence by myth and

sensitivity of nature. Greek people mostly built temples for

worship activities. This ideology was being the basic thought of


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aesthetics in creating building. They used three orders of Doric,

Ionic, and Corinthian.

b.2 . Romans Architecture

Romans style is nearly alike with Greek style, only that

plan section had been improved.

c. Christian Early Architecture (373 AC-500 AC)

Christian Early style used three orders of columns from Greek

and Romans order of proportion.

d. Romanesque (around 4 AC)

Architecture from this age had escaped from Roman style and

became a simple Europe Vernacular Architecture

e. Gothic Architecture (1130 AC)

It spread from France. Salient characteristic from Gothic is the

high ceiling far from human scale, especially in church and

cathedral, and the pointed roof. This style is a symbol of illumination

to humans and presented by lights arrangements.

f. Renaissance (15 AC- 17 AC)

This era was an

enlightment period in

architecture. Renaissance

style emphasizes symmetrical

plan as classic architectures

have demonstrated, and

usually based on module.

Faades are symmetrical

around their vertical axis. The

columns and windows show a

progression towards the

center. For example:

Cathedral of Pienza by

Rosallino and Alberti.


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There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the

centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony,

rusticated surround. Renaissance architects used columns,

pilasters as an integrated system. Ceilings are flat of coffered, and

are not left open as in medieval time. Openings that dont have

doors are usually arched. Windows are set within a semi-circular

arch.

g. Baroque Architecture (late 16 AC)

Distinctive features of Baroque architecture are

g.1. In churches, broader naves and sometimes given oval forms

g.2. Fragmentary or deliberately incomplete architectural

elements

g.3. Dramatically use of lights

g.4. Opulent use of colours and ornaments

g.5. An external faade characterized by a dramatic central

projection

g.6. The interior is a shell for painting, sculpture, and stucco.

Baroque is a symbol of high aesthetics. It took Renaissance

vocabulary of architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and

theatrical fashion to express the triumph of Catholic Church.

h. Rococo Architecture (18 AC)

Rococo architecture is lighter, more graceful, and elaborated,

ornate, and austere style than baroque. The different between

baroque is that rococo emphasizes the asymmetry of form whilst

baroque is the opposite.

Rococo used pale

colours include numerous

curves and decorations. It

also brings significant

changes of privacy

placement, and improved

structures in order to

create a healthierenvironment. Rococo architecture is symbol for art education.

Mafra National Palace Portugal


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i. Victorian Architecture (19 AC)

Victorian style refers to several predominant styles in late 19th

century. This style represents British and French custom of naming

architecture style. It combines some architecture style with

materials and scale made possible by the industrial revolution.

2. Modern Architecture

Background of the emerge of modern era was technology development

when science was growing up so quickly along industrial revolution. It didnt

emerge by immediate revolution in architecture but step by step happened.

Modern architecture was growing around 1920 to 1960 because of the end of

World War II in 1919.

In order to rebuild the infrastructures, modernist tried to apply efficiency,

economical technique, and rationality in building.

Walter Groupius, a modernist, formed an institution named Bahaus

where its architects rejected overdone detail. They used the principles of

classical architecture in their purest form without ornamentation of any kind.

Bahaus building have flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic shapes, with white

grey, beige, or black colours.

Architect in this age thought that building with ornaments, using local

materials, and made in configuration of shape based from local culture was

not efficient along with industrial movement. Modernism wasnt just another

style, it presented a new way of thinking about architecture.

Modern architecture emphasizes function, attempts to provide mediums

for specifics needs rather than imitate nature. All inefficient things should be

left. Architecture happens when function has been achieved, and its

supported by advanced materials from industrial revolution. For example:

glass, concrete, steel.

To gain efficiency in process of architecture, people created mass

materials production so that architecture would be able to penetrate culture

and geographic barriers. For its impacts were uniformity buildings around the

globe. Ornaments and details were thought as a crime. Building should becleaned. Basic of modern architecture is geometry shape.


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Features from modernism are:

a. International style

Modernism has idealism of egalitarian.

b. Functionalist (Form follows function)

c. Less ornament, monotone, economist

d. Simplicity

For it emphasizes geometrical shape, it produces simple

design large glasses.

e. Purist, honest

f. Utopian

g. Industrialist

For short, we can define modern architecture as the universals, international stylestemming from the facts of new constructional means, adequate to a new industrial

society, but in its taste and social meaning.(Charles Jencks)

Groupius House Kauffman house

3. Post Modern Architecture

Since modern architecture failed to accommodate the essential of

human senses, the new movement in architecture named post-modern

architecture emerged. Post-modern architecture tried to escape from tight

boundaries of efficiency from modern era. Though it appeared in some styles,

but all the style referred to one idea of freedom to express and to explore local

values.


