classification notes2
TRANSCRIPT
Word Parts
Eu – true Pro – before “No” good Archea - ancient Kary – nucleus Nomen - name Endo – inside Exo – outside Epi – top Meso – middle
Classification
Scientist
Aristotle – developed the 1st method of classification based on environment of plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus – a Swedish botanist who developed Binomial nomenclature, a system of classification we still use today.
The 8 Taxon (categories)
Domain – Largest taxonEukary – nucleus and multicellularBacteria – prokary and unicellularArchaea – prokary and unicellular
Species - Smallest and most specific taxon
Domain -Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
Create a mnemonic to help you remember:
1. Dumb King Philip Came Over From Greece Singing
2. dear, kick poor cat off front gate soon
3. You Create…
Species – individuals with similar characteristics that can interbreed (mate) and produce fertile offspring
Is a Liger or Mule a species?
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which animal is larger? Cougar, Panther, or Mountain Lion
Common names can be misleading because different countries give the same animal different names
Rules for writing a Scientific Name using Binomial nomenclature
1. The Genus is the 1st name and
Species is the 2nd name
2. Always capitalize the Genus
3. species name is always lowercase
4. Underline when handwriting and
italicize when typing
Benefits of Scientific Names:
1. Same Language – Latin – scientist all over the world will know Latin
2. Avoids confusion when common names are used (Horsefly)
3. Reflects the relation and classification of organisms
Cladogram Diagram using evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic Tree
Diagram using genetic (DNA) relationships
5 (1950s) or 6 Kingdoms (1990s) in Classification?
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista In Monera divided into:
EubacteriaArchaebacteria
Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria
True Bacteria
Identified by Shape
Reproduces Asexually
First Species On Earth
Archeabacteria
Lives in Ancient-like Conditions
Salt Loving – Haleophiles
Heat Loving – Thermophiles
Eubacteria
Commonly called Bacteria.
Defined: A domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls
Examples: E. coli, & streptococcus
Escherichia coli
Peptidoglycan
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
PiliDNAFlagellum
Cell Wall
Viruses:
Head
Tail sheath
DNA
Bacteriophage Tobacco MosaicInfluenza Virus
RNA
Membrane envelope
Tail fiber
RNA
Capsid proteins
Capsid
Surface proteins
Viruses & Antibiotics
A virus is not a living thing so it can not be killed by using an antibiotic.
Bacteria is a living thing so therefore can be killed with a specialized antibiotic.
Protista
Eukaryotes that are not members of the Plant, Animal, or Fungi kingdoms.
The odds and ends Kingdom.
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Amoeba – Animal Like Protist
Paramecium
Euglena
Gullet
Flagella
Eyespot
Pellicle
Contractile vacuoleCarbohydratestorage bodies
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Fungi – Mushrooms & Yeast
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls
Their cell walls contain chitin, a complex carbohydrate.
Known as the Great Decomposers! But eat both the dead and living
Fungi as Parasites
Human Diseases
• Examples of fungus-caused disorders include:
• Athlete’s foot• Ringworm• Thrush• Yeast Infection
Plantae
Multicellular eukaryotes that make their own food by photosynthesis (autotrophs/producers)
Two Types:Bryophyte (nonvascular)Tracheophyte (vascular)
Bryophyte (nonvascular)
Plants that have no stem.
Examples:MossFerns
Tracheophyte (vascular)
Plants that DO have a stem
Two Types:Gymnosperms – naked seeds (cones)
• Examples: Pine Trees, Firs, Spruce
Angiosperms- covered seed plants• Examples: Fruit or Flowering Plants/Trees
A Typical Plant (DRAW)
Roots:• absorbs water
• anchor plants to ground.
Stems:• support system • carries nutrients• defense against
predators and disease.
Leaves:• Photosynthesis/Energy
Flower:•Reproduction
•After fertilization Ovaries turn into Fruit
Internal Structures of a Seed
(Endosperm)
(Protection)
(Future Plant)
Seed Germination
Cotyledons
Bean (dicot)
Germinating seed
Primary root
Young shoot Cotyledons
Seed coat
Foliage leaves
Leaf Structure
Xylem Phloem Vein
Cuticle - Protection
Epidermis
Mesophyll -
Stoma – gas exchange
Parts of a Typical Flower
Ovary
Ovule
Carpel Style
Stigma
Ovary
Filament
AntherStamen
Sepal
Petal
Animalia
Diverse multicellular eukaryotes that feed on others (heterotrophs/consumers)
Two Types: 95% of all animals are invertebratesInvertebrates – have no backboneVertebrates – have a backbone
What Is a Sponge? Sponges are classified as animals because they are:
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Have no cell walls
• Contain a few specialized cells
Form and Function in Sponges
Sponges are asymmetrical; they have no front or back ends, no left or right sides.
