class jawstetrapodamniote egguniform internal temperature mammary glands jawless fishes...
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Class Jaws Tetrapod Amniote egg Uniform internal
temperature
Mammary glands
Jawless fishes (Cephalaspido-morphi)
No No No No No
Jawed fishes(Osteichthyes)
Yes No No No No
Amphibians(Amphibia)
Yes Yes No No No
Reptiles (Reptilia)
Yes Yes Yes No No
Birds (Aves)
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Mammals (Mammalia)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Class Amphibia
• Scaleless body• Smooth or warty skin• Larvae, adults distinct
(exceptions)
http://www.utexas.edu/depts/tnhc/
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS/
http://spongebob.ncsa.uiuc.edu/mike
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS
http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2002/
http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2002/frogmar_files/
Class AmphibiaLarvae
Gills*
Herbivore/detritivores, predators
Aquatic**A few exceptions (plethodontid
salamanders)
Adults
Lungs*
Predators
Aquatic or terrestrial*A few salamanders retain gills
Order Caudata, Family Ambystomatidae(Ambystoma tigrinum: tiger salamander)
Identification: adult
• Tail (Caudata)
• Costal grooves (Ambystomatidae)
• Yellow spots or blotches
• Large (to 21 cm)/
http://biodiversity.wku.edu/salamanders/Salamander_Images
Illustration from Christoffel et al. 2001
Ambystoma tigrinum: tiger salamander
Identification: larva
• External gills
• Legs absent (early) or present (late)
http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology
Ambystoma tigrinum: tiger salamander
Habitat
• Adults near/in ponds, or underground
• Larvae – ponds
Food
• Invertebrates, salamanders
(adults and larvae)
http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/
Ambystoma tigrinum: tiger salamander
Other
• Egg mass in spring
• Migrations precede breeding
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~haddad/tigereggs.jpg
http://www.batraciens.net/illustrations/
Order Anura (frogs and toads)
• Smooth or warty skin
• Adult lacks tail (hops)
• Larva with internal gills (legs during metamorphosis)
http://spongebob.ncsa.uiuc.edu/mike
http://www.utexas.edu/depts/tnhc/.www/biospeleology
http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2002/frogmar_files/
Family Bufonidae(Bufo americanus: American toad)
Identification: adult
• Paratoid glands
• Warty skin
• Call a long trill
http://spongebob.ncsa.uiuc.edu/mike
Illustration from Christoffel et al. 2001
Bufo americanus: American toad
Identification: larva
• Dark color
• Eyes dorsal
• Small (to 2.4 cm)
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS/
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/
Bufo americanus: American toad
Habitat
• Adults - ponds or dry areas
• Larvae - ponds
Food
• Adults - invertebrates
• Larvae - algivores/detritivores
http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/
Bufo americanus: American toad
Other
• Eggs in strings
• Antipredator defenses - toxin (paratoid glands), urinating, puffing (garter snakes)
http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/toad/
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/301/301530.jpg
Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Pseudacris triseriata:
western chorus frog)
Identification: adult• Stripes (variable, broken)• Smooth skin• Small (to 3.9 cm)• Call – finger along comb
http://snr.unl.edu/herpneb/images/
http://www.herpjournal.com/
Pseudacris triseriata: western chorus frog
Identification: larva• Eyes lateral• Tail fin rises above body• Little pigment on fin• Dorsal tail musculature dark• To 3.7 cm long
http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/amphibians/images/
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/psestr2t.jpgIllustration from Conant and Collins 1991
Habitat• Adults - wetland margins,
ditches • Larvae - ephemeral to
permanent wetlands
Food• Adults - small invertebrates• Larvae - algae
http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/amphibians
Pseudacris triseriata: western chorus frog
Other
• Very common, tolerates disturbance
• Early breeder (March)
• Larvae develop quickly (2-2.5 months)
Pseudacris triseriata: western chorus frog
http://www.cortland.edu/herp/keys/images
Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Pseudacris crucifer: spring peeper)
Identification: adult
• X on back
• Wide suction cups
• Smooth skin
• To 3.2 cm
• Call – birdlike peeps, jingling bells (chorus)
http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/tod/herpetology/anurans/
Pseudacris crucifer: spring peeper