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Charles Jencks stated that post-modernism came up by tendency of

going back to traditional values. He defined post-modernism as double coding:

the combination of modern techniques with something else (usually traditional

building) in order for architecture to communicate with the public and a

concerned communicate effectively with its ultimate users.

To understand post-modernism, he gave us the features:

a. Ideological of post-modernism is used to give direction in

understanding it.

a.1. Double coding style

Post modern building is combination from two style, those

are modernism and another style.

a.2 Popular and Pluralist

Post-modernism gives the flexibility in designing so it can

adapt within environment.

a.3. Semiotic form

Shape in post-modernism has meaning and aim so its look

is easy to understand.

a.4. Tradition and choice

Post-modernism shape contains values adjusted by the

designers aim and intentions.

a.5. Elitist and participative

Post-modern architecture does salient togetherness and

reduces selfishness.

a.6. Piecemeal

Theres an application of history, vernacularism, locations,

etc.

b. Style in post-modernism

b.1. Hybrid expression

This is a combination between modernism with

vernacular, local, metaphorical, revivalist, commercial, and

contextual values.

b.2. Complexity

b.3. Conventional and abstract formb.4. Variable space with surprise


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b.5. Eclectic

A mix of certain style in continuing integration to crate

unity

b.6 Semiotic

b.7. Pro-metaphor, pro-historical reference, pro-humour, pro-

symbolic

c. Design ideas

c.1. Contextual urbanism

c.2. Functional mixing

c.3. Mannerist (tendency to be salient)

c.4. Meaning design

c.5. Ambiguity

c.6. Trends to asymmetrical symmetry

c.7. Skew space and extensions

c.8. Collage (combination of different elements)

B. Process of Creating Building

This is a comparison between modernism and post-modernism:

Modern Post Modern

Ideologicalism:

Attitude toward nature

Attitude toward thought

Attitude toward culture

Typological physical/character:

Attitude toward basic form

Attitude toward character of

form

Attitude toward technology

Communication/language:

Attitude toward pragmatic sign

Attitude toward syntax sign

Attitude toward semantic sign

Functionalist

Rationalist, economist

Monotone

Purist

Abstract, straight, forward

Simplicity

Structuralism

Straight to the point

Gives efficiency of space

Contemporer, contextual

Methaporist

Symbiosis

Eclectic

Abstract, hybrid

Complexity

Deconstructism

Representative

Gives experience of space


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III

A. Classification Analysis

Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic is located at Jl. Kiara Condong 399, Bandung. The

building area is about 241.5 m2. This clinic is set in two level floors plan but the

second floor is not ready to use yet. These building materials are bricks and

concrete. Floor is covered by ceramics. There are eight rooms on the first floor:examination room, dentist room, medicine room, receptionist room, two rooms which

are not used yet, and two waiting rooms.

1. Process of Creating Building Analysis

a. Ideological analysis

Ideology refers to concept that leads to the function in

architecture. It brings directed and systematic understanding of

ideas.

The function of this building is medical clinics where people can

do some medical checks, consultate, with health professionals, or

buy some medicines. This clinic was built in order to accommodate

the needs of health facility today. For short, to answer the urban

needs.


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For its located right beside the major road, we can say that it is a

street building. In the way of acting the attitude toward nature, this

is one of the characters we mostly find in post-modern buildings.

It seems that this building was made in cover of double coding

as its attitude toward culture. The reason I give my statement is

related with its faade and Ill explain it later in character analysis.

Moreover, its size was arranged for it can be fixed with the

environment.

Besides of the building functions, it was designed to be able in

developing basic form; for example an addition of space. This

aspect makes the building becomes flexible in use or has functional

mixing.


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b. Typological Physical or Character Analysis

When we are going to analyze a building, we must know how to

describe its part. To name is to understand. By analyzing its

medium and form, well understand its character. Mediums that

form a building differ one to another. Talking about mediums is

talking about materials that have important plays in shaping the

building form.

Basic form of Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic is a box with some

additions on the right and front side. So I assume we can say that

its basic form is not pure geometrical form. Basically, the buildings


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attitude toward the form character is hybrid. It combines a classical

style with local elements. For example local clay roof tile for window

shades and local bricks for walls.

