class x geography - 4 agriculture

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The science and art of The science and art of cultivation on the soil, cultivation on the soil,

raising crops and raising crops and rearing livestock is rearing livestock is

called ‘AGRICULTUREcalled ‘AGRICULTURE’’


TYPES OF FARMING TYPES OF FARMING Agriculture is an age old Agriculture is an age old economic activity in our country. economic activity in our country. Depending upon the geographical Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand of produce, conditions, demand of produce, labour and level of technology, labour and level of technology, farming can be classified in to two farming can be classified in to two main types – main types – PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING FARMING INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING COMMERCIAL FARMING COMMERCIAL FARMING


PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICUTUREAGRICUTURE

Primitive Subsistence Primitive Subsistence Agriculture includes-Agriculture includes-

Shifting Cultivation Shifting Cultivation Nomadic Herding.Nomadic Herding.


Shifting cultivation is practiced Shifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of south east Asia and parts of south east Asia and North east India. These are the North east India. These are the areas a heavy rainfall and quick areas a heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. This regeneration of vegetation. This type of farming depends on type of farming depends on monsoon, natural fertility of the monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the environmental conditions to the crops grown.crops grown.


A plot of land is cleared by felling A plot of land is cleared by felling trees and burning them. trees and burning them.

The ashes are then mixed with the soil The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. and cassava are grown.

After the soil loses its fertility, the land After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. to a new plot.

It also allows the nature to replenish It also allows the nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural the fertility of the soil through natural processes: land productivity in this processes: land productivity in this type of farming is low as the farmer type of farming is low as the farmer does not use fertilizers or other does not use fertilizers or other modern inputs.modern inputs.

Shifting cultivation is also known as Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.‘slash and burn’ [email protected]@rediffmail.com 7

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It is called by different names in different It is called by different names in different parts of the country and the world.parts of the country and the world.

Jhumming in northeastern states like Jhumming in northeastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

Pamlou in ManipurPamlou in ManipurDipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh and Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh and

in Andaman and Nicobar islands.in Andaman and Nicobar islands.Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya PradeshBewar or Dahiya in Madhya PradeshPodu or Penda in Andhra PradeshPodu or Penda in Andhra PradeshPama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in OrissaPama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in OrissaKumari in Western GhatsKumari in Western Ghats


Valre or Waltre in south eastern RajasthanValre or Waltre in south eastern RajasthanKhil in the Himalayan beltKhil in the Himalayan beltKuruwa in Jharkhand Kuruwa in Jharkhand Milpa in Mexico and Central AmericaMilpa in Mexico and Central AmericaConuco in Venezuela Conuco in Venezuela Roca in BrazilRoca in BrazilMasole in Central Africa Masole in Central Africa Ladang in IndonesiaLadang in IndonesiaRay in Vietnam Ray in Vietnam


INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

This type of farming is practiced This type of farming is practiced in areas of high population in areas of high population pressure on land.pressure on land.

It is labour intensive farming It is labour intensive farming where high doses of biochemical where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher productionobtaining higher production


COMMERCIAL FARMINGCOMMERCIAL FARMINGIn Commercial Farming crops are In Commercial Farming crops are

grown and animals are reared for grown and animals are reared for sale in market. The area cultivated sale in market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by the large. Most of the work is done by the machines.machines.

Commercial farming includes -Commercial farming includes -COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMINGCOMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING MIXED FARMINGMIXED FARMING PLANTATION AGRICULTURE.PLANTATION AGRICULTURE.


COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMINGCOMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING The main characteristics of this The main characteristics of this

type of farming is the use of type of farming is the use of modern inputs e.g. high yielding modern inputs e.g. high yielding (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers , (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers , insecticides and pesticides in insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher production.order to obtain higher production.

The degree of commercialization The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa it is a subsistence crop.it is a subsistence crop.


• In Commercial Grain Farming In Commercial Grain Farming crops are grown for crops are grown for commercial purpose. Wheat commercial purpose. Wheat and maize are commonly and maize are commonly grown crops. Major areas grown crops. Major areas where commercial grain where commercial grain farming is practiced are farming is practiced are temperate grassland of North temperate grassland of North America, Europe and Asia.America, Europe and Asia.


PLANTATIONS PLANTATIONS Plantations is also a type of Plantations is also a type of

commercial farming where single commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown. are grown.

Large amount of labour and capital Large amount of labour and capital are required. are required.