Sperm are released from one sponge and are carried by water currents until they enter the pores of another sponge.
Cnidarian
Phylum of mostly marine organisms that contain over 10,000 aquatic species.
Ovary
TestesNervous System
Pharynx
Mouth
Digestive Cavity
Head
Eyespot
Flat-worms
Roundworms
What Is an Annelid?
Annelids are worms with segmented bodies.
Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal or external shell.
Mollusks include snails, slugs, clams, squids, and octopi.
Many mollusks share similar developmental stages.
What Is a Mollusk?
What Is an Arthropod?
Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
Arthropods include insects, crabs, centipedes, and spiders.
Echinoderms
Phylum of marine animals that are recognized by radial symmetry
What Is a Fish?Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most
fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.
Anal fin
Eye
Mouth
Dorsal fin Caudal fin
Operculum (gill cover) Pelvic fin Pectoral fin
Lateral line
Scales
• Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes: lampreys and hagfishes.
Lamprey
Groups of Fishes
Sharks
• The class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras.
Bony Fishes
• Fish such as tuna, salmon, perch, and catfish
Amphibians
Groups of Amphibians
The three groups of amphibians alive today are:
• Salamanders
• Frogs and toads
• Caecilians
Reptiles
Evolution of Reptiles
Triassic Reptiles
Groups of Reptiles
The four surviving groups of reptiles are:
• Lizards and snakes
• Crocodilians
• Turtles and tortoises
• Tuataras
Groups of Birds (Aves) There are nearly 30 different orders of
birds.
The largest order of birds is the passerines, or perching birds.
Other groups of birds include: pelicans, parrots, birds of prey, cavity-nesting birds, herons, and ostriches.
Introduction to the Mammals
All mammals have hair, mammary glands, breathe air, a 4 chambered heart, and are endothermic.
In females, mammary glands produce milk to nourish the young.
Endothermic – generate own body heat
Mammals
Mammals
Monotremes – egg laying Platypus / Anteaters
Marsupials – have pouch Kangaroo / Koalas / Wombats
Placentals – fetal development in uterus See List on Page 830
Placental Mammals
There are twelve orders of placental mammals:
1. Insectivores (insect eaters with long, narrow snouts and sharp claws)
Examples include shrews, hedgehogs, and moles
2. Sirenians (large, slow moving mammals that live in aquatic environments)
Examples include manatees and dugongs.
3. Cetaceans (aquatic mammals that must come to the surface to breathe)
Examples include whales and dolphins.
4. Chiropteran (winged mammals)
Examples are bats
5. Rodents (have a single pair of long, curved incisor teeth)
Examples include mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, gophers, and chipmunks
6. Perissodactyls (hoofed mammals with an odd number of toes on each foot)
Examples include horses, tapirs, rhinoceros, and zebras
7. Carnivores (have sharp claws and teeth that they use to catch, kill, and eat prey)
Examples are dogs, fox, bear, raccoon, and walruses
8. Artiodactyls (hoofed mammals with an even number of toes on each foot)
Examples are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, giraffe, camels, antelope, and hippopotamuses.
9. Lagomorphs (herbivores with two pairs of incisors and hind legs adapted for jumping)
Examples are hares and rabbits
10.Xenarthrans (simple teeth without enamel, or no teeth)
Examples include sloths, anteaters, and armadillos
11. Proboscideans (mammals with trunks)
Examples are Asian and African Elephants (Extinct: Mammoths)
12. Primates (highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors)
Examples are lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, and humans
Animal Behaviors
Innate Behavior (instinct) – born with knowledge
Learned Behavior(aquired) – developed
over time
Imprinting - Innate/Learned Combined
Social – interaction between individuals
4 Types of Learned Behavior
1. Habituation – ignoring
2. Classical Conditioning – mental connection between reward or punishment (Pavlov)
3. Operant Conditioning/Trial-and-Error – repeated practice (Skinner Box)
4. Insight – reasoning
Social Behaviors
Territory – guarded area
Society – colonies, schools, packs
Communication Visual – Puffer Fish Sounds – Rattle Snake Touch/Agression – Moose/Rams Smell/Pheromones – Dogs/Humans
Behavior Cycles
Seasonal – Hibernation, Estivation, Migration
Daily – circadian rhythms
Yearly – Courtship/mating