Though this building has double coding style from classic era, its

technology comes from modern era. When I entered the main room,

I saw some reinforced concrete columns which were not available

in classic age. Nevertheless, the dominant classic style as a outlook

still leads us to the formal development of the building program.

If we look back at its basic form, the eclecticity from this building

is referred to rococo faade from classic style. This mixed style is

continuing integrated as unity. As we know that rococo architecture

emphasizes asymmetrical symmetry form, this building applies the

same attitude as well.

Rococo building Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic

The judgment I mentioned above will be explained later in the

next point.

c. Communication or Language Analysis

Architecture has high flexibility to be a toll of communication,

though it doesnt always successfully happen. The building of

language are vocabulary and grammar with materials, size, even

location which do play roles in how community interpret a building.

In fact we read a wood differently than a concrete wall. So I assume

that building language is related with expression and meaning, for

short the style. First thing I have to do in analyzing this building

language is to analyze its faade.


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If we intentionally pay attention on its faade, itll appear that

Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic trends to rococo style (as Ive mentioned

before). The arrangement of its openings shows progression to the

centre, in this building is its main entrance door. The windows have

been made symmetrically to it. But I have to note that this axis does

not shape a symmetrical axis, for the building has two additions on

the right which mostly like a garage and on the front side which is

used as public pharmacy. Remember that rococo style applies

asymmetrical symmetry faade.

The repetition of its opening and entrance placement under a

shelter, used as terrace too, gives strong impression of classic

style. Yet to achieve the main entrance we have to pace through

stairs that show the hierarchy of space.

From analysis of its faade, I say that this building expression is

nearly close to classic style with some simplification in details. The

interior is made clean from overdone ornament so it may not mess

the function.

B. Critical Suggestion

1. Analysis of Need, Context, and Form


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Need is situation when something is necessary or must be done. This

clinic was built in order to answer public need of health facility. As a small

medical clinic, this building has achieved all important function to fulfill the

needs. It has examination room, waiting room, dentist room, small pharmacy,

receptionist and administrative room, and public toilet, while the activities

which may happen are examination process, administration process, and

waiting.

The rooms arrangement is quiet effective with the receptionist area right

across the entrance. People can directly walk toward the receptionist area for

doing some registration activities after entering the clinic. After that, while the

officer arranges the information, people or patients can wait in the waiting

area. For dentical check up, there is a certain waiting area behind the

receptionist through a small all.

Rooms efficiency is gained from its geometry like shape applied on each

room. So does its form, efficiency is achieved by its nearly like box shape.

Since its built as two floor-level building, I assume the need of

hospitalization will have been answered by making hospitalization area in the

second floor as soon as the renovation finished.

2. Suggestion

Medical clinic is place where people are looking for health service. So it

requires a healthy environment too. Though this building is able to

accommodate the medical process, still there are some lacks need to be

improved.

Started from the interior, I noticed that the floor corners havent been

designed properly. The room floor corners still have pointed angle where as a

medical place isnt fixed to. For improvement, I suggest to redesign the corner

floor with a not pointed corner that usually used in hospital.


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In waiting area in front of

the dentist room, theres still a

lack of light. The light source

comes only from hall that

transfers the light from

entrance. There are made

some openings on the upper

left side of the wall, but

ironically they are made from

blurred glass that blocks the

light. Its better to use material that can be penetrated by light. Moreover, this

place needs more ventilation.

More improvement can be applied in front yard area by making small

garden and replace the wire fence into proper fence like bricks or concrete to

avoid dirty effect.


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IV

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the process of creating building toward ideology, physical

character, and language, these are some points Ive arranged:

1. This clinic was built in order to answer the urban need of facility

2. It is a street building

3. It uses double coding, and hybrid style

4. Its flexible building which is able to improve

5. Theres a trends to asymmetrical symmetry shape

6. It has a functional mixing

Since the six points above are mostly found as characters of post-modern

architecture according Charles Jenks, so I classify this building into post-modern

architecture building.

End


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V

Bibiliography

Jencks, Charles., Keswick, Maggie. 1987. What is Postmodernism? New York: St.

Martin Press.

OGorman, James F. 1998.ABC of Architecture. Pennsylvania: University of

Pennsylvania Press.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecture

http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-

eropa-dan-mesir/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecturehttp://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture

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