Plantations cover large tracts of Plantations cover large tracts of lands using capital intensive inputs lands using capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant labours.with the help of migrant labours.

All the produce is used as raw All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.material in respective industries.


The produce may be processed on the The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. farm itself or in nearby factories.

In India, tea, coffee, rubber, In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are important sugarcane, banana, etc. are important plantation crops.plantation crops.

Major plantations are found in the Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples.and Sri Lanka are some examples.

Tea is cultivated in Assam and North Tea is cultivated in Assam and North Bengal and coffee is grown in Bengal and coffee is grown in Karnataka.Karnataka.


• Since the production is mainly Since the production is mainly for market a well developed for market a well developed network of transport and network of transport and communication connecting the communication connecting the plantation areas, processing plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays industries and markets plays an important role in the an important role in the development of the development of the plantations.plantations.


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MIXED FARMINGMIXED FARMING In Mixed Farming land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock. It is practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.


Cropping Pattern• The physical features and plurality of

cultures are also reflected in agricultural practices and cropping patterns in the country.

• Various types of food and fibre crops, vegetables and fruits, spices and condiments, etc.. Constitute some of the important crops grown in the country.

• India has three cropping seasons – Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.


Rabi Crops…• Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to

December and harvested in summer from April December and harvested in summer from April to June.to June.

• Some important rabi crops are wheat, barley, Some important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.peas, gram and mustard.

• These crops are grown in large parts of india, These crops are grown in large parts of india, states from the north and north western parts states from the north and north western parts such as Punjab , Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, such as Punjab , Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.wheat and other rabi crops.


• Availability of precipitation Availability of precipitation during winter months due to during winter months due to western temperate cyclones help western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops.in the success of these crops.

• However, the success of green However, the success of green revolution in Punjab, Haryana revolution in Punjab, Haryana western Uttar Pradesh parts of western Uttar Pradesh parts of Rajasthan has also been an Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of important factor in the growth of the above mentioned rabi crops. the above mentioned rabi crops.


Kharif Crops …Kharif Crops …• Kharif crops are grown with the onset of Kharif crops are grown with the onset of

monsoon in different parts of the country and monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.these are harvested in September-October.

• Important crops grown during in this season Important crops grown during in this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, and moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, and soyabean.soyabean.

• Some of the most important rice-growing Some of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, Coastal regions are Assam, West Bengal, Coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly Nadu Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh the Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. and Bihar.


Zaid … Zaid … • In between the Rabi and the Kharif

seasons there is a short season during the summer months known as the ZAID season.

• Some of the crops produced during ‘Zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetable and fodder crops.

• Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.


MAJOR CROPS A large variety of crops are grown to meet the requirement of the growing population. Crops also supply raw materials for agro based industries. Major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and millets. Jute and cotton are fibre crops. Important beverage crops are tea and coffee.


RICERICERice is the staple food crop of a Rice is the staple food crop of a

majority of people in India.majority of people in India.India is the second largest India is the second largest

producer of rice in the world after producer of rice in the world after China.China.

It’s a Kharif crop which requires It’s a Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25high temperature, (above 25oo) ) high rainfall above 100 cm. and high rainfall above 100 cm. and high humidity. high humidity.

It grows best in alluvial clayey It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water. soil, which can retain water.


Rice is grown in the plains of north Rice is grown in the plains of north and north eastern india, coastal areas and north eastern india, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.and the deltaic regions.

Development of canal irrigation and Development of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it possible to tube wells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and Western as Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka and China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt are the leading producers of Egypt are the leading producers of rice in the world.rice in the world.


WHEATWHEATWheat is the second most important cereal crop , Wheat is the second most important cereal crop ,

it is the main crop in north and northwestern part it is the main crop in north and northwestern part of the country.of the country.

Wheat requires a cool growing season and a Wheat requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. bright sunshine at the time of ripening.

It requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall evenly It requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.distributed over the growing season.

There are two important wheat growing zones in There are two important wheat growing zones in the country – the Ganga Sutlej plains in the north the country – the Ganga Sutlej plains in the north west and black soil region of the Deccan.west and black soil region of the Deccan.

The major wheat producing states in India are The major wheat producing states in India are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia.USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia.


MILLETSMILLETSThey are also known as the coarse They are also known as the coarse

grain and can be grown on less grain and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils. fertile and sandy soils.