Identification: larva• Eyes lateral• Fin may rise above body• Fin generally clear, musculature
unpigmented• To 3.4 cm
http://gruagach.home.mindspring.com/tadpoles/pseudacris.crucifer.t.jpg
Pseudacris crucifer: spring peeper
Habitat• Adult - wooded areas, edges;
low vegetation or on ground• Larvae - wooded wetlands
Diet• Adults - invertebrates• Larvae - algae, detritus
Pseudacris crucifer: spring peeper
Other• Breed April – May• Single egg attached to
structure• Larvae morph 2-3 months• Central IA is western extent
of range
http://www.cortland.edu/herp/keys/images/frogs/pcrucilg.jpg
Eggs
http://www.cmnh.org/collections/vertzoo/frogs/fig15.gif
Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis: gray treefrog)
Identification: adult• Gray to green• White spot below eye• Inner legs orange• Warty skin• Wide suction cups• To 5.1 cm• Call a trill (slow to fast)
http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/pix/gtf1378.jpg
Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis: gray treefrog
Identification: larva• Red, tapered tail• High tail fin• To 3 cm
Illustration from Conant and Collins (1991)
http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/LH_treefrog.html
http://wwknapp.home.mindspring.com/docs/gray.tfrogs.html
Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis: gray treefrog
Habitat• Adult - arboreal; on ground
during breeding• Larvae - wetlands
Food• Adults - invertebrates (grab
flying insects from air)• Larvae – algae, detritus
http://www.kbs.msu.edu/ACWA/natres/
Other• Breed May-July• Overwinter under objects
(glycerol in blood prevents freezing)
• Individuals change color
Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis: gray treefrog
Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Acris crepitans: cricket frog)
Identification: adult• Somewhat warty• Triangle often on head• To 3.8 cm• Call – clicking marbles
http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mc/services/dep/herps/photos/
Acris crepitans: cricket frog
Identification: larva
• Tail tip usually black
• Tail dorsal musculature with black bands
• To 4.4 cm
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS/coastal%20plain%20cricket%20frog%20tadpole.jpg
Illustration from Conant and Collins 1991
Habitat• Adults - prefer permanent
water bodies• Larvae - in water near adults
Food• Adults - tiny insects• Larvae - algae
Acris crepitans: cricket frog
http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/pix/
Other• Hop into water, return to
water edge• Breed March-April• Larvae metamorphose 7
weeks• Declining in northern states,
northern IA
Acris crepitans: cricket frog
Order Anura, Family Ranidae(Rana catesbeiana: bullfrog)
Identification: adult• Large (to > 15 cm)• Green to brown body• No dorsolateral ridge• Call – “rumm”
http://frogphotos.home.mindspring.com/photos/bullfrog1.jpg
Christoffel et al. 2000
Rana catesbeiana: bullfrog
Identification: larva• Greenish, large (to > 16 cm)• Black dots
http://www.samford.edu/schools/artsci/biology/vertzoo-03s/pages/37.htm
http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/c1258_Dodd/circ1258_plates_20b.jpg
Habitat• Permanent water bodies
(lakes, ponds, rivers)
Food• Adults - invertebrates and
vertebrates (incl. frogs)• Larvae - macroscopic algae,
plants
Rana catesbeiana: bullfrog
http://www.batraciens-reptiles.com/rana_catesbeiana.jpg
Other• Breed June-July• Large egg mass• Larvae metamorphose in 2
yrs.• Exotic in central IA –
threaten native amphibians
Rana catesbeiana: bullfroghttp://www.hawthornevalleyfarm.org/fep/amphibia/bullfrog%20tadpole.jpg
Order Anura, Family Ranidae(Rana pipiens: northern leopard frog)
Identification: adult• Spots (rarely unspotted)• Dorsolateral ridge• To 9 cm• Call – long snore, grunts
http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/Frogs_Toads/
Rana pipiens: northern leopard frog
Identification: larva• To 8.5 cm• Flecks (not dots)
Illustration from Conant and Collins 1991
http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/c1258_Dodd/circ1258_plates_22a.jpg
Habitat• Permanent waters• Disperse widely (often far
from water)
Food• Adults – invertebrates• Larvae – algae, plants, detritus
Unspotted form
http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/
Rana pipiens: northern leopard frog
http://www.denniskalma.com/rana%20pipiens.jpg
Other• Breed March-April
• Spherical/elliptical egg mass
• Larvae metamorphose 3 months
• Absorbs water transcutaneously
• Declining – habitat loss (incl. road kills), water pollution (chemicals), UV light(?)
Rana pipiens: northern leopard frog
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/
http://www.amphibiaweb.org/aw/images/leopardpieterjohnson.jpg