Classification &

Biodiversity

Biology Content Standards 2. Cell Biology Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions

that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be

classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. 2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number,

and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe

six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,

Plantae, Animalia).

5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of

organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a

hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order,

family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral,

and molecular similarities. Describe the role that geographic

isolation can play in speciation.

Taxonomy branch of biology

dealing with the

identification

and naming of

organisms.

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist who devised a system

of grouping organisms into hierarchical

categories based on morphology.

Levels of Classification - Kingdom

- Phylum

(Division-plants)

- Class

- Order

- Family

- Genus

- Species

Botanists sometimes

split species into

subsets known as

varieties.

(EX) Peaches and

nectarines are fruits

of the 2 slightly

different varieties of

the peach tree,

Prunus persica.

Peach

Nectarine

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE A system of 2-part Latin names created by Linnaeus and still in use today.

This is Linnaeus’s greatest contribution to biology!

The scientific name

of an organism consists

of 2 parts: Genus species.

Lion is Panthera leo Sunflower is Helianthus annuus

Taxon

Human

Why?

KINGDOM

Animalia

Multicellular, heterotrophic, cell membranes without cell walls

PHYLUM

Chordata

Endoskeleton

Subphylum is Vertebrata – backbone

CLASS

Mammalia

Hair, mammary glands

ORDER

Primates Complex, highly developed brain Sophisticated eyes with stereoscopic vision

Hand with 5 digits including an opposable thumb

Long arms with flexible shoulder and wrist joints

Same 4 types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars

FAMILY

Hominidae

Bipedal locomotion

GENUS

Homo

True human being

SPECIES

sapiens

Wise

Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Cell membranes without cell walls

• Heterotrophs

Phylum: Porifera Example: Sponges

Characteristics: aquatic, asymmetrical animals lacking

distinct tissues and organs; sessile body consists of two

layers supported by a stiff skeleton; reproduce sexually or

asexually.

Phylum: Cnidaria (formerly Coelenterata)

Examples: corals, sea anemones, jellyfishes, hydras

Characteristics: radial symmetry; central mouth surrounded

by tentacles; nematocysts; reproduces sexually or asexually.

Anemone

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Examples: flatworms (tapeworms, flukes, planarians)

Characteristics: three cell layers; digestive cavity having one

opening; no circulatory or respiratory systems; reproduce

sexually or asexually.

Tapeworm

Fluke

Phylum: Nematoda Examples: roundworms (ascaris, hookworms)

Characteristics: mostly parasitic; tubular body, bilateral

symmetry; digestive tract with two openings; reproduce

sexually

Ascaris

Phylum: Mollusca Examples: clams, octopuses, snails

Characteristics: soft-bodied, true coelom, muscular foot, visceral

mass and mantle; mostly aquatic; many have shells; reproduce

sexually.

Phylum: Annelida Examples: segmented worms (leeches, earthworms)

Characteristics: true coelom; longitudinal and circular muscles;

fairly complex circulatory, digestive, respiratory, and nervous

systems; reproduce sexually.

Phylum: Arthropoda Examples: horseshoe crabs, lobsters, insects

Characteristics: segmented body; paired, jointed appendages;

exoskeleton; open circulatory system; complex nervous system

with brain and two ventral nerve cords; reproduce sexually.

A male Agapostomen splendens. A bee of sandy areas.

Phylum: Echinodermata Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins

Characteristics: radial symmetry; calcium endoskeleton; open

circulatory system; complex nervous system with brain and two

ventral nerve cords; reproduce sexually.

Phylum: Chordata Examples: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals,

tunicates, lancelets

Characteristics: has a notochord, throat slits, and tail at some

stage of development; reproduces sexually.

Lancelet Tunicate

Tunicates, commonly called sea squirts, are a

group of marine animals that spend most of

their lives attached to docks, rocks or the

undersides of boats. Small, flattened marine organism

Porcupine

Fish

Tree frog

Eastern Milksnake

Whooping crane

Canis lupus

Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Cell walls made of cellulose

• Photosynthetic (Autotrophs)

Nonvascular Plants

Moss

Ferns

Vascular Plants w/o Seeds

Gymnosperms Vascular Plants w/Seeds

Angiosperms Vascular Plants w/Seeds

Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Heterotrophs

• Fungi NEVER Reproduce by Seeds

• Cell Walls are made of CHITIN

Bracket Fungus

Bracket Fungus

Mushroom

Mushroom

Truffles

Morel

Alcoholic Fermentation

Yeast

Kingdom Protista • Unicellular (mostly) & Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Autotrophs &

Heterotrophs

• Most diverse kingdom!

Euglena

Amoeba

Kelp

Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Unicellular

• Prokaryotic

• Autotrophs – produce food via chemosynthesis – production of carbohydrates through the

use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light. Their waste products

may include flammable gases such as methane.

or

Heterotrophs

Colony of the Archaebacterium Methanosarcina mazei.

These primitive archaebacteria have unusual cell walls and

membranes and are methane producers.

A sulfide-rich "black

smoker" vents hot

water into the cold

ocean.

Archaebacteria live

on the vented

minerals, anchoring

a food chain of

worms and other

organism.

Kingdom Eubacteria

• Unicellular

• Prokaryotic

• Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

E. coli

Compare & Contrast

Archaebacteria Bacteria

Highlights the importance of Archaebacteria as a life form

THE THREE –DOMAIN SYSTEM

• An alternative to the 6-kingdom system of

classification.

• Based on the young science of molecular biology.

• By comparing sequences of ribosomal RNA, a

scientist can estimate how long ago pairs of

different organisms shared a common ancestor.

Because all organisms, even prokaryotes, have

ribosomes, rRNA can be used to study the degree

of relationship between any two living things.

• Domain ARCHAEA the Archaebacteria

• Domain BACTERIA the Eubacteria

• Domain EUKARYA Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

• Most of the variation in this domain is among the

protists. Surprisingly, when considered from the

perspective of the complete diversity of life on Earth,

the fungi, plants, and animals are quite similar to each

other!

THE THREE – DOMAIN SYSTEM

DOMAINS

Taxonomy Today A running debate in taxonomy is “Which characteristics are biologically most important?”

Systematics Organizes the tremendous diversity of living things in the context of evolution.

• Species shown to be closely related are classified

together.

• Other species that may look alike but possess

analogous structures only are classified in different

groups.

Phylogenetic Tree A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationship thought to exist among groups of organisms. It is a hypothesis.

• A relatively new system of phylogenetic classification which

uses certain features of organisms, called SHARED DERIVED

CHARACTERS (features that apparently evolved only within

the group under consideration, for example, birds: feathers),

to establish evolutionary relationships.

• Shared derived characters, particularly a group of several

shared derived characters, are strong evidence of common

ancestry between organisms that share them.

CLADOGRAM – an ancestry diagram developed by

cladistic analysis.

Cladistics

Biology Content Standards 2. Cell Biology Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions

that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be

classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. 2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number,

and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe

six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,

Plantae, Animalia).

5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of

organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a

hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order,

family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral,

and molecular similarities. Describe the role that geographic

isolation can play in speciation.