It is a hardy crop that needs low It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.temperature and adequate rainfall.

Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are grown Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are grown India. India.

Other countries are Nigeria, China Other countries are Nigeria, China and Niger.and Niger.


• They have a very high nutritional valueThey have a very high nutritional value• For example – Ragi is very rich in iron, For example – Ragi is very rich in iron,

calcium other micro nutrients and calcium other micro nutrients and roughage.roughage.

• Jowar is the third most important food Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and crop with respect to area and production.production.

• It is a rain fed crop mostly grown in the It is a rain fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.irrigation.

• Maharashtra is the largest producer of Maharashtra is the largest producer of Jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.


Bajra• Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.

• Rajasthan is the largest producer of Bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana


• Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.

• Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu.

• Apart from these states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of Ragi.


MAIZEMAIZEMaize is a crop which is used both as food Maize is a crop which is used both as food

and fodder.and fodder.It is a Kharif crop which requires It is a Kharif crop which requires

temperature between 21temperature between 21ooC, moderate C, moderate rainfall and lots of sunshine and grows well rainfall and lots of sunshine and grows well in old alluvial soil.in old alluvial soil.

In some states like Bihar maize is grown in In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also .rabi season also .

Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contributed to fertilizers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of Maize. the increasing production of Maize.

Major maize producing states are Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya PradeshPradesh and Madhya Pradesh

North America, Brazil, China, Russia, North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada and Mexico are the leading Canada and Mexico are the leading producers of maizeproducers of maize


Pulses • India is the largest producer as well as

consumer of pulses in the world.• These are the major source of protein in a

vegetarian diet.• Major pulses grown in India are tur (arhar),

urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.• Pulses need less moisture and survive

even in dry conditions. Being leguminous crops all these crops except arhar help in restoring soils fertility by fixing nitrogen form the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops .

• Major pulses producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka


Food Crops other than Grains..

Sugarcane • It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop.• It grows well in hot and humid climate with a

temperature of 21oC to 27oC and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.

• Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.

• India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.

• It is the main source of sugar, gur (Jaggery) Khandasari and molasses.

• The major sugarcane producing states are Uttarpradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar , Punjab and Haryana.


Oil seeds….Oil seeds….• India is the largest producer of oilseeds in the

world.• Different seeds are grown covering approximately

12 percent of the total cropped area of the country.

• Main oil seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.

• Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums.

• However, some of these are also used as raw material in the production of soap , cosmetics and ointments.


• Groundnut is a Kharif crop and accounts about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country.

• Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

• Linseed and mustard are Kharif crops.• Sesamum is a Kharif crop in north

and rabi in south india.• Castor seed is grown both as rabi and


TEATea is a beverage crop grown on plantations. The tea plant grows well in tropical and

subtropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.

Tea bushes require warm and most frost free climate all through the year.

Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.


• Tea is a labour intensive industry. It requires abundant cheap and skilled labour.

• Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.

• Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

• Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea producing states in the country.

• India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world.

• Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world


COFFEEIndia produces about four percent of the India produces about four percent of the

world’s Coffee. India coffee is known in the world’s Coffee. India coffee is known in the world for its good quality.world for its good quality.

The Arabica variety initially brought from The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. This variety Yemen is produced in the country. This variety is in great demand all over the world. Initially is in great demand all over the world. Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today its cultivation is Budan Hills and even today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiris in Karnataka, Kerala confined to the Nilgiris in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. and Tamil Nadu.

Coffee requires warm and wet and well-drained Coffee requires warm and wet and well-drained loamy soil. Hill slopes are more suitable for loamy soil. Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop. Brazil is the leading growth of this crop. Brazil is the leading producer followed by Colombia and India.producer followed by Colombia and India.


Horticulture Crops Horticulture Crops • India is the largest producer of fruits and

vegetables in the world.• India is a producer of tropical as well as

temperate fruits.• Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,

Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya) , Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, Litchi and Guava of Uttarpradesh and Bihar, Pineapples of Meghalaya, Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra (Nashik), Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world over.


• India produces about 13 percent of the World's vegetables.

• It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.


Non-Food Crops• Rubber –

• It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

• It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more that 200 cm, and temperature above 25oC.

• Rubber is an important industrial raw material . • It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo Hills of Meghalaya.

• India ranks fifth among the worlds' natural rubber producers.


Fibre Crops• Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural silk are

the four major fibre crops grown in India.

• The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of the silk worms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.

• Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as SERICULTURE.


COTTONCOTTONIndia is believed to be the original India is believed to be the original

home of the cotton plant. It is one of the home of the cotton plant. It is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile main raw materials for cotton textile industry.industry.

India is the third largest producer of India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world.cotton in the world.

Cotton grows well in drier parts of the Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.

It requires high temperature, light It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation , 210 frost-free days rainfall or irrigation , 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. and bright sunshine for its growth.

China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers. Egypt are the leading producers.


JUTEJUTEIt is also known as ‘GOLDEN FIBRE’.It is also known as ‘GOLDEN FIBRE’.It grows well drained fertile soils in the flood It grows well drained fertile soils in the flood

plans where soils are renewed every year.plans where soils are renewed every year.High temperature is required during the time High temperature is required during the time

of growth.of growth.West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and

Meghalaya are the major jute producing Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.states.

It is used in making gunny bags, mats, It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.

Due to its high cost, it is losing market to Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials synthetic fibres and packing materials particularly the nylon.particularly the nylon.

This crop is grown in the tropical areas. India This crop is grown in the tropical areas. India and Bangladesh are the leading producers.and Bangladesh are the leading producers.


Technological and Institutional ReformsTechnological and Institutional Reforms. . • Agriculture has been practised in India for Agriculture has been practised in India for

thousands of years. Sustained used of land without thousands of years. Sustained used of land without compatible techno institutional changes have compatible techno institutional changes have hindered the pace of Agricultural Development.hindered the pace of Agricultural Development.

• Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture.to carry on their agriculture.

• For a growing population like India, this poses a For a growing population like India, this poses a serious threat and challenge.serious threat and challenge.

• Agriculture which provides livelihoods for more Agriculture which provides livelihoods for more than 60 percent of its populations needs some than 60 percent of its populations needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. serious technical and institutional reforms.


• Collectivization , consolidation of holdings co-Collectivization , consolidation of holdings co-operation and abolition of zamindari, etc were operation and abolition of zamindari, etc were given priority to bring about institutional given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.reforms in the country after independence.

• Land reform was the main focus of our FIRST Land reform was the main focus of our FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN.FIVE YEAR PLAN.

• The right of inheritance had already led to The right of inheritance had already led to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings.consolidation of holdings.

• The laws of land reforms were enacted but the The laws of land reforms were enacted but the laws of implementation was lacking or laws of implementation was lacking or lukewarm.lukewarm.


• The government of India embarked upon The government of India embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960’s and 1970’s.Indian agriculture in the 1960’s and 1970’s.

• The GREEN REVOLUTION based on the use of The GREEN REVOLUTION based on the use of package technology and the WHITE package technology and the WHITE REVOLUTION (OPERATION FLOOD) were some REVOLUTION (OPERATION FLOOD) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.Indian agriculture.

• But, this led to the development in few selected But, this led to the development in few selected areas.areas.

• In the 1980’s and 1990’s, a comprehensive land In the 1980’s and 1990’s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical included both institutional and technical reforms.reforms.


• Provision of crop insurance against drought, Provision of crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen Banks, establishment of Grameen Banks, cooperative societies and banks for cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some of the lower rates of interest were some of the important steps taken in this direction.important steps taken in this direction.

• KISAN CREDIT CARD (KCC) , PERSONAL KISAN CREDIT CARD (KCC) , PERSONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE SCHEME (PAIS), are ACCIDENT INSURANCE SCHEME (PAIS), are some other schemes introduced by the some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers. farmers.


• Special weather bulletins and Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on farmers were introduced on radio and television. radio and television.

• The Government also The Government also announces minimum support announces minimum support process, remunerative and process, remunerative and procurement prices for procurement prices for important crops to check the important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. speculators and middlemen.


CONTRIBUTION OF CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE AGRICULTURE TO THE

NATIONALNATIONAL ECONOMY, ECONOMY,

EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUTOUTPUT


• Agriculture has been the back bone of the Agriculture has been the back bone of the Indian economy though its share in the Gross Indian economy though its share in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has registered a Domestic Product (GDP) has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards, yet its declining trend from 1951 onwards, yet its share in providing employment had share in providing employment had livelihoods to the population continues to be livelihoods to the population continues to be as high as 63 percent in 2001.as high as 63 percent in 2001.

• This declining share of agriculture in the GDP This declining share of agriculture in the GDP is a matter of serious concern as it will also is a matter of serious concern as it will also result in the decline in other spheres of result in the decline in other spheres of economy having a wider implications for economy having a wider implications for society.society.


• The Government of India has made The Government of India has made concentrated efforts to modernize agriculture.concentrated efforts to modernize agriculture.

• Priority was given for improving Indian Priority was given for improving Indian agriculture by the establishment of Indian agriculture by the establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Agricultural Universities, Veterinary Services Agricultural Universities, Veterinary Services and Animal Breeding Centres, Horticulture and Animal Breeding Centres, Horticulture Development , Research and Development in Development , Research and Development in the field of Meteorology and Weather forecast the field of Meteorology and Weather forecast etc. etc.


• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under the Department an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Formerly known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Formerly known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, it was established on 16 July 1929 as a Research, it was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Act, 1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. The ICAR has its Commission on Agriculture. The ICAR has its headquarters at New Delhi.headquarters at New Delhi.


• The Council is the apex body for The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country. With 97 ICAR sciences in the entire country. With 97 ICAR institutes and 47 agricultural institutes and 47 agricultural universities spread across the country this is universities spread across the country this is one of the largest national agricultural one of the largest national agricultural systems in the world.systems in the world.


• The ICAR has played a pioneering role in The ICAR has played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in agriculture in India through its developments in agriculture in India through its research and technology development that research and technology development that has enabled the country to increase the has enabled the country to increase the production of food grains by 4 production of food grains by 4 times, horticultural crops by 6 times, fish by 9 times, horticultural crops by 6 times, fish by 9 times (marine 5 times and inland 17 times), milk times (marine 5 times and inland 17 times), milk 6 times and eggs 27 times since 1950-51, thus 6 times and eggs 27 times since 1950-51, thus making a visible impact on the national food making a visible impact on the national food and nutritional security. It has played a major and nutritional security. It has played a major role in promoting excellence in higher education role in promoting excellence in higher education in agriculture. It is engaged in cutting edge areas in agriculture. It is engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its of science and technology development and its scientists are internationally acknowledged in scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.their fields.


• Apart from this the government is also interested Apart from this the government is also interested in improving the rural infrastructure. in improving the rural infrastructure.

• Though the GDP growth rate is increasing over Though the GDP growth rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient the years, it is not generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country. The employment opportunities in the country. The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating which is growth rate in agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation.an alarming situation.

• Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our government is international competition and our government is going ahead with reduction in the public going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agricultural sectors particularly in investment in agricultural sectors particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanization. mechanization.


• Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of leading to increase in the cost of production.production.

• Reduction in import duties on Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the detrimental to agriculture in the country.country.

• Farmers are withdrawing their Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing investment from agriculture causing downfall in the employment in downfall in the employment in agriculture. agriculture.


FOOD SECURITYFOOD SECURITY

Food is the basic need and every Food is the basic need and every citizen of the country should have citizen of the country should have

access to food which provides access to food which provides minimum nutritional level. If any minimum nutritional level. If any level of our population does not level of our population does not have this access , that segment have this access , that segment

suffers from the lack of suffers from the lack of FOOD SECURITY.FOOD SECURITY.


• The number of people who do not The number of people who do not have food security is have food security is disproportionately large in some disproportionately large in some regions of our country, particularly regions of our country, particularly in economically less developed in economically less developed states with higher incidence of states with higher incidence of poverty. poverty.

• The remote areas of the country are The remote areas of the country are more prone to natural disasters and more prone to natural disasters and uncertain food supply.uncertain food supply.



Nearly half of India's children under age 5 are malnourished.Nearly half of India's children under age 5 are malnourished.

In order to ensure availability of In order to ensure availability of food to all sections of society our food to all sections of society our government carefully designed a government carefully designed a national food security system. It national food security system. It consists of two components – consists of two components –

a)a)BUFFER STOCKBUFFER STOCKb)b)PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMPUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM


• PDS is a programme which provides food PDS is a programme which provides food grains and other essentials commodities at grains and other essentials commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.

• INDIA’S food security policy has a primary INDIA’S food security policy has a primary objective to ensure availability of food grains objective to ensure availability of food grains to the common people at an affordable price.to the common people at an affordable price.

• It has enabled the poor to have access to food .It has enabled the poor to have access to food .• The focus of the policy is on growth in The focus of the policy is on growth in

agriculture production and on fixing support agriculture production and on fixing support price for procurement of wheat and rice , to price for procurement of wheat and rice , to maintain there stocks maintain there stocks


• THE FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA is THE FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA is responsible for procuring and stocking food responsible for procuring and stocking food grains, whereas distribution is ensured by grains, whereas distribution is ensured by PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

• The FCI procures food grains form the farmers The FCI procures food grains form the farmers at the government announced MINIMUM at the government announced MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP) SUPPORT PRICE (MSP)

• The government used to provide subsidies on The government used to provide subsidies on agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, power and water, but these subsidies have power and water, but these subsidies have now reached unsustainable level and has also now reached unsustainable level and has also led to large scale inefficiencies in the use of led to large scale inefficiencies in the use of these scarce inputs. these scarce inputs.


• Excessive and imprudent use of fertilizers Excessive and imprudent use of fertilizers and water has led to water logging, salinity and water has led to water logging, salinity and depletion of essential micronutrients in and depletion of essential micronutrients in the soil.the soil.

• The high MSP subsidies in input and The high MSP subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have distorted the committed FCI purchases have distorted the cropping pattern.cropping pattern.

• Wheat and paddy crops are being grown Wheat and paddy crops are being grown more for the MSP they get. Punjab and more for the MSP they get. Punjab and Haryana are foremost examples. This has Haryana are foremost examples. This has also created a serious imbalance in also created a serious imbalance in intercropping parities.intercropping parities.


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• The consumers are categorised into two – The consumers are categorised into two – a. Below Poverty Line (BPL)a. Below Poverty Line (BPL) b. Above Poverty Line. (APL)b. Above Poverty Line. (APL)

However this categorisation is not perfect However this categorisation is not perfect and a number of deserving poor have and a number of deserving poor have been excluded from the BPL CATEGORY.been excluded from the BPL CATEGORY.Moreover some of the so called APL slip Moreover some of the so called APL slip back to BPL, because of the failure of even back to BPL, because of the failure of even one crop and it administratively difficult to one crop and it administratively difficult to accommodate such shifts. accommodate such shifts.


• Each district and block can be made self sufficient in Each district and block can be made self sufficient in food grain production if government provides food grain production if government provides agricultural infrastructure, credit linkages and also agricultural infrastructure, credit linkages and also encourages the use of latest technology.encourages the use of latest technology.

• Instead of concentrating only on rice or wheat, the Instead of concentrating only on rice or wheat, the food crop with a better growth potential in that food crop with a better growth potential in that particular area must be encouraged.particular area must be encouraged.

• Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, availability of electricity etc, may also facilities, availability of electricity etc, may also attract private investments in agriculture.attract private investments in agriculture.

• The focus on increasing food grain production The focus on increasing food grain production which should be on a sustainable basis and also free which should be on a sustainable basis and also free trade in grains will create massive employment and trade in grains will create massive employment and reduce poverty in rural areas. reduce poverty in rural areas.


• There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil seeds and industrial crops.seeds and industrial crops.

• This has led to the reduction in net sown area This has led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals and pulses.under cereals and pulses.

• With the growing population of India, the With the growing population of India, the declining food production puts a big question declining food production puts a big question mark over the country’s future food security.mark over the country’s future food security.

• The competition of land between non-agricultural The competition of land between non-agricultural uses such as housing etc, and agriculture has uses such as housing etc, and agriculture has resulted in reduction in the net sown area.resulted in reduction in the net sown area.

• The productivity of land has started showing a The productivity of land has started showing a declining trend.declining trend.

• Fertilizers , pesticides and insecticides which Fertilizers , pesticides and insecticides which once showed dramatic results are now being held once showed dramatic results are now being held responsible for degrading the soil.responsible for degrading the soil.

• Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in area under irrigation. Insufficient water area under irrigation. Insufficient water management had led to water logging and management had led to water logging and salinity.salinity. [email protected]@rediffmail.com 96

• Free power to a section of farmers had Free power to a section of farmers had encouraged them to pump groundwater encouraged them to pump groundwater to grow water intensive crops in low to grow water intensive crops in low rainfall areas (rice in Punjab, Sugarcane rainfall areas (rice in Punjab, Sugarcane in Maharashtra)in Maharashtra)

• This unsustainable pumping had reduced This unsustainable pumping had reduced water storage in aquifers.water storage in aquifers.

• Consequently ,many wells and tube wells Consequently ,many wells and tube wells have run dry. This has pushed the have run dry. This has pushed the marginal and small farmers out of marginal and small farmers out of cultivation.cultivation.


Problems of small farmers.Problems of small farmers.• Many small farmers face water crisis.Many small farmers face water crisis.• Inadequate storage and marketing facilities also at as Inadequate storage and marketing facilities also at as

disincentive to the farmer.disincentive to the farmer.• The farmers are badly affected by the uncertainties of The farmers are badly affected by the uncertainties of

production and market.production and market.• They suffer from a double disadvantage as they pay high They suffer from a double disadvantage as they pay high

prices for inputs such as HYV seed, fertilizers etc, but prices for inputs such as HYV seed, fertilizers etc, but lack the bargaining power to fix the prices in their lack the bargaining power to fix the prices in their favour.favour.

• All the production reached the market simultaneously , All the production reached the market simultaneously , the higher the supply the lower the demand. This the higher the supply the lower the demand. This causes distress sale.causes distress sale.

• Therefore, there can be no food security without the Therefore, there can be no food security without the security of the small farmers. security of the small farmers.


IMPACT OF IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION GLOBALISATION

ON ON AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE


• Globalisation is not a new phenomenon .Globalisation is not a new phenomenon .• It was there at the time of colonisation.It was there at the time of colonisation.• In the nineteenth century when European In the nineteenth century when European

traders came to India, at that time too, traders came to India, at that time too, Indian spices were exported to different Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world and farmers of south countries of the world and farmers of south India were encouraged to grow these crops. India were encouraged to grow these crops. Till today it is one of the export from India.Till today it is one of the export from India.

• During the British period cotton belts of During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British ultimately cotton India attracted the British ultimately cotton was exported to Britain as raw material for was exported to Britain as raw material for their textile industry.their textile industry.


IMPACT OF IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON GLOBALISATION ON

AGRICULTURE.AGRICULTURE.


• Cotton textile industry in Manchester Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from availability of good quality cotton from India.India.

• Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha Movement in Champaran – Bihar in Movement in Champaran – Bihar in 1917 against the indigo planters1917 against the indigo planters..


• Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges.challenges.

• Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed products are not able to compete with the developed countries of the world because of the highly countries of the world because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.subsidised agriculture in those countries.

• Today Indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads.Today Indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads.• To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper

thrust should be given to the improvement of the thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers.condition of marginal and small farmers.


• The green revolution promised much, but The green revolution promised much, but today its under controversies. today its under controversies.

• It is being alleged that it has caused land It is being alleged that it has caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals, degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.

• The key word today is “GENE REVOLUTION” The key word today is “GENE REVOLUTION” which includes genetic engineering. which includes genetic engineering.

• Organic farming is much in vogue today Organic farming is much in vogue today because it is practised without factory made because it is practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, hence it does not affect the environment in a hence it does not affect the environment in a negative manner. negative manner.


• A few economists think that Indian farmers have a A few economists think that Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing food grains on the bleak future if they continue growing food grains on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the population rises.population rises.

• India’s population is about 600 million which depends India’s population is about 600 million which depends upon 250 million hectares of agricultural land, an upon 250 million hectares of agricultural land, an average of less than half a hectare per person.average of less than half a hectare per person.

• Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high value crops.from cereals to high value crops.

• This will increase incomes and reduce environmental This will increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously.degradation simultaneously.

• Fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel Fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane.than rice or sugarcane.

• India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.range of high-value crops.


AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Agricultural DevelopmentAgricultural Development

refers to the efforts made to refers to the efforts made to increase farm production in increase farm production in order to meet the growing order to meet the growing

demand of increasing demand of increasing population.population.


This can be achieved in many ways –This can be achieved in many ways –

Increasing the cropped areaIncreasing the cropped areaThe number of crops grownThe number of crops grownImproving irrigation facilitiesImproving irrigation facilitiesUse of fertilizersUse of fertilizersUse of high yielding variety of seedsUse of high yielding variety of seedsMechanization of agricultureMechanization of agriculture

The ultimate aim of agricultural The ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase food security development is to increase food security


Thank you

Presentation by –Presentation by –

Vinod P SonawaneVinod P [email protected]@rediffmail.com 109

class x geography - 4 agriculture

Education

farming agriculture

land productivity

natural fertility

art of cultivation

theof cultivation

slashshifting cultivation

onthis type of farming

soil andthe